水库水质安全保障对策研究——以长潭水库为例

水库的供水功能日渐重要,水库水质安全已经成为保障社会稳定和经济发展的基础。水库环境污染问题不断加剧,保障水库水质安全日趋紧迫。水库水质安全保障需从外源污染控制、内源污染控制、水库生态系统恢复和突发事故应急等多方面着手。本文结合长潭水库情况,全面分析水库水质安全的保障对策。     

主成分分析法在高州水库水质评价中的应用

根据主成分分析法能够从众多因子中筛选出主要成分,且在保证原始数据信息损失最小的情况下,利用SPSS软件对数据结构进行简化,以少数综合变量取代原有的多个变量,对高州水库汇水流域内主要河流进行水环境质量综合评价,并对各监测断面的水质优劣程度进行了排序。从原始数据中提取占总方差96.425%的3个主成分以反映研究区水质的整体情况,结果表明:流域内水环境质量总体较差,以入库河流上游区域的农业、生活引起的非点源有机污染为主,库区内存在一定程度的富营养化趋势,且在水库自身水动力条件的作用下库区水质优于入库河流。在空间分布上,由于石骨水库库心断面受外源污染影响较小,其水质优于供水口;而入库河流中良德水库黄塘水入口断面水质污染较轻,石骨水库曹江入口断面次之,良德水库大井河入口断面的水质最差。此外,通过对流域水环境质量进行分级综合评价,进一步得出高州水库入库河流是库区污染的主要来源。     

高锰酸钾强化处理微污染水技术在黄河兰州段水质污染中的应用

本文分析了常规处理微污染水工艺不足与高锰酸钾除微污染技术的先进性和实用性,阐述了高锰酸钾除微污染技术的特点、原理及发展,并且通过对黄河兰州段水质状况及其采用高锰酸钾除微污染技术处理的可行性分析,提出高锰酸钾除微污染技术是减轻兰州供水水源水质污染的一条新途径.     

建立万家寨水库水源地跨省生态补偿机制的思路与措施

万家寨水库是山西省引黄入晋工程的水源地,其水质状况关系千家万户的生命安全。由于万家寨水库主要位于内蒙古自治区境内,而水库主要面向山西省供水,山西、内蒙古在水库水质保护上存在矛盾。为了更好地解决万家寨水库水质保护中出现的问题,理顺上下游间的权利义务关系,引入了跨省流域生态补偿机制对其进行综合分析。尽管万家寨水库水源地跨省生态补偿实践取得部分进展,但仍存在缺乏系统的制度设计、省际之间缺乏有效的生态补偿合作管理机制、生态补偿方式与途径不合理、生态补偿标准的确定方法缺乏科学基础等方面的不足。因此在明确万家寨水库水源地跨省生态补偿原则的基础上,提出建立万家寨水库跨省生态补偿机制的相关对策与措施,为万家寨水库的水质保持与改善提供参考。     

网箱养鱼对葫芦口水库水质的影响

本文通过葫芦口水库水质污染，讨论了网箱养鱼对水库水质的影响。     

凡河榛子岭水库上游河段水质现状及污染防治对策

以2012年4月至10月的水质监测数据为基础,分析了凡河榛子岭水库上游河段水体的水质状况。结果表明：仅夹河厂断面9月监测的水质符合Ⅲ类水质要求,其余各月3个断面监测的水质均超出Ⅴ类水质标准,超标项目主要是总氮、氨氮和总磷;各监测断面水质除总氮、氨氮和总磷超标外,其他项目基本达到Ⅲ类水质标准。凡河榛子岭水库上游河段丰水期各监测项目的浓度值明显大于平水期和枯水期时期。导致水质超标的原因主要是农村面源污染。     

内江市中小型河流和水库的水质安全评价

本文采用层次分析法对内江市中小型河流和水库水质安全进行了评价。结果表明,内江市水质安全总体状况在中等级别,水质安全存在一定风险。处于水质安全级别Ⅱ级以下的河流主要来自威远县和隆昌县的次级河流。采用包括水质评价、营养状态评价、健康风险评价、水质污染风险评价在内的水质安全综合评价,具有直观和定量定性的特点,能够判断水质安全度。     

