Sorbents for the removal of airborne heavy metals from incinerator effluent

The effectiveness of inorganic alumino-silicate sorbents (alumina and kaolinite) to adsorb airborne lead and cadmium from the effluent stream of a simulated waste incinerator was studied. A 20 kW (68,000 BTU/h) flow reactor was used to achieve the temperature and residence times typical of a waste incinerator. Solutions containing lead or cadmium were introduced yielding airborne metals concentrations between 15 and 150 ppm. Gas samples were drawn into a particle impactor that collected the airborne particles and condensed phase metal aerosols, separating them into ten size ranges from 0.2 μm to greater than 10 μm. Metals to sorbent mass ratios between 0.03 and 1.56 were investigated. Scavenging efficiency increased as the ratio of sorbent to injected metal mass was increased. The scavenging efficiencies were as high as 76% for lead scavenged by kaolinite to as low as 14% for cadmium scavenged by alumina.     

再生金属行业技术培训现状与创新

阐述了再生金属行业培训工作的发展现状,对我国再生金属行业员工培训工作的内容、特点、效果进行分析,并对今后培训工作提出建议和设想。     

催化臭氧氧化对生化尾水中典型有机物的去除特性

系统深入地分析了Fe-Ce/AC催化臭氧氧化对化工园区污水厂生化尾水中典型有机物的去除特性。与单独臭氧氧化相比,催化臭氧氧化可将TOC去除率从7.89%大幅提升至17.54%。120 min时UV_(254)和特征紫外吸光度(SUVA)的去除率分别高达66.80%和59.73%,证明了催化臭氧氧化可有效去除含共轭结构或芳环结构的不饱和有机物。催化臭氧氧化对生化尾水中腐殖酸类(HA)、溶解性微生物产物类(SMP)和疏水性腐殖酸类(HOA)3种荧光组分的去除过程均符合一级动力学模型,且由一级动力学速率常数可知,与生化尾水色度直接相关的HA和HOA被优先去除。40 min时HA、SMP和HOA的去除率即高达95.24%、93.21%和92.96%。     

An assessment on the recycling opportunities of wastes emanating from scrap metal processing in Mauritius

This paper presents an assessment on the wastes namely slag, dust, mill scale and sludge resulting from scrap metal processing. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that there are various ways via which scrap metal processing wastes can be reused or recycled in other applications instead of simply diverting them to the landfill. These wastes are briefly described and an overview on the different areas of applications is presented. Based on the results obtained, the waste generation factor developed was 349.3 kg per ton of steel produced and it was reported that slag represents 72% of the total wastes emanating from the iron and steel industry in Mauritius. Finally the suitability of the different treatment and valorisation options in the context of Mauritius is examined.     

Effects of competitive ions,humic acid,and pH on removal of ammonium and phosphorous from the synthetic industrial effluent by ion exchange resins

The removal of the ammonium and phosphorous from the synthetic industrial effluent by the ion exchange resins was studied in this paper, aiming at the determination of the effects of competitive ions, humic acid, pH and resin amount. The kinetic experiments show that the equilibrium time for the removal of both contaminants in the absence and presence of the competing matters was 4 h. Na+ and K+ significantly reduced the ammonium removal percentage, while the existence of Mg2+, Ca2+ and humic acid also had a negative influence. Adsorption of ammonium ions in both absence and presence of Na+ and K+ observed the linear isotherm, however, it did not follow commonly used isotherms in the presence of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and humic acid. The phosphorous removal decreased in the presence of the competitive matters, such as Cl-, CO3(2-), SO4(2-) and humic acid. Higher pH can cause higher phosphorous removal percentage. A decrease in the solution pH was observed in the phosphorous removal experiments, possibly due to the ion exchange and the adsorption of OH-. Uptake of humic acid by the resins was observed. Finally, a series of fixed-bed experiments were performed, showing that the performance was dependent on the empty bed contact time (EBCT). Higher EBCT would cause higher bed volumes of both treated ammonium and phosphorous.     

