大蟾蜍周血有核红细胞畸核试验

本文研究了大蟾蜍(Bufo bufo gargarizans)一次性腹腔注射环磷酰胺,甲醛周血有核红细胞畸核试验的剂量—效应和时间—效应。结果表明,在一定范围内,畸核率与药物浓度存在着明显的线性剂量—效应关系。时间—效应实验数据显示,化学毒物注射后12h,畸核率达到高峰。畸核率与微核率比较,作者认为以畸核试验作为一个监测系统来监测环境诱变物和生态毒物比微核试验更敏感,更可靠,可望能作为环境污染物毒性测试的一个新的毒性指标,并为两栖类生态毒理学研究提供一个新的研究方法。     

微塑料对双齿围沙蚕生理代谢的影响研究

为探讨微塑料对双齿围沙蚕生理代谢的影响,本文研究了聚丙烯(PP)、聚酰胺(PA)和聚氯乙烯(PVC)3种微塑料在不同浓度(0.1％、1％和5％)和暴露时间下对双齿围沙蚕体内过氧化氢酶(CAT)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)活性以及代谢指标排氨率和呼吸速率的影响.结果表明,随微塑料浓度的升高,双齿围沙蚕体内CAT活性显著提升,5％浓度下双齿围沙蚕体内CAT活性最高;PVC对双齿围沙蚕体内AchE活性表现为低浓度(0.1％)抑制、高浓度(5％)促进的作用;PP和PA在不同浓度下对双齿围沙蚕体内AchE酶活性均表现为促进作用;随着微塑料浓度的升高,双齿围沙蚕的排氨率和呼吸速率显著升高(P<0.05).综上,微塑料在高浓度条件下,在一定时间内可以对双齿围沙蚕产生氧化胁迫作用,并一定程度上影响其排氨率和呼吸速率.     

增温对高寒湿地土壤呼吸动态变化的影响

为研究在模拟增温状态下高寒湿地土壤呼吸的动态变化,并探究增温状态对土壤呼吸产生的影响,于2016年6月—2017年9月通过LI-8100土壤碳通量测定系统(开路式)对实验样地矮嵩草草甸(Kobresia humilis)的土壤呼吸速率及地下5、10和15 cm土壤温度、土壤体积含水量进行测定,结果表明:模拟增温有利于提高土壤呼吸速率,其与自然状态(CK)、增温状态(W)土壤呼吸速率之间有极显著性差异(P0. 01);土壤呼吸速率与各层土壤温度和土壤体积含水量均有极显著相关性(P0. 01),自然状态下的温度敏感性(Q10值)均比增温状态下的Q10值大,并且Q10值随着土壤深度的增加而增加;然而土壤温度与体积含水量共同影响下的土壤呼吸作用在2 a内减弱;增温状态有利于提高地上及地下生物量,并且对浅层地下生物量作用明显;与不增温比较,增温有利于提高土壤有机质含量,但差异随土壤深度的增加而依次减少。研究表明,连续2 a的增温对高寒湿地土壤呼吸产生促进作用,增温环境有利于促进土壤碳释放。     

太岳山华北落叶松林土壤呼吸特征对模拟氮硫沉降的短期响应

为探讨氮硫沉降对华北暖温带森林土壤呼吸的影响规律以及与温度、湿度的关系,在落叶松人工林中开展了野外模拟氮硫沉降试验.结果表明:在生长季,各氮硫水平样地月平均土壤呼吸有明显的季节变化特征,模拟氮硫复合沉降对华北落叶松林土壤呼吸产生显著影响(P0.05).生长季内,氮沉降促进土壤呼吸速率,其中高氮与CK产生显著差异(P0.05).土壤呼吸速率与硫沉降水平呈正相关关系(P0.05).氮硫复合沉降促进了土壤呼吸速率,高氮高硫与CK土壤呼吸速率产生显著差异(P0.05),而中氮中硫水平抑制土壤呼吸速率,但未达到显著水平(P0.05).中氮和中硫对土壤呼吸速率的影响大于二者的共同作用,产生拮抗作用,而高氮高硫产生协同作用.各处理土壤呼吸速率与5 cm土壤温度呈极显著正相关关系.土壤温湿度双因子模型预测土壤呼吸的准确性和稳定性高于单因子模型.模拟氮硫沉降增加了土壤Q_(10)值,而高氮高硫降低了土壤Q_(10)值.试验结果揭示了太岳山华北落叶松林土壤呼吸特征对氮硫复合沉降的响应,即除中氮中硫外,复合沉降不同程度地促进了土壤呼吸速率,其复杂的响应机制仍有待进一步研究.     

