铜绿微囊藻溶藻菌EA-1的分离鉴定及溶藻特性

从广州流花湖分离获得一株溶藻菌株EA-1,16S rDNA分析表明菌株EA-1属于肠杆菌属（Enterobacter）.研究了肠杆菌EA-1对铜绿微囊藻的溶藻效果和溶藻机制.结果表明,对数期EA-1具有最佳溶藻效果,投加比例为10%,初始叶绿素a含量为1.43mg/L时,EA-1能实现3d内完全除藻,叶绿素a含量为2.39mg/L时,共培养6d后,抑制率为84.1%±1.3%.EA-1通过分泌胞外溶藻物质间接溶藻,生理生化响应表明,EA-1无菌滤液胁迫下,藻细胞膜脂过氧化损伤严重,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性先急剧上升后下降.三维荧光光谱（EEM）表明溶藻产物为类腐殖酸,类富里酸和类蛋白类物质.扫描电子显微镜（SEM）显示藻细胞出现褶皱,内陷和萎缩现象.透射电子显微镜（TEM）显示藻细胞破坏过程为：首先,胶质层与细胞壁分离,光合片层变得松散和不规则,内含物被部分降解.随后,光合片层被彻底破坏,DNA核物质和多聚磷酸盐等营养物质颗粒被降解,藻细胞内部结构被完全破坏,藻细胞死亡.     

草酸盐介导下含As(V)黄钾铁矾的相转化过程与As(V)的再分配行为

黄钾铁矾能够通过吸附和共沉淀作用固定酸性矿山废水（AMD）中的重（类）金属（如砷）,降低其迁移性和生物可利用性.草酸盐广泛存在于天然水环境中,其具有的羧酸官能团能改变铁矿物的稳定性,进而影响吸持的重（类）金属的再分配行为.利用水热法合成含As（V）黄钾铁矾,探究其在不同草酸盐浓度与pH条件下的溶解、重结晶和共沉淀As（V）的行为.研究结果表明,草酸盐与含As（V）黄钾铁矾表面Fe（III）活性位点配位形成的可溶性强络合物是促进矿物溶解的第一步和关键;在pH 2.5时,含As（V）黄钾铁矾的溶解速率随草酸盐浓度增加而增加,伴随大量As（V）释放到溶液,反应过程中只有少量As（V）重新吸附到固相上,这是由于草酸盐与As（V）竞争矿物表面的同一活性位点;在pH 6.5条件下,草酸盐促进含As（V）黄钾铁矾的重结晶,经X射线衍射分析表明针铁矿和纤铁矿为主要产物,能有效地吸附释放的As（V）.研究结果有助于揭示在AMD环境下黄钾铁矾沉积物与含羧酸官能团有机酸共存时对As（V）的释放和固定机理,对AMD环境中As（V）污染控制有重要意义.     

An epicuticular multilayer reflector generates the iridescent coloration in chrysidid wasps (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae)

Chrysidid wasps in the subfamily Chrysidinae are brood parasitoids or cleptoparasites of other insects and famous for their cuticular iridescence. In this study, we examine the dorsal abdominal cuticle of the chrysidid wasp Hedychrum rutilans to identify the underlying color mechanism. Using scanning electron microscopy, reflectance spectral analysis, and theoretical calculations, we demonstrate the presence of an epicuticular multilayer reflector consisting of six lamellae with a thickness of 185 nm each. The lamellae exhibit a rough surface probably functioning as spacers between the individual layers. The reflector has a measured reflectance maximum at λ = 630 nm, i.e., in the red part of the visible spectrum of light at normal incidence and the reflectance maximum shifts to green as the angle of incidence increases. Complementary theoretical modeling corroborates the view that the epicuticular multilayer generates the iridescent color of the chrysidid cuticle. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Effect of mechanical surface treatments on Ti–6Al–4V direct metal deposition parts