Heavy metal removal from contaminated sludge for land application: a review

In recent years, various methods for heavy metal removal from sewage sludge have been extensively studied in order to minimize the prospective health risks of sludge during land application. In this paper, a comparative review and critical analysis of the application of chemical extraction, bioleaching, electroreclamation, and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), in removing heavy metals from contaminated sludges is presented. Moreover, speciation studies, which can indicate ease of leachability of the different forms of heavy metals in sludge, are also presented. Experimental studies revealed a broad range in metal extraction efficiencies of the different extraction technologies. Acid treatment seemed to effectively remove Cd, attaining as much as 100% removal for some studies, as compared to bioleaching. SFE also gave higher removal efficiency than bioleaching. Cr, Pb and Ni seemed to be also effectively removed by the acid treatment. For the removal of Cu, Mn and Zn, the bioleaching process seemed to be appropriate with maximum removal efficiencies of 91%, 93% and 96% for the three metals, respectively, and as high as 64% minimum removal efficiency for Zn. The SFE process also gave good results for Cu, Mn and Zn removal. Electroreclamation exhibited better removal efficiency for Mn, but is still inferior to acid treatment and bioleaching processes. For chemical extraction, because of the adverse impacts that can result from the use of inorganic acids and complexing agents, interest can be directed more toward utilizing organic acids as extracting agents because of their biodegradability and capability to remove metals at mildly acidic condition, hence requiring less acid. The bioleaching process, although it seems to give a higher yield of metal extraction with lower chemical cost than chemical extraction, may be limited by the inability of the system to cope with the natural environmental conditions, requires strict monitoring of aeration rate and temperature and has applicability to only low sludge solids concentration. A full-scale study would be useful to better assess the efficiency of the process. The electroreclamation technology is limited by its relatively higher energy consumption and limited applicability to sludge. The SFE method, on the other hand, is limited by the complexity of the process and the cost of ligands suitable for effective metal extraction. Both of these technologies are still in their early stage of application and hence there is a need for further basic and applied studies. Finally, the common advantage for almost all treatment technologies studied is that the extraction efficiencies for some metals are high enough to remove metals from sludge to levels suitable for land application.     

Foamed lightweight materials made from mixed scrap metal waste powder and sewage sludge ash.

The porous properties and pozzolanic effects of sewage sludge ash (SSA) make it possible to produce lightweight materials. This study explored the effects of different metallic foaming agents, made from waste aluminium products, on the foaming behaviours and engineering characteristics, as well as the microstructure of sewage sludge ash foamed lightweight materials. The results indicated that aluminium powder and mixed scrap metal waste powder possessed similar chemical compositions. After proper pre-treatment, waste aluminium products proved to be ideal substitutes for metallic foaming agents. Increasing the amount of mixed scrap metal waste by 10-15% compared with aluminium powder would produce a similar foaming ratio and compressive strength. The reaction of the metallic foaming agents mainly produced pores larger than 10 microm, different from the hydration reaction of cement that produced pores smaller than 1 microm mostly. To meet the requirements of the lightweight materials characteristics and the compressive strength, the amount of SSA could be up to 60-80% of the total solids. An adequate amount of aluminium powder is 0.5-0.9% of the total solids. Increasing the fineness of the mixed scrap metal waste powder could effectively reduce the amount required and improve the foaming ratio.     

镍对活性污泥生物除磷的影响及其机理

以实际生活污水为研究对象,在序批式活性污泥反应器中探究了Ni2+对活性污泥形态及生物除磷性能的影响。实验结果表明,Ni2+能够抑制生物除磷,当Ni2+质量浓度由0 mg/L增加至10.0 mg/L时,PO43--P去除率由93%下降至12%。机理研究结果表明：Ni2+能抑制聚磷微生物的厌氧释磷和好氧吸磷,并能抑制内聚物聚羟基烷酸酯（PHA）的合成;当Ni2+质量浓度为10.0 mg/L时,PHA的最大含量仅为2.4 mmol/g （以单位质量挥发性悬浮物所含PHA中C的物质的量计）,远低于空白组中PHA的含量。此外,Ni2+还对微生物群落的组成产生影响,并促进活性污泥中聚糖微生物的增殖。     