退化草原碱蓬土壤微生物生物量的季节动态模型

研究了东北退化草原土壤微生物生物量的季节变化,生态因子的季节变化以及生态因子对土壤微生物生物量的综合作用规律,微生物生物量W和呼吸速率W1的季节动态呈单峰上凸式曲线变化,8月份的有明显的高峰值出现,其值为：w/mg g^-1=4.9,w1/mg g^-1d^-1=28.1,同时利用IRM模型研究了生态因子对土壤微生物生物量变化的综合作用规律;Mt △Mto[1 （0.21rn-w1)△t],生态因子对土壤微生物生长的综合作用指数rn在整个生长季节的变化范围为：0.0273-0.7264,其中7-8月份rn较大,对微生物生长的限制作用较小,微生物生长较快,5月、6月、9月和10月rn较小,对微生物生长的限制作用较大,微生物生长较慢。     

土壤温湿度对北京大兴杨树人工林土壤呼吸的影响

采用Li-cor-8150土壤呼吸测定系统,对北京大兴杨树人工林(欧美107,Populus×euramericana cv."74/76")土壤CO_2释放通量、土壤温度和水分进行了为期1年(2007)的定位连续观测,系统研究土壤温度(T_S)和土壤含水量(w)对土壤呼吸速率(R_s)的影响.结果表明:(1)土壤呼吸速率日变化呈单峰曲线,具有明显的白天高,夜间低的规律.非生长季土壤呼吸速率较低,自5月份土壤呼吸速率上升,8月份达到最大值.(2)土壤温度是影响土壤呼吸速率的主要因素,用指数模型解释全年过程中土壤温度对土壤呼吸速率变化的能力为69%.在低温段(<0℃)土壤呼吸速率随土壤温度升高而下降,而在土壤温度>0℃条件下土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度表现为正相关.土壤呼吸速率随土壤含水量上升表现出先升高后降低的趋势,三次方程模拟表明土壤水分的贡献率为33%,而当土壤含水量低于9.5%时,土壤水分的贡献率上升到51%.(3)土壤温、湿度共同作用于土壤呼吸,在不同含水量区间土壤呼吸对土壤温度的响应程度不同:在4%～10%土壤含水量范围内.土壤温度与土壤呼吸的指数模型的R~2达到0.86,而在土壤水分较高或较低时,其相关系数仅为0.6.土壤温度是影响土壤呼吸速率变化的主导因素,当土壤含水量过低或过高时,土壤温度的主导作用相对减弱,土壤含水量的影响作用相对加强.土壤呼吸的温度敏感性受土壤温度区间和水分区间的综合影响,用指数模型模拟土壤温湿度对土壤呼吸的影响不能很好的模拟土壤湿度的作用,所以单一模型并不是描述土壤温湿度对土壤呼吸的共同影响的最优模型,而多种模型复合的数学模型有待进一步研究.     

光周期对油桃叶芽休眠诱导期抗氰呼吸的影响

以油桃品种‘曙光’(Prunus persica var.Nectariana cv.Shuguang)为试材,采用呼吸抑制剂法研究光周期处理下叶芽在休眠诱导期抗氰呼吸(交替途径)的发生、运行情况.结果表明:休眠诱导期内,叶芽总呼吸速率(Vt)呈单峰变化,短日照使其降低,诱导高峰期前移,而长日照亦降低Vt,但峰期后移.交替途径容量(Valt)呈双峰曲线变化而实际运行活性(ρValt)则为单峰曲线,两者后期变化不同步.自然低温和短日照共同作用可以显著诱导Valt和ρValt前期高峰期提前,显著降低后期Valt和ρValt.而长日照则对前期高峰具延迟效果,并有利于整个休眠诱导期ρValt的提高.日照长度对叶芽后期Valt高峰期迁移无明显作用.长日照有利于提高抗氰呼吸实际运行活力对总呼吸速率的贡献率,但抗氰呼吸不是主要的电子呼吸传递途径.     

