马尾松树轮早材、晚材年表对气候因子响应的敏感性分析

为探究亚热带地区树木年轮早材、晚材宽度指标用于气候变化分析的敏感性差异,及全球气候变暖背景下亚热带不同地区马尾松径向生长可能受到的影响。在马尾松(Pinus massoniana)主要分布区的大致西缘、南缘、中心区、北缘和东缘5个典型的亚热带地区建立起马尾松早材、晚材宽度指标的树轮年表,与各地记录的标准化降水蒸发指数、降水、月均温、月最高温、月最低温5个气候因子多年的单月值及多月值数据进行相关分析。结果发现:(1)所有地点的马尾松早材年表和晚材年表的平均敏感度均较高(0.185～0.273),可用于气候重建工作。(2)同一样区早材和晚材年表的相关性较高,但早材对气候的敏感性高于晚材年表。(3)马尾松树轮宽度对气候要素的响应在不同的地域存在一定的差异与联系。生长季早期的气温升高会对西缘、南缘、中心区和东缘样区马尾松的径向生长产生有利影响,但在较为干旱的北样区,马尾松径向生长则易受到升温造成的水分抑制作用。(4)在不区分上一年或当年条件下,夏季的降水对5个样区马尾松径向生长具有高湿制约作用,秋冬季降水对马尾松径向生长具有有利作用。     

江西三清山黄山松树轮早晚材宽度所指示的气候意义

在中国东南湿润季风区，近十几年来采用树轮宽度进行气候变化研究取得了快速的发展。对于气候限制因子不明确的整轮宽度年表，通过把整轮宽度分割为早材宽度和晚材宽度，分别建立早材宽度年表和晚材宽度年表，从中抽取出了可靠的气候信号。但是对于气候限制因子明确的整轮宽度年表，它们的早晚材宽度年表包含怎样的气候信息却没有开展过研究工作。选用对气候响应非常敏感的江西三清山高海拔黄山松树轮样本进行早晚材宽度的气候响应研究，该样本整轮宽度主要受上年4~7月温度的影响。研究发现，该样点黄山松早材和晚材宽度年表在共同可靠时段（1800~2013年）的相关系数为0.67（p<0.01），早材和晚材宽度的主导气候因素与整轮一致，均表现出明显的“滞后效应”。无论是高频信号，还是低频信号，该关系都成立，这一研究工作很好地解释了东南降水丰沛的高海拔地区黄山松整轮宽度年表对气候响应非常敏感的原因所在。研究工作还表明，早晚材宽度年表包含的气候信号是否一致，对采用整轮宽度年表重建气候的质量具有一定的影响。     

Typological and species diversity of dark conifer forests in the lower reaches of the Bol’shaya Porozhnyaya River, a tributary of the Pechora (Pechora-Ilych state nature reserve)

The structure of dark conifer forests in the lower reaches of the Bol’shaya Porozhnyaya River is described. Ordination of corresponding communities has been performed, and their ecological and ecocenotic characteristics and species structure have been analyzed. On this basis, a typological scheme of the forests has been constructed following the method by L.B. Zaugol’nova. The identified sections and variants of communities within the true moss and tall herb sections are described. Successive change of leading ecological factors in the hierarchical series of communities, from sections to variants, is demonstrated.     

Radial increment of larch and pine in central Yakutia as dependent on climate change over the past 120 years

The results of studies on the radial increment of larch and pine in central Yakutia are presented. The application of dendroclimatological methods to the study of tree-ring chronologies has made it possible to evaluate tree growth response to the dynamics of climatic factors over the past 120 years. The results of analysis of radial tree increment show that the onset of the growing season has shifted to earlier dates by the end of the 20th century.     

Climate changes in the past century and radial increment of pine in the Southern Ural steppe

Changes in the main climatic factors (air temperature and total precipitation) and their effect on the radial increment of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) over the period from 1933 to 2002 were studied in an insular pine forest growing in the steppe zone of the Southern Urals. Evidence for a significant increase in the amount of precipitation and air temperature in the second half of this period was obtained. Functions of response of radial increment indices to climatic parameters were analyzed. Relative contributions of air temperature and precipitation to variation in the radial increment of pine in different time intervals proved to differ in relation to climate changes during the past century.     

川西南柳杉早材、晩材年表与温度和降雨的关系

年轮宽度和气候要素的相关或响应分析已大量应用在气候 树木生长的相互作用研究中。以川西南区瓦屋山自然保护区速生树种柳杉（Cryptomeria fortunei）的71个样芯,探讨了温度和降雨与柳杉早材、晩材年表的关系,结果表明早材径向生长对温度变化比较敏感,早材年轮指数序列与当年4月的平均温度、4月平均最高温度、上年9、10月平均最高温度间呈显著正相关关系,与当年7月平均温度以及上年11月最低温度间均存在显著负相关关系;晚材年轮序列与当年10月的平均最高温度呈显著正相关关系。柳杉早材年轮的生长过程中气温“滞后效应”表现明显,特别是在上个生长季的9～10月,最高温度的变化对柳杉当年生长季节形成较宽的年轮有重要的作用。不同的季节温度、降水量变化影响早材、晚材年轮的形成与生长     

Can we infer avalanche–climate relations using tree-ring data? Case studies in the French Alps

Dendrogeomorphology is a powerful tool to determine past avalanche activity, but whether or not the obtained annually resolved chronologies are sufficiently detailed to infer avalanche–climate relationships (in terms of temporal resolution) remains an open question. In this work, avalanche activity is reconstructed in five paths of the French Alps and crossed with a set of snow and weather variables covering the period 1959–2009 on a monthly and annual (winter) basis. The variables which best explain avalanche activity are highlighted with an original variable selection procedure implemented within a logistic regression framework. The same approach is used for historical chronologies available for the same paths, as well as for the composite tree-ring/historical chronologies. Results suggest that dendrogeomorphic time series allow capturing the relations between snow or climate and avalanche occurrences to a certain extent. Weak links exist with annually resolved snow and weather variables and the different avalanche chronologies. On the contrary, clear statistical relations exist between these and monthly resolved snow and weather variables. In detail, tree rings seem to preferentially record avalanches triggered during cold winter storms with heavy precipitation. Conversely, historical avalanche data seem to contain a majority of events that were released later in the season and during episodes of strong positive temperature anomalies.     

Diurnal variation of radon progeny

The diurnal variation of the gross alpha (alpha) radioactivity in the air near the ground and the gamma (gamma) radioactivity emitted from the ground have been monitored in North-eastern Greece. Meteorological information comprising air temperature and humidity has been simultaneously recorded. Over a period of the 24h of a typical day, the variation of alpha-radioactivity reaches a peak in the morning followed by a remarkable decrease, rising to a second peak in the afternoon. Furthermore, its significant dependence on the air temperature and humidity is confirmed, rising with an increase in humidity and decrease in temperature. The variation of the ground gamma-radioactivity follows that of the air alpha-radioactivity. A mathematical model has been developed to describe the diurnal variation of the alpha-radioactivity in the air near the ground in terms of the above meteorological variables and ground level gamma-radioactivity.     

Environmental and climatic signals from stable isotopes in Anatolian tree rings, Turkey