The effect of surface treatments, including aggressive milling, rotational burnishing, and nonrotational burnishing, on Ti–6Al–4V DMD (direct metal deposition) parts was investigated. Particular emphasis is on the question of whether these surface treatments could induce the plastically deformed and work-hardened layer that was proven to enhance the fatigue resistance of titanium alloys and was a key step for recrystallization. Through the microhardness examination and microstructure analysis, it was found that the rotational burnishing process was able to work harden the material deeper than 1000 μm, while the work-hardened layer generated by the nonrotational process was ∼600 μm and that for aggressive milling was less than 10 μm. Because surface finish is another critical factor for the resistance of fatigue crack initiation, it was also evaluated for these treatments.     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰制陶瓷砖

分析了飞灰的性质,利用飞灰、黄陶土、缸砂及文石研制陶瓷砖,并进行正交配比试验。结果表明:飞灰主要矿物成分是硅酸盐及铝硅酸盐,可用作陶瓷砖的原材料;飞灰的掺加量对陶瓷砖表观质量起决定性影响,最佳配比方案为飞灰25%,黄陶土55%,缸砂10%,文石10%;最佳配比制品浸出毒性均达标。     

HYDRUS-1D模型对河套灌区不同灌施情景下氮素迁移的模拟

选取河套灌区五原建丰的典型土壤,应用HYDBUS-1D 模型对不同灌溉强度、不同表施浓度以及将表施改为灌施3类情景下土壤氮元素的迁移进行了动态模拟,研究了灌溉和施肥对河套灌区典型区域土壤氮元素迁移的影响.结果表明,灌水强度小于0.10 cm·h-1时,铵态氮与硝态氨累积流出通量变化极为缓慢;强度大于 0.14 cm·h-1时,累积流出通量急剧攀升,表明氮元素大量向土层深层流失.铵态氮表施浓度的变化对氮素的迁移几乎没有影响.保持相同的施肥量,灌施情景对铵态氮迁移几乎无影响,但表施换为灌施后硝态氮下渗浓度增加47%,更易于向深层渗漏.     

吉林前郭水田土壤有机碳垂向分布规律和储量研究

以吉林省前郭水田区为研究对象,空间尺度代替时间尺度方法,采用开发时间4～55 a共7个不同年限的土壤实测数据,研究1 m水田剖面土壤有机碳含量(SOC)的垂向分布规律,探讨近20年来水田土壤碳源、汇,估算了前郭水田土壤有机碳库储量,并结合吉林西部第二次土壤普查数据,进行不同土地利用类型土壤SOC的差异特征对比分析.结果表明,水田SOC自上而下逐层递减,随着开发年限的增加总体呈增长趋势,表土层(0～30 cm)有机碳储量(1 820.79 t)占1 m深土壤总有机碳储量(3 885.05 t)的46.87%,不同土地利用类型的土壤有机碳密度(SOCD)差异很大,从大到小依次为水田、旱田、盐碱地,水田开发是一个SOC积累的碳汇过程,有利于实现有机碳由表土层向底土层的转移.     

洱海上覆水溶解性有机氮特征及其与湖泊水质关系

研究了洱海上覆水溶解性有机氮(DON)含量及空间分布,利用三维荧光和紫外光谱技术分析了其结构组分特征,探讨了DON与湖泊水质间关系.结果表明:2014年洱海上覆水DON含量在0.08~0.33mg/L之间,全年平均为0.18mg/L,时间分布为春季 > 夏季 > 秋季 > 冬季,空间分布呈南部 > 北部 > 中部的趋势,垂向分布呈中层 > 表层 > 底层的趋势.洱海上覆水DON腐殖化程度较高,取代基中羰基、羧基、羟基、酯等含量较少,主要以脂肪链为主;自生源指数(BIX)在0.84~1.19之间(平均值0.94),荧光指数FI值在1.58~1.66之间(平均值为1.63),表明洱海上覆水DON受陆源输入和内源生物代谢共同影响;另外,洱海上覆水DON主要组分为腐殖质类物质(平均61.82%),且在0~2m各荧光组分转化量最大,其类蛋白成分P_(I+II,n)始终小于20%.洱海上覆水DON和溶解性总氮(DTN)呈极显著正相关(R=0.949, P < 0.01),类蛋白物质与类腐殖质比值(P_(I+II,n)/P_(III+V,n))与TN、DTN和SRP呈显著正相关(R=0.467~0.552, P < 0.05),表明上覆水DON含量在一定程度上可以指示洱海水质状况,特别是其类蛋白物质含量能较好的指示其水质状况,即类蛋白物质含量越高,上覆水体氮磷含量越高.     