海南芒果园土壤环境及其对芒果品质的影响

针对海南芒果(Mangifera indica)生产的环境条件进行了研究,分别在芒果园采集了植株和土壤样品,采用国家标准测定方法对比分析了各种元素的含量和分布特征,并阐明了芒果对环境条件的生态适应性.研究结果表明:海南芒果园土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷含量较低(为四级以下水平),有效钾含量相对较高.Ca、Mg、B、Ni含量较低,Cu、Mn含量较高.海南芒果种植地环境质量较好,Cr、Pb、Cd等低于国家土壤环境质量一级标准.Hg、Cu、As、Pb含量为一至二级标准.六六六、滴滴涕含量低于一级标准.海南芒果矿质元素含量丰富,农药残留量和Cr、As、Cd含量符合无公害芒果的要求.芒果对大中量元素、微量元素和有害元素(Hg、As、Cd)的生物吸收系数较大.锰主要在叶片中积累,铜则主要积累在果实中.     

太岳山油松人工林土壤呼吸对抚育强度的响应

为了解不同抚育强度下土壤呼吸速率的差异及土壤温湿度对土壤呼吸速率的影响,利用LI-8100土壤CO2排放通量全自动测量系统测定山西太岳山油松人工林不同强度抚育后土壤呼吸速率,同时测量土壤表层10 cm处的温度和湿度.4块油松人工林样地的抚育强度分别为20%、30%、40%和50%,对4块抚育样地及1块对照样地进行3种处理:切根去凋、去凋和对照.结果表明:切根去凋处理条件下抚育样地与对照样地土壤呼吸速率无显著差异(P>0.05);去凋处理条件下抚育样地与对照样地土壤呼吸速率呈显著差异(P<0.01),抚育强度为20%、30%和40%样地6、7月的土壤呼吸速率显著高于对照样地(P<0.01);对照处理条件下,抚育样地与对照样地土壤呼吸速率呈显著差异(P<0.01),抚育强度为30%和40%样地6、7、8月的土壤呼吸速率显著高于对照样地(P<0.01).土壤温度和湿度与土壤呼吸速率显著相关(P<0.01),且共同解释了土壤呼吸速率变化的30%～74%,是影响土壤呼吸速率变化的重要环境因子.     

桂林尧山地区20年生桉树林土壤呼吸昼夜变化特征

以桂林尧山地区20年生桉树林为研究对象,于2013年1—11月,分春、夏、秋和冬4个季节对土壤呼吸速率及环境因子日变化进行24 h的动态监测。结果表明:(1)20年生桉树林土壤呼吸具有明显日变化特征,呈单峰或双峰曲线形式。4季土壤呼吸速率均在17:00—19:00达最大值,在次日05:00—09:00达最小值。白天土壤呼吸速率变化较大,夜间变化较小;(2)4个季节土壤总呼吸速率之间存在显著差异(P0.05),从大到小依次为夏、春、秋和冬季,自养呼吸贡献率从大到小依次为春、冬、夏和秋季;(3)土壤总呼吸、自养呼吸和异养呼吸速率与土壤温度均呈显著正相关关系(P0.01),土壤温度分别可解释土壤总呼吸、自养呼吸和异养呼吸变化的64.18%、15.43%和83.58%;(4)土壤总呼吸、自养呼吸和异养呼吸速率与土壤含水量间呈显著正相关关系(P0.01),土壤含水量在一定范围内对土壤呼吸起促进作用。     

Sex linkage among genes controlling sexually selected traits

Using literature data on reciprocal crosses I estimated the influence of sex-chromosomal genes on morphological and behavioral traits. To determine a special role of the sex chromosomes for sexually selected traits, I compared the estimated influence of X-chromosomal genes on sexually selected traits with their estimated influence on traits not under sexual selection. About one-third of the phenotypic variation in sexually selected traits is caused by X-chromosomal genes. There was, in contrast, no significant influence of X-chromosomal genes on traits that were classified as not sexually selected. Sexually selected traits thus seem to be influenced significantly more by X-chromosomal genes than traits not under sexual selection. Though this differential influence of X-chromosomal genes cannot readily be explained with current theoretical knowledge, it may shed some light on X-linked hybrid sterility and on the discussion between arbitrary and good-gene models for the evolution of female choice. Received: 30 January 1998 / Accepted after revision: 20 June 1998     

Identifying factors that influence soil heavy metals by using categorical regression analysis: A case study in Beijing,China