黑龙滩水库污染源及水质演变趋势分析

在黑龙滩水库进行污染源调查及水质分析的基础上,探讨了水库水质和营养盐变化趋势及其主要影响因素。污染源调查结果表明,黑龙滩水库流域CODCr、NH3-N、TN和TP产生量分别为3664.23 t/a、280.37 t/a、335.49 t/a和74.96 t/a,水库污染负荷主要集中在农村面源污染、畜禽养殖污染和旅游污染3个方面,其污染物产生量占总污染负荷的93%以上;水质分析表明,自2006年后,黑龙滩水库水质逐渐好转,但2010后CODMn有上升趋势,2012年主要超标因子为CODMn和TP;2004年~2012年,黑龙滩水库营养状况由贫营养向中营养发展,并在2010年~2012年稳定在中营养状态,水库富营养化整体呈现加剧趋势。     

人工湖库对地表水环境容量的影响研究——以南充市西充县九龙潭水库为例

水环境容量是解决水环境问题的重要支撑,是开展流域综合整治的科学依据。以南充市西充县九龙潭水库为研究对象,运用一维水环境容量模型、湖库均匀混合型模型等方法,研究水库建成前后水文情势变化对水环境容量的影响,并基于水质、污染负荷排放情况对结果进行验证。结果表明:(1)根据水环境容量核算结果分析,研究区河流控制单元地表水环境容量成库后变化差异不大,水库控制单元地表水环境容量增加。(2)研究区在水库建成后污染源较水库建成前污染源减少。(3)研究区上游河流控制单元在成库前后水质状况基本无变化。水库控制单元成库后水质功能区变更,水质较好,基本满足Ⅱ类标准限值要求。总体上区域内地表水环境容量有所增多。     

梅湾水库水环境状况分析及建议

基于梅湾水库2016年水质逐月监测数据,采用单因子评价法和综合营养状态指数法对水库水质和富营养化状况进行了评价,并对主要环境因子的相关性及水库污染源进行了分析。结果表明:梅湾水库总体水质为Ⅳ类,超标污染物为总磷,属轻度污染。水库水质除11月符合Ⅲ类标准外,其余月份稳定在Ⅳ类。而总氮全年处于劣Ⅴ类水平。水库冬春季为中营养状态,夏秋季为轻度富营养状态,总体上处于轻度富营养状态。叶绿素a与水温、高锰酸盐指数之间两两正相关,相关性极显著,但与N、P相关性不显著。总氮与高锰酸盐指数、水温之间显著正相关。同时,针对库区污染源提出了相应的环境整治建议。     

WATER QUALITY ALLOCATED COST FOR MULTIPURPOSE RESERVOIRS1

ABSTRACT: Low flow augmentation from multipurpose reservoirs may yield significant water quality benefits. Cost allocation assigns a portion of reservoir expense to water quality consumers, waste water dischargers who benefit from increased receiving flow. Whereas such allocation currently is not authorized for Federal projects, the procedure is increasingly appropriate for efficient multiobjective management. Waste water treatment costs, multipurpose reservoir costs, and water quality are modeled for Oregon's Willamette River. Water quality is expressed as a function of treatment and augmentation levels. Treatment cost necessary to achieve a given water quality without augmentation less treatment cost with augmentation is an alternative cost of water quality maintenance. With a cost allocation procedure, this alternative cost is used to determine water quality's share of reservoir cost. Under current conditions, water quality beneficiaries could be charged approximately seven percent of annualized reservoir expense. This charge is one-fourth the expense of additional treatment facilities required were augmentation not provided.     

鲁班水库水体营养状态

四川三台鲁班水库属于大型湖库,多年来除具有特色景观作为旅游景点外,主要用于发展水产养殖业。随着时间的延续,养殖规模的不断扩大,湖库的自净能力越来越差,使有机物污染不断加重,水质越来越差,出现富营养化现象,对水环境造成了不利影响。近年来,为了改变湖库水环境质量,调整转化湖库功能,恢复水环境质量,加强了对其水质的监测,其中的营养状态指标是湖库水环境质量的主要评价指标。评价结果,除秋季和冬季个别月份外,其余各月均有测点达到轻度富营养化及中度富营养化。     