铝粉表面超声波化学镀Ni-Co合金的研究

目的在铝粉表面进行镀Ni-Co合金层的研究,为制备新型的空心陶瓷吸波材料提供基础原料。方法利用超声波化学镀法。结果铝粉经过超声波化学镀Ni-Co合金,质量增加平均百分率达到了89.0%,通过SEM,EDS和XRD分析,表明在铝粉表面形成了Ni-Co合金层。结论利用超声波化学镀法能够在铝粉表面形成Ni-Co合金层。     

城市污水二级出水超滤膜污染与膜特性的研究

以城市污水二级出水为过滤介质,考察了PVA、PVP、PMMA等与PVDF的二元及三元共混超滤膜的过滤污染行为.结果表明,共混优化了PVDF超滤膜的结构参数,添加剂PVP、PVA可有效改善膜的亲水化程度,提高膜渗透通量.超滤膜的亲水性和结构特性对膜抗污染性能影响较大;堵孔阻力是二级出水过滤膜污染不可逆的主要原因.亲水性较强的超滤膜,二级出水过滤初期易因浓差极化而导致滤饼层污染,造成一定的通量衰减,但易清洗恢复,不可逆污染指数(rir)为0,抗污染性能好.致密的超滤膜表面有利于防止二级出水中的中低分子量污染物进入膜内部,而断面通透大孔和疏松海绵层结构的超滤膜,能减少二级出水中的污染物在膜中沉积形成堵孔阻力.膜表面多孔,内部大孔发育不充分,易形成堵孔污染,通量衰减大且不易清洗恢复,膜污染不可逆.     

天然沸石中离子交换平衡的离子特异性研究

沸石在改良土壤和保护环境等方面有着广泛的应用,研究沸石离子交换中的特异性效应对更好地利用沸石有着重要意义.碱金属离子在天然斜发沸石中的交换平衡时的最大吸附量存在着明显的特异性效应;对于同价的碱金属离子,其交换吸附能力差异随着离子浓度的降低而增大.这种实验现象不能用库仑力、离子体积、水合作用、色散力、经典诱导力以及表面络合等相关理论进行完整解释.分析发现,根本原因来自离子因量子涨落而产生的极化与沸石颗粒表面电荷产生的强电场之间的相互作用,这种相互作用导致了离子间偶极矩差异随着表面电位的升高而增大,进而使离子-表面吸附能差异增大,并出现不同的交换吸附能力.由于沸石表面电荷密度较高,离子体积效应对其在双电层中的分布也起着比较重要的作用,导致碱金属离子在沸石表面的交换平衡结果在高表面电位(绝对值大于0.2 V)下才表现出较大选择性,与低电荷密度表面上的交换平衡结果存在一定差异.     

城镇污泥中神经酰胺的分离纯化

以A²O-MBR工艺的冷冻干燥污泥作为原料,以索氏提取法,获得污泥中的粗脂;再经硅胶柱层析,以石油醚-乙酸乙酯100：1,10：1和7：3（V/V）的顺序梯度洗脱,利用薄层色谱法,将洗脱液与神经酰胺标准品对比,V（石油醚）：V（乙酸乙酯）=7：3为合适的洗脱梯度.经Q-Exactive液相色谱-高分辨质谱检测各组成成分,就峰面积比,经柱层析洗脱前后神经酰胺从60.88%提高到98.34%.最后,用另一种A²O工艺的污泥进行尝试,柱层析前后神经酰胺从79.06%提高至94.15%.     