A method was proposed to identify the main influence factors of soil heavy metals. The influence degree of different environmental factors was ranked. Parent material, soil type, land use and industrial activity were main factors. Interactions between some factors obviously affected soil heavy metal distribution. Identifying the factors that influence the heavy metal contents of soil could reveal the sources of soil heavy metal pollution. In this study, a categorical regression was used to identify the factors that influence soil heavy metals. First, environmental factors were associated with soil heavy metal data, and then, the degree of influence of different factors on the soil heavy metal contents in Beijing was analyzed using a categorical regression. The results showed that the soil parent material, soil type, land use type, and industrial activity were the main influencing factors, which suggested that these four factors were important sources of soil heavy metals in Beijing. In addition, population density had a certain influence on the soil Pb and Zn contents. The distribution of soil As, Cd, Pb, and Zn was markedly influenced by interactions, such as traffic activity and land use type, industrial activity and population density. The spatial distribution of soil heavy metal hotspots corresponded well with the influencing factors, such as industrial activity, population density, and soil parent material. In this study, the main factors affecting soil heavy metals were identified, and the degree of their influence was ranked. A categorical regression represents a suitable method for identifying the factors that influence soil heavy metal contents and could be used to study the genetic process of regional soil heavy metal pollution.     

Male influence on sex allocation in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis

Sex allocation is an important reproductive decision for parents. However, it is often assumed that females have substantial control over sex allocation decisions, and this is particularly true in haplodiploid insects, in which females apparently determine sex by deciding whether to fertilise an egg (and produce a diploid daughter) or not (and produce a haploid son). Mechanisms by which males may influence sex allocation are not so straightforward, and their potential influence on sex ratios has been somewhat neglected. Here, we test whether males influence offspring sex ratios in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis. We show that some of the variation in observed sex ratios can be attributed to males when comparing the affect of male strain on sex ratio. We did not find among-male variation in sex ratio with a less powerful experiment using males from only one strain or an effect of male mating environment. Our data suggest that males can influence female sex ratios and contribute to the variation around the sex ratios optimal for females. However, the influence is not large, suggesting that females have more influence on sex allocation than do males. We conclude by considering whether male influences on sex ratio represent differences in male reproductive competence or deliberate attempts by males to increase their fitness by influencing daughter production.     

The effect of texture and irrigation on the soil moisture vertical-temporal variability in an urban artificial landscape: a case study of Olympic Forest Park in Beijing

Soil moisture variability in natural landscapes has been widely studied; however, less attention has been paid to its variability in the urban landscapes with respect to the possible influence of texture stratification and irrigation management. Therefore, a case study was carried out in the Beijing Olympic Forest Park to continuously monitor the soil in three typical profiles from 26 April to 11 November 2010. The texture stratification significantly affected the vertical distribution of moisture in the non-irrigated profile where moisture was mostly below field capacity. In the profile where irrigation was sufficient to maintain moisture above field capacity, gravity flow led to increased moisture with depth and thus eliminated the influence of texture. In the non-irrigated sites, the upper layer (above 80 cm) exhibited long-term moisture persistence with the time scale approximating the average rainfall interval. However, a coarse-textured layer weakened the influence of rainfall, and a fine-textured layer weakened the influence of evapotranspiration, both of which resulted in random noise-like moisture series in the deeper layers. At the irrigated site, frequent irrigation neutralized the influence of evapotranspiration in the upper layer (above 60 cm) and overshadowed the influence of rainfall in the deeper layer. As a result, the moisture level in the upper layer also behaved as a random noise-like series; whereas due to deep transpiration, the moisture of the deep layer had a persistence time-scale longer than a month, consistent with characteristic time-scales found for deep transpiration.     

Organizational adoption of sustainable manufacturing practices in India: integrating institutional theory and corporate environmental responsibility

Organizations are increasingly engaging in socially and environmentally sustainable initiatives. This paper focuses on the institutional isomorphism mechanisms to analyse the organizational adoption of sustainable manufacturing practices like eco-design, source reduction, and environmental management practices. This paper empirically examines the role of institutional influence in the organizational adoption of sustainable manufacturing practices among firms in India. The results of this study confirm the significance of the three institutional isomorphism mechanisms in influencing sustainable responses, but not all mechanisms influence the organizational response equally. In particular, the results show a strong influence of self-regulatory normative isomorphism on the implementation.     

