生物质转化利用技术研究进展

综述了当前国内外生物质转化利用技术的原理和特点,分析了生物质转化利用技术的研究现状以及存在的问题,展望了生物质利用的发展前景     

生物质直接燃烧发电技术的探索

介绍了生物质直接燃烧发电技术原理及其设备的工作过程,着重讨论了生物质锅炉燃烧过程中的燃料收集和存储、送料堵塞以及受热面结焦等问题,并提出了优化运行和提高锅炉效率的改进措施。     

Combined Municipal Solid Waste and biomass system optimization for district energy applications

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) disposal has been a controversial issue in many countries over the past years, due to disagreement among the various stakeholders on the waste management policies and technologies to be adopted. One of the ways of treating/disposing MSW is energy recovery, as waste is considered to contain a considerable amount of bio-waste and therefore can lead to renewable energy production. The overall efficiency can be very high in the cases of co-generation or tri-generation. In this paper a model is presented, aiming to support decision makers in issues relating to Municipal Solid Waste energy recovery. The idea of using more fuel sources, including MSW and agricultural residue biomass that may exist in a rural area, is explored. The model aims at optimizing the system specifications, such as the capacity of the base-load Waste-to-Energy facility, the capacity of the peak-load biomass boiler and the location of the facility. Furthermore, it defines the quantity of each potential fuel source that should be used annually, in order to maximize the financial yield of the investment. The results of an energy tri-generation case study application at a rural area of Greece, using mixed MSW and biomass, indicate positive financial yield of investment. In addition, a sensitivity analysis is performed on the effect of the most important parameters of the model on the optimum solution, pinpointing the parameters of interest rate, investment cost and heating oil price, as those requiring the attention of the decision makers. Finally, the sensitivity analysis is enhanced by a stochastic analysis to determine the effect of the volatility of parameters on the robustness of the model and the solution obtained.     

电除尘器节能控制技术在600MW机组上的应用

结合华能汕头电厂3号炉600MW机组电除尘器节能改造实践,从电控角度总结了电除尘器节能保效技术在火电厂的应用,检测结果表明,改造后的节电率超过70%.     

Potential of anaerobic digestion for material recovery and energy production in waste biomass from a poultry slaughterhouse

This study was carried out to assess the material and energy recovery by organic solid wastes generated from a poultry slaughterhouse. In a poultry slaughterhouse involving the slaughtering of 100,000 heads per day, poultry manure & feather from the mooring stage, blood from the bleeding stage, intestine residue from the evisceration stage, and sludge cake from the wastewater treatment plant were discharged at a unit of 0.24, 4.6, 22.8, and 2.2 Mg day^?1, consecutively. The amount of nitrogen obtained from the poultry slaughterhouse was 22.36 kg 1000 head^?1, phosphate and potash were 0.194 kg 1000 head^?1 and 0.459 kg 1000 head^?1, respectively. As regards nitrogen recovery, the bleeding and evisceration stages accounted for 28.0% and 65.8% of the total amount of recovered nitrogen. Energy recovered from the poultry slaughterhouse was 35.4 N m³ 1000 head^?1 as CH₄. Moreover, evisceration and wastewater treatment stage occupied 88.1% and 7.2% of the total recovered CH₄ amount, respectively.     

石化废水生化处理工艺优化及提标改造

针对已建炼化污水处理装置提质达标的需求,采用旋流强化工艺对缺氧-好氧（A/O）池进行改造,生化出水TN由（32.8±8.9）mg/L降至（25.6±5.7） mg/L,TN平均去除率提高了约10百分点,且出水TN达标率达到100%,出水水质稳定达到GB 31570—2015《石油炼制行业污染物排放标准》的TN排放限值要求。旋流强化工艺技术先进,便于实施,适用于石化行业污水处理装置的改造升级,具有广泛的应用前景。     

微生物-光-电化学耦合技术降解污染物和回收能源的研究进展

微生物电化学技术能同时实现污染物去除和能量回收,但存在污染物去除种类有限及产能效率低的局限,近几年将可再生的太阳能引入微生物电化学技术的微生物-光-电化学耦合技术应运而生。本文简要介绍了微生物-光-电化学耦合技术的发展背景和研究现状,对该技术现有的耦合形式进行分类,并对各种形式的耦合机理进行详细的阐释,最后对其未来的发展进行了展望。     