天然菱铁矿改性及强化除砷研究

我国高砷地下水分布广泛,经济、高效地饮用水除砷技术受到广泛关注.静态批实验采用资源丰富、价格便宜的天然菱铁矿为主要原材料,考虑灼烧温度、时间及添加黏合剂等因素确定最优改性条件使除砷效果达到最佳.结果表明,在加铝量为10 mg.g-1、350℃下恒温灼烧90 min后造粒达到强度要求并除砷效果较优.25℃、固液比为0.5 g∶50 mL、As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)初始浓度为5 mg.L-1时,吸附后溶液中残留As浓度均<10μg.L-1.静态吸附批实验结果表明,25℃时,接触反应时间为12 h可达到吸附平衡,吸附过程较好地符合Lagergren假二级吸附速率方程;最优改性天然菱铁矿对砷的吸附规律可用Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型很好地描述,As(Ⅲ)、As(Ⅴ)饱和吸附容量分别可以达到1 039、1 026μg.g-1.结合XRD、SEM等研究方法和比表面及孔结构分析初步探讨天然菱铁矿改性以及除砷的主要机制.分析表明,改性后天然菱铁矿比表面积大幅度增大,孔径减小,且在表面活化生成一层圆球状的含Fe(Ⅱ)和Fe(Ⅲ)的化合物.改性天然菱铁矿是一种值得进一步研究并实际应用的除砷材料.     

钛基二氧化铅电极的制备及其对甲基橙的降解

以电沉积法制备Ti/PbO_2电极,采用SEM、XRD、XPS等检测方法分析了Ti/PbO_2电极表面的形貌、物相及元素化学态,发现电极表面镀层的晶相主要为β-PbO_2,并且PbO_2镀层的底层晶胞致密、大小均匀;活性层晶胞粗糙度较大,比表面积大。通过测定电极在甲基橙溶液中的析氧极化曲线得到其析氧电位在1.8V vs.SCE左右,有较高析氧过电位。并采用该电极作阳极,对10mg/L的甲基橙溶液进行降解。结果表明:在电流密度为36mA/cm~2下处理12min可使甲基橙的去除率接近100%,有较高的电催化活性。     

Sodar estimates of surface heat flux and mixed layer depth compared with direct measurements

Similarity relationships for the convective boundary layer are used to derive surface heat flux and mixed layer depth from sodar measurements of the temperature structure parameter and the vertical velocity variance. Two different methods are presented and compared with direct measurements from the Öresund experiment which took place during the period 15 May–14 June 1984. The analyzed data were taken with two three-axis monostatic Doppler sodars manufactured by Sensitron, Sweden. Comparison with simultaneous direct measurements shows generally good agreement during convective conditions but also reveals some limitations of the methods.     

海洋环境下金属材料在多场多相作用下的空蚀研究进展

首先介绍了目前空蚀的几种损伤机制,其中空化气泡以冲击波和微射流形式作用于材料表面,并导致损伤的机械作用占主要地位。在此基础上,总结归纳了影响海洋环境下金属材料空蚀的影响因素及相关研究进展,将因素按照环境外因与材料性质内因进行划分,系统分析了各种因素对空蚀损伤的作用趋势和机制,明确了各因素间存在协同效应。最后,提出了今后空蚀研究的发展方向,如调控温度、盐度等各种环境因素,进行空化气泡产生、长大、溃灭及能量释放过程的机制研究;也可以从材料性质入手,设计合成具有优良表面性能和力学性能的新材料等,对如何减少海洋工况下的空蚀损伤的科学研究和工程应用具有一定的参考和指导意义。     

In-situ observations of internal dissolved heavy metal release in relation to sediment suspension in lake Taihu, China