两种常见沉水植物与藻的相互作用

选用太湖常见的沉水植物苦草(VallisneriaspiralisL.)和轮叶黑藻(HydrillaverticillataRoyle),构建微型生态系统。通过对沉水植物作用下水体中藻类叶绿素a及试验前后沉水植物生物量变化的观测,分析沉水植物与藻类的相互作用。结果表明,(1)相同条件下,苦草和轮叶黑藻对藻类变化的影响没有显著差异。(2)在苦草生物量相同的情况下,藻类叶绿素a初始值越大,其变化速率也越快。叶绿素a初始值差别越大,其变化速率差异越显著。轮叶黑藻也有相似的结果。(3)从试验前后苦草和轮叶黑藻生物量的变化可知,苦草受藻类影响较大,轮叶黑藻几乎没有受到藻的影响。     

深圳市公路建设对生态环境的影响、治理及对策

公路建设曾经给深圳的生态环境造成了较为严重的危害 ,主要有 :严重的水土流失及其派生影响 ,对一些具有观赏价值的自然景观产生破坏 ,影响了部分区域动植物生存环境等。主要对这些环境影响及已进行的治理及其成效进行综述 ,对治理工作的不足及未来对策也进行了探讨。     

Effects of Land Use on Threatened Species

Abstract:  There is widespread agreement that biodiversity loss must be reduced, yet to alleviate threats to plant and animal species, the forces driving these losses need to be better understood. We searched for explanatory variables for threatened-species data at the country level through land-use information instead of previously used socioeconomic and demographic variables. To explain the number of threatened species in one country, we used information on land-use patterns in all neighboring countries and on the extent of the country's sea border. We carried out multiple regressions of the numbers of threatened species as a function of land-use patterns, and we tested various specifications of this function, including spatial autocorrelation. Most cross-border land-use patterns had a significant influence on the number of threatened species, and land-use patterns explained the number of threatened species better than less proximate socioeconomic variables. More specifically, our overall results showed a highly adverse influence of plantations and permanent cropland, a weaker negative influence of permanent pasture, and, for the most part, a beneficial influence of nonarable lands and natural forest. Surprisingly, built-up land also showed a conserving influence on threatened species. The adverse influences extended to distances between about 250 km (plants) and 2000 km (birds and mammals) away from where the species threat was recorded, depending on the species. Our results highlight that legislation affecting biodiversity should look beyond national boundaries.     

耕作和施肥扰动下土壤团聚体稳定性影响因素研究

稳定的土壤团聚结构对种子发芽、根系发育、作物生长以及有机碳保护有着重要的影响,深入了解人为扰动下土壤团聚体稳定性影响因素有着重要意义.选择两种不同母质发育土壤上长期施用畜禽粪便和化肥5个田块耕层土壤团聚体为供试土壤,采用相关分析、因子分析和回归分析方法探讨了土壤有机碳库、土壤养分和理化性质与团聚体稳定性间的关系.研究结果表明,与施用化肥比较,施用畜禽粪便显著提高了土壤团聚体稳定性;不同母质类型土壤上,海相沉积物母质土壤上团聚体稳定性显著高于河相冲积物母质土壤.相关分析结果表明溶解性有机碳(包括DOC和HWOC)和总磷含量与土壤团聚体稳定性显著或极显著相关;因子分析结果显示,土壤化学因子是第一影响因素,土壤碳库因子是第二影响因素,其中海相沉积物母质土壤上团聚体稳定性主要受土壤化学因子影响;河相冲积物母质土壤团聚体稳定性主要受土壤碳库因子影响,施用化肥土壤受两个因素影响均较小.回归分析结果显示热水提取态有机碳和钙是本研究条件中影响土壤团聚体稳定性的主要因素.     

Eutrophication alters social preferences in three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus)

Algae blooms, which can be caused by eutrophication, drastically influence the ecology and behaviour of aquatic organisms. Such impact is often demonstrated in the context of mate choice and predator–prey interactions. In contrast, the influence of increased turbidity on social behaviour is less well understood, although it may have strong influence, at both the level of the individual and the population. We aimed to address this gap in our knowledge by using the well-described preference of three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) to shoal with the larger of two shoals as model behaviour. In our experiments focal fish had the choice between two shoals of different sizes, either in clear or in turbid water containing green algae. Fish in clear water spent significantly more time near the larger shoal, while fish in algae water showed no significant preferences. Furthermore, fish tested in clear water changed more often between the shoals than fish tested in algae water. These results indicate that eutrophication-induced algae blooms have the potential to alter social decisions of sticklebacks. Such changes of social decisions do not only influence the behaviour of individuals, furthermore it might influence entire populations. This might eventually lead to changes of the structure of the social system.