Catalytic upgrading pyrolysis of pine sawdust for bio-oil with metal oxides

The catalytic upgrading pyrolysis of pine sawdust was performed at 500 °C with various metal oxides to improve the quality of the bio-oil. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of the metal oxides instead of traditional zeolites for catalytic upgrading pyrolysis with the analysis of Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer. In this study, the used catalysts were Calcium-oxide, Magnesium oxide, Titanium dioxide, and Zeolite (Si/Al?=?80). The influence of catalysts on products yields and compositions were investigated. Most metal oxides can enhance the bio-gas with the bio-oil yields decreased. The metal oxides led to a decrease of Acids, Aldehydes, Ketones and an increase of Furfural, Cresols, Catechols in Furans and Phenolics. Among the catalysts, the MgO catalysts was the most effective to convert the high molecular into lights ones (6.65% Cresols) with yield of 20.48% for Furfural. The deoxygenation reaction in bio-oil was suggested to convert oxygenated compounds into the low molecular weight of the materials (6.39% Guaiacols). Thus, the used metal oxides can improve the quality of bio-oil by decreasing undesirable compounds as well as increasing the desirable compounds with low oxygen contents via deoxygenation reaction.     

Waste to energy: a decision-making process for technology selection through characterization of waste,considering energy and emission in the city of Ahmedabad,India

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal has become major issue for the city of Ahmedabad, India. Development, concentrated population and economic...     

江苏省火电机组节能减排在线监测系统的开发及应用

阐述了江苏省火电机组节能减排在线监测系统的监测模型、系统架构及应用功能开发情况,分析了系统的特点及其推广应用情况。该系统以实现多种类型火电机组节能减排监管业务数据的实时在线监测为目标．基于电力调度数据网络,利用J2EE分布式多层系统应用架构技术,依据MVC模式的设计思路进行技术的选型及应用的开发,包括机组状态实时监控、统计分析等功能,已在全省270余家电厂应用,保障了脱硫（硝）电价等节能减排政策落到实处。     

烟尘对光谱法烟气在线监测系统的影响分析

介绍了紫外吸收光谱法烟气在线监测的原理和数据处理方法，分析了烟尘对不同光谱数据处理结果的影响及各方法的优缺点，利用紫外光谱法不仅可以进行烟气排放的在线监测，同时能进行烟尘检测，与其他光谱法相比，差分吸收光谱法计算结果受烟尘的干扰最小，比较适合用于烟气排放在线监测系统。     

Methods for determining the biomass content of waste.

As CO2 emission trading in Europe has been established it is of essential importance to distinguish between biogenic and fossil emissions. Emissions resulting from bio-fuels and biogenous fractions are categorized as climate-neutral. Determination of plants using only fossil or bio-fuels is simple but categorization becomes more difficult for plants using a mix of fossil and bio-fuel such as solid recovered fuels. In the meantime, different methods for solving this problem have been developed. Using different approaches and technologies, all of these methods have the same goal: determining the biomass content (biogenic fraction), for example, in solid recovered fuels or in the off-gas of a mono- or co-incineration plant in order to calculate the biogenic carbon dioxide emissions. In the following article, the most common methods for determining the biogenic fraction of fuels, namely the Selective Dissolution Method, the Balance Method and the 14C-Method will be explained in detail.     