Despite laboratory experiments that have been performed to study internal heavy metal release, our understanding of how heavy metals release in shallow eutrophic lakes remains limited for lacking in-situ evidence. This study used automatic environmental sensors and a water sampling system to conduct high-frequency in-situ observations (1-hr intervals) of water environmental variables and to collect water samples (3-hr intervals), with which to examine the release of internal heavy metals in Lake Taihu, China. Under conditions of disturbance by strong northerly winds, sediment resuspension in both the estuary area and the lake center caused particulate heavy metal resuspension. However, the patterns of concentrations of dissolved heavy metals in these two areas were complex. The concentrations of dissolved Se and Mo increased in both areas, indicating that release of internal dissolved Se and Mo is triggered by sediment resuspension. The concentrations of dissolved Ni, Zn, As, Mn, Cu, V, and Co tended to increase in the estuary area but decrease in the lake center. The different trends between these two areas were controlled by pH and cyanobacteria, which are related to eutrophication. During the strong northerly winds, the decrease in concentrations of dissolved heavy metals in the lake center was attributable primarily to absorption by the increased suspended solids, and to growth-related assimilation or surface adsorption by the increased cyanobacteria. The findings of this study suggest that, short-term changes of environmental conditions are very important in relation to reliable monitoring and risk assessment of heavy metals in shallow eutrophic lakes.     

Forming a tough shell via an intracellular matrix and cellular junctions in the tail epidermis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oikopleura dioica</Emphasis> (Chordata: Tunicata: Appendicularia)

A postanal tail is a major synapomorphy of the phylum Chordata, which is composed of three subphyla: Vertebrata, Cephalochordata, and Tunicata (Urochordata). Among tunicates, appendicularians are the only group that retains the tail in the adult, and the adult tail functions in locomotion and feeding in combination with a cellulose-based house structure. Given the phylogenetic position of tunicates, the appendicularian adult tail may possess ancestral features of the chordate tail. We assess the ultrastructural development of the tail epidermis of the appendicularian Oikopleura dioica. The epidermis of the larval tail is enclosed by the larval envelope, which is a thin sheet similar to the outer tunic layer of ascidian larvae. The epidermis of the adult tail seems to bear no tunic-like cellulosic integuments, and the tail fin is a simple folding of the epidermis. Every epidermal cell, except for the triangular cells at the edge of the tail fin, has a conspicuous matrix layer of fibrous content in the apical cytoplasm without enclosing membranes. The epidermis of the larval tail does not have a fibrous matrix layer, suggesting the production of the layer during larval development and metamorphosis. Zonulae adhaerentes firmly bind the epidermal cells of the adult tail to one another, and the dense microfilaments lining the cell borders constitute a mechanical support for the cell membranes. The intracellular matrix, cell junctions, and cytoskeletons probably make the tail epidermis a tough, flexible shell supporting the active beating of the oikopleuran adult tail.     

超高效液相色谱法测定地表水中多环芳烃实验分析测量不确定度评定

对超高效液相色谱法测定地表水中16种多环芳烃过程的不确定度进行了评定。通过数学模型分析并计算测试过程中的不确定度分量,最后计算出相对合成标准不确定度和相对扩展不确定度。据分析,在引起不确定度的诸多因素中,回收率引入的不确定度分量最大,其次是测量重复性和标准物质引入的不确定度。     

用于应力腐蚀试验的飞机铝合金装配模拟件内部应力无损测定

目的 减少或避免服役飞机机体的应力腐蚀和腐蚀疲劳开裂.方法 采用短波长特征X射线衍射技术和仪器无损检测飞机铝合金装配模拟件的内部残余应力和装配应力的分布.结果 0.5 mm矩形间隙使下缘条根部上表层产生高达110 MPa及以上的拉应力;0.3 mm矩形间隙使下缘条根部上表层产生约80 MPa的拉应力;0.5 mm楔形间隙使下缘条根部上表层产生的拉应力平均值约55 MPa.结论 利用短波长特征X射线衍射技术能够无损测定和表征铝合金装配件内部应力及其分布,装配间隙使下缘条根部上表层产生较大拉应力,这与服役飞机机身螺接件出现较多非典型裂纹的部位吻合.矩形间隙装配件下缘条根部上表层的拉应力大于相同间隙值的楔形间隙装配件下缘条根部上表层的拉应力,并且,装配间隙越小,产生的拉应力越小.减小螺母靠根部处的装配间隙与螺母靠根部处到壁板距离的比值,将减小装配件的拉应力,减少或避免SCC&CFC的发生,以及非典型裂纹的产生.