RESERVOIR TROPHIC STATE EVALUATION USING LANISAT TM IMAGES1

ABSTRACT: Reservoir water quality is traditionally monitored and evaluated based on field data. Collecting and analyzing field water quality data are costly and time consuming tasks, and whether a limited number of field data truly characterize the spatial variation of the trophic state within a vast water body is often disputed. In this study we utilize Landsat TM data to estimate the water quality and trophic state of the Te‐Chi reservoir in Central Taiwan. A modified multi‐parameter model of Carlson's trophic state index (TSI) was developed for the Te‐chi reservoir. Water quality parameters (concentration of chlorophyll‐a, total phosphorous measurement, and secchi disk depth) required by the model are found to have high correlations with combinations of TM bands. Therefore, TM data are used to map the trophic state of the reservoir. TM‐derived TSI maps of the reservoir reveal that, in summer, the trophic state in the reservoir generally improves from upstream to downstream and that zones of distinct trophic state exist. A trophic state index based on secchi disk depth may give erroneous values in the upstream section of the reservoir pool due to high sediment concentration in the reservoir inflow. We conclude that the Te‐Chi reservoir is eutrophic or worse in summer and meso‐eutrophic in winter. Implementation of best management practices to reduce nonpoint source pollution in the upstream watershed is highly recommended. This study demonstrates the capability of mapping the trophic state in impounded water bodies using the Landsat TM data.     

WATER QUALITY PROJECTIONS: PREIMPOUNDMENT CASE STUDY1

ABSTRACT: Recent regulations require impact statements for major water development projects, including reservoirs that will be used for water supply, recreation, and pollution control. A water quantity/quality model was developed and used for making water quality projections of a proposed reservoir in Montgomery County, Maryland. The study area is uncommon in that there is an extensive water quality data base. The results indicate that land use changes will have a significant effect on water quality and that the proposed reservoir will improve the quality of the surface waters downstream from the reservoir. A major effect of land use changes is the increase in the variability of water quality.     

Sources of water pollution and evolution of water quality in the Wuwei basin of Shiyang river, Northwest China

Based on surveys and chemical analyses, we performed a case study of the surface water and groundwater quality in the Wuwei basin, in order to understand the sources of water pollution and the evolution of water quality in Shiyang river. Concentrations of major chemical elements in the surface water were related to the distance downstream from the source of the river, with surface water in the upstream reaches of good quality, but the river from Wuwei city to the Hongya reservoir was seriously polluted, with a synthetic pollution index of 25. Groundwater quality was generally good in the piedmont with dominant bicarbonate and calcium ions, but salinity was high and nitrate pollution occurs in the northern part of the basin. Mineralization of the groundwater has changed rapidly during the past 20 years. There are 23 wastewater outlets that discharge a total of 22.4 x 10(6)m(3)y(-1) into the river from Wuwei city, which, combined with a reduction of inflow water, were found to be the major causes of water pollution. Development of fisheries in the Hongya reservoir since 2000 has also contributed to the pollution. The consumption of water must be decreased until it reaches the sustainable level permitted by the available resources in the whole basin, and discharge of wastes must also be drastically reduced.     

Tailoring dam structures to water quality predictions in new reservoir projects: Assisting decision-making using numerical modeling

Selection of reservoir location, the floodable basin forest handling, and the design of dam structures devoted to water supply (e.g. water outlets) constitute relevant features which strongly determine water quality and frequently demand management strategies to be adopted. Although these crucial aspects should be carefully examined during dam design before construction, currently the development of ad hoc limnological studies tailoring dam location and dam structures to the water quality characteristics expected in the future reservoir is not typical practice. In this study, we use numerical simulation to assist on the design of a new dam project in Spain with the aim of maximizing the quality of the water supplied by the future reservoir. First, we ran a well-known coupled hydrodynamic and biogeochemical dynamic numerical model (DYRESM–CAEDYM) to simulate the potential development of anoxic layers in the future reservoir. Then, we generated several scenarios corresponding to different potential hydraulic conditions and outlet configurations. Second, we built a simplified numerical model to simulate the development of the hypolimnetic oxygen content during the maturation stage after the first reservoir filling, taking into consideration the degradation of the terrestrial organic matter flooded and the adoption of different forest handling scenarios. Results are discussed in terms of reservoir design and water quality management. The combination of hypolimnetic withdrawal from two deep outlets and the removal of all the valuable terrestrial vegetal biomass before flooding resulted in the best water quality scenario.     