炼化污水提标工艺的比选与应用

为了满足严苛的污水排放标准,采用中试试验比对的方法,考察了4种石化污水提标处理工艺的特点和实际效果。针对炼化污水及烯烃污水的不同水质,分别确定了"均质调节罐—反硝化滤池(DNF)—臭氧反应池—生物活性炭滤池—高密度澄清池"及"均质调节罐—中和池—高效生物反应池—高密度澄清池"的不同处理方案,并实施了工业应用。实际运行结果显示,两套提标改造装置的处理效果能够达到《城镇污水处理厂污水综合排放标准》(DB 12/599—2015)的要求(COD≤30 mg/L,TN≤10 mg/L,ρ(NH_3-N)≤1.5 mg/L,TP≤0.3 mg/L)。     

Ultrasound pretreatment of filamentous algal biomass for enhanced biogas production

The filamentous alga Hydrodictyon reticulatum harvested from a bench-scale wastewater treatment pond was used to evaluate biogas production after ultrasound pretreatment. The effects of ultrasound pretreatment at a range of 10–5000 J/mL were tested with harvested H. reticulatum. Cell disruption by ultrasound was successful and showed a higher degree of disintegration at a higher applied energy. The range of 10–5000 J/mL ultrasound was able to disintegrated H. reticulatum and the soluble COD was increased from 250 mg/L to 1000 mg/L at 2500 J/mL. The disintegrated algal biomass was digested for biogas production in batch experiments. Both cumulative gas generation and volatile solids reduction data were obtained during the digestion. Cell disintegration due to ultrasound pretreatment increased the specific biogas production and degradation rates. Using the ultrasound approach, the specific methane production at a dose of 40 J/mL increased up to 384 mL/g-VS fed that was 2.3 times higher than the untreated sample. For disintegrated samples, the volatile solids reduction was greater with increased energy input, and the degradation increased slightly to 67% at a dose of 50 J/mL. The results also indicate that disintegration of the algal cells is the essential step for efficient anaerobic digestion of algal biomass.     

生物质热解焦油脱除方法研究进展

生物质热解焦油的产生不仅降低了热解效率,影响设备运行,更危害着人类健康。通过介绍生物质热解焦油的特性及危害、对比分析目前各种不同除焦方法(文丘里法、旋风分离法、电捕焦法、高温裂解法和催化裂解法)的特点及应用前景,得出采用多种方法组合的形式进行联合除焦可显著提高焦油脱除效率。寻找用于湿法除焦的可再生利用的有机溶剂,开发经济、高效、长寿命的催化剂将成为生物质热解焦油脱除技术开发的重点。     

Gasification characteristics of biomass for tar removal by secondary oxidant injection

Gasification experiments for sawdust were conducted using a fixed bed reactor at 900 °C by varying the secondary oxidant injection ratio to determine the optimal conditions for tar removal along with the enhancement of gasification efficiency. Secondary oxidant was injected as an oxidant at the top zone of the gasifier in varying ratios of 10–30% of the total amount of oxidant. This method was based on the primary method of tar removal and gasification efficiency improvement by thermal cracking of tar. Various gasification performance parameters were evaluated and tar content was estimated by measuring the fluctuation of weight of the activated carbon filter. The results showed that the concentration of tar in the producer gas decreased by injecting the secondary oxidant, even though syngas yield decreased. The recycling potential of the char produced in the gasification experiments was also assessed with the purpose of utilizing char as an adsorbent by determining its surface area and pore volume. The results demonstrated that the char produced from the gasification experiment had similar quality to that of the activated carbon used in this experiment.     

Recycling of waste biomass and mineral powder for preparation of potassium-enriched compost

An attempt was made to recycle waste biomass and mineral powder (waste mica) as an alternative source of potassium (K) through composting technology. Two different waste biomass, isabgol straw and palmarosa distillation waste along with two levels of waste mica (2 and 4% as K) were used for preparation of enriched composts. A notable decrease of C:N ratio was observed at the end of the composting (150 days) as an indicator of compost maturity. The mature composts were evaluated for K-supplying capacity through laboratory leaching and soil incubation study. Significantly higher water-soluble K released initially followed by a sharp decrease up to 21 days of leaching thereafter gradually decreased up to 35 days of leaching. Water-soluble K was released from K-enriched (mica charged) compost significantly higher than the ordinary compost throughout the leaching period. Soil incubation study also revealed that application of K-enriched compost greatly improved the available K (water soluble and exchangeable) pools in K-deficient soil which indicated that a considerable amount of K releases during composting. Therefore, K-enriched compost could be an effective alternative of costly commercial K fertilizer and eco-friendly approach to utilize low-cost waste mineral powder and plant residue.