用铜钨合金废料制备氧化亚铜

用硝酸浸取铜钨合金废料中的铜,再用亚硫酸钠还原硝酸铜制备氧化亚铜。采用X射线衍射仪对氧化亚铜进行表征,考察了氧化亚铜产品对溶液中甲基橙的光催化效果,并与分析纯五水硫酸铜制备的氧化亚铜进行了对比。实验结果表明:在硝酸浓度为5.6 mol/L,硝酸用量为2.5 m L/g(为理论用量的1.5倍),浸取温度为40℃,浸取时间为6 h的最优浸取条件下,铜浸取率稳定在87%以上;在还原反应温度为80℃、还原反应时间为4h、硝酸铜浓度为0.8 mol/L的条件下,可制备得到较高纯度的氧化亚铜;在甲基橙质量浓度为20 mg/L、氧化亚铜加入量为2 g/L,500 W氙灯照射时间为2.5 h的条件下进行光催化反应,甲基橙降解率可达93%以上。与分析纯五水硫酸铜制备的氧化亚铜相比,两者形貌相似、光催化效果基本相当。     

我国废钢铁市场的发展前景及废钢电子交易推荐标准

随着我国钢铁工业高速发展和国家对节能减排的高度重视,废钢铁资源的应用倍受业内关注。对我国废钢供需市场的规模、现状及发展前景进行分析和预测,并对我国废钢电子交易推荐标准进行详细介绍,指出作为大宗商品交易发展方向的电子交易模式,是我国废钢贸易的发展趋势,有利于废钢市场有序健康发展。     

Application of mechanical processing operations for the recycling of nickel metal hydride batteries

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Rapid technological development in recent decades has led to very high generation of waste electrical and electronic equipment, including exhausted...     

Design parameters for fixed bed reactors of activated carbon developed from fertilizer waste for the removal of some heavy metal ions

Activated carbon, developed from fertilizer waste, has been used for the removal of Hg²⁺, Cr⁶⁺, Pb²⁺, and Cu²⁺. Mass transfer kinetic approach has been successfully applied for the determination of various parameters necessary for designing a fixed-bed absorber. Parameters selected are the length of the (PAZ) primary adsorption zone (δ), total time involved for the establishment of primary adsorption zone (t_x), mass rate of flow to the absorber (F_m), time for primary adsorption zone to move down its length (t_δ), amount of adsorbate adsorbed in PAZ from breakpoint to exhaustion (M_s), fractional capacity (f), time of initial formation of PAZ (t_f) and per cent saturation of column at break point. Chemical regeneration has been achieved with 1 M HNO₃.     

The simulation of condensation removal of a heavy metal from exhaust gases onto sorbent particles

A numerical model BAEROSOL for solving the general dynamic equation (GDE) of aerosols is presented. The goal was to model the capture of volatilized metals by sorbents under incinerator-like conditions. The model is based on algorithms presented by Jacobson and Turco [Aerosol Science and Technology 22 (1995) 73]. A hybrid size bin was used to model growth and formation of particles from the continuum phase and the coagulation of existing particles. Condensation and evaporation growth were calculated in a moving size bin approach, where coagulation and nucleation was modeled in the fixed size bin model of the hybrid grid. To account for the thermodynamic equilibrium in the gas phase, a thermodynamic equilibrium code CET89 was implemented. The particle size distribution (PSD) calculated with the model was then compared to analytical solutions provided for growth, coagulation and both combined. Finally, experimental findings by Rodriguez and Hall [Waste Management 21 (2001) 589-607] were compared to the PSD predicted by the developed model and the applicability of the model under incineration conditions is discussed.     

Gasification of the char derived from distillation of granulated scrap tyres

This work reports the effect of pressure on the steam/oxygen gasification at 1000 °C of the char derived from low temperature-pressure distillation of granulated scrap tyres (GST). The study was based on the analysis of gas production, carbon conversion, cold gas efficiency and the high heating value (HHV) of the product. For comparison, similar analyses were carried out for the gasification of coals with different rank.In spite of the relatively high ash (≈12 wt.%) and sulphur (≈3 wt.%) contents, the char produced in GST distillation can be regarded as a reasonable solid fuel with a calorific value of 34 MJ kg⁻¹. The combustion properties of the char (E_A ≈ 50 kJ mol⁻¹), its temperature of self-heating (≈264 °C), ignition temperature (≈459 °C) and burn-out temperature (≈676 °C) were found to be similar to those of a semi-anthracite.It is observed that the yield, H₂ and CO contents and HHV of the syngas produced from char gasification increase with pressure. At 0.1 MPa, 4.6 Nm³ kg_char⁻¹ of syngas was produced, containing 28% v/v of H₂ and CO and with a HHV around 3.7 MJ Nm⁻³. At 1.5 MPa, the syngas yield achieved 4.9 Nm³ kg_char⁻¹ with 30% v/v of H₂-CO and HHV of 4.1 MJ Nm⁻³. Carbon conversion significantly increased from 87% at 0.1 MPa to 98% at 1.5 MPa.It is shown that the char derived from distillation of granulated scrap tyres can be further gasified to render a gas of considerable heating value, especially when gasification proceeds at high pressure.     