川西北气矿中坝须二气田水处理方法

介绍了川西北气矿中坝气田须二气藏水质情况,论述了气田水四种处理方法的特点和适用性。为了维持生产和减少环境污染,在该气藏中引入了预处理装置,对气田水进行处理后再进行异层回注。介绍了该工艺的流程,处理后气田水中SS和石油类含量分别为15mg/L和5.3mg/L,达到了设计要求。对处理成本及四种地层水处理方案的经济效益进行了对比,分析了该技术的经济可行性,并根据其应用情况提出了建议,供生产决策部门参考。     

Optimal nonpoint source pollution control strategies for a reservoir watershed in Taiwan

The purpose of this study is to develop a model for optimal nonpoint source pollution control for the Fei-Tsui Reservoir watershed in Northern Taiwan. Several structural best management practices (BMPs) are selected to treat stormwater runoff. The complete model consists of two interacting components: an optimization model based on discrete differential dynamic programming (DDDP) and a zero-dimensional reservoir water quality model. A predefined procedure is used to locate suitable sites for construction of various selected BMPs in the watershed. In the optimization model, the objective function is to find the best combination of BMP type and placement, which minimizes the total construction and operation, maintenance, and repair (OMR) costs of the BMPs. The constraints are the water quality standards for total phosphorus (TP) and total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations in the reservoir. A zero-dimensional reservoir water quality model of the Vollenweider type is embedded in the optimization framework to simulate pollutant concentrations in Fei-Tsui Reservoir. The resulting optimal cost and benefit of water quality improvement are depicted by the model-derived trade-off curves. The modeling framework developed in the present study could be used as an efficient tool for planning a watershed-wide implementation of BMPs for mitigating stormwater pollution impact on the receiving water bodies.     

河北省地表水环境污染特征及分析

河北省1998年-2005年的水环境质量监测数据分析表明：河北省地表水污染恶化趋势基本得到遏制,但部分地区水污染矛盾仍很突出;水体总体污染减轻,但氨氮污染有加重趋势;主要湖（库）水水质稳定,但普遍呈不同程度的富营养化。在此基础上,分析了地表水污染的原因,并提出了河北省改善地表水环境污染的对策与措施。     

Use of man-made impoundment in mitigating acid mine drainage in the North Branch Potomac River

The US Department of the Army, Baltimore District Corps of Engineers, oversees a long-term monitoring study to assess and evaluate effects of the Jennings-Randolph reservoir on biota in the North Branch Potomac River. The reservoir was intended, in part, to mitigate effects of acid mine drainage originating in upstream and headwater areas. The present study assessed recovery of benthos and fish in this system, six years after completion of the reservoir. Higher pH and lower iron and sulfate concentrations were observed upstream of the reservoir compared to preimpoundment conditions, suggesting better overall water quality in the upper North Branch. Water quality improved slightly directly downstream of the reservoir. However, the reservoir itself was poorly colonized by macrophytes and benthic organisms, and plankton composition suggested either metal toxicity and/or nutrient limitation. One large tributary to the North Branch and the reservoir (Stony River) was shown to have high (and possibly toxic) levels of manganese, iron, zinc, and aluminum due to subsurface coal mine drainage. Macroinvertebrate diversity and number of taxa were higher in sites downstream of the reservoir in the present study. Compared with previous years, the present study suggested relatively rapid recovery in the lower North Branch due to colonization from two major unimpacted tributaries in this system: Savage River and South Branch Potomac. Abundance of certain mayfly species across sites provided the most clear evidence of longitudinal gradients in water quality parameters and geomorphology. Fish data were consistent with macroinvertebrate results, but site-to-site variation in species composition was greater. Data collected between 1982 and 1987 suggested that certain fish species have unsuccessfully attempted to colonize sites directly downstream of the reservoir despite the more neutral pH water there. Our results show that recovery of biota in the North Branch Potomac was attributed to decreased acid inputs from mining operations and dilution from the Savage River, which contributed better water quality. Continued improvement of North Branch Potomac biota may not be expected unless additional mitigation attempts, either within the reservoir or upstream, are undertaken.