Recovery of gold from computer circuit board scrap using aqua regia.

Computer circuit board scrap was first treated with one part concentrated nitric acid and two parts water at 70 degrees C for 1 h. This step dissolved the base metals, thereby liberating the chips from the boards. After solid-liquid separation, the chips, intermixed with some metallic flakes and tin oxide precipitate, were mechanically crushed to liberate the base and precious metals contained within the protective plastic or ceramic chip cases. The base metals in this crushed product were dissolved by leaching again with the same type of nitric acid-water solution. The remaining solid constituents, crushed chips and resin, plus solid particles of gold, were leached with aqua regia at various times and temperatures. Gold was precipitated from the leachate with ferrous sulphate.     

镀锌钢板废料中锌的碱浸过程影响因素分析

以强碱(NaOH)溶液为浸取剂,采用碱浸法回收镀锌钢板废料中的锌,考察了不同因素(反应温度、反应时间、碱浓度、添加剂)对锌浸出效果的影响,并对添加剂的作用机理进行了分析。实验结果表明:在NaOH质量浓度为250 g/L、反应温度为90℃、反应时间为300 min的最佳工艺条件下,锌的浸出率高达97.89%;添加NaNO_3可提高锌在碱液中的腐蚀电位和腐蚀电流,从而加快镀锌钢板废料中锌的溶解,缩短反应时间;添加KMnO_4对反应速率基本无影响。     

Characterization of shredded television scrap and implications for materials recovery

Characterization of TV scrap was carried out by using a variety of methods, such as chemical analysis, particle size and shape analysis, liberation degree analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, sink-float test, and IR spectrometry. A comparison of TV scrap, personal computer scrap, and printed circuit board scrap shows that the content of non-ferrous metals and precious metals in TV scrap is much lower than that in personal computer scrap or printed circuit board scrap. It is expected that recycling of TV scrap will not be cost-effective by utilizing conventional manual disassembly. The result of particle shape analysis indicates that the non-ferrous metal particles in TV scrap formed as a variety of shapes; it is much more heterogeneous than that of plastics and printed circuit boards. Furthermore, the separability of TV scrap using density-based techniques was evaluated by the sink-float test. The result demonstrates that a high recovery of copper could be obtained by using an effective gravity separation process. Identification of plastics shows that the major plastic in TV scrap is high impact polystyrene. Gravity separation of plastics may encounter some challenges in separation of plastics from TV scrap because of specific density variations.     

用萃取剂LIX84I从电子废弃物处理液中选择性萃取铜

考察了相比、水相pH、混合时间等因素对LIX84I萃取铜的影响,结果表明:这些因素对铜的萃取率都有一定的影响,最优化的条件是有机相为30%LIX84I+70%煤油、室温、相比=2:1、出口水相pH值=2.0、搅拌速度=910 r/min、萃取级数为3级,每级的时间为3 min.对铜进行三级萃取和一级反萃,可以得到符合电积要求的硫酸铜溶液,萃取率和反萃取率分别可以达到94.6%和97.8%.     

Recovery of nickel oxide from spent catalyst

This study investigates the possibility of recovering nickel from the spent catalyst (NiO/Al2O3) resulting from the steam reforming process to produce water gas (H2/H2O) in many industries. In the extraction process, nickel is recovered as sulfate using sulfuric acid as a solvent. The considered parameters affecting nickel recovery were acid concentration, temperature and time of digestion solid:liquid ratio, particle size and stirring rate. Nickel was to be directly recovered as a sulfate salt by direct crystallization method. The conversion was 99% at 50% sulfuric acid concentration, solid: liquid ratio (1:12) by weight, particle size less than 500 micron for more than 5 h and 800 rpm at 100 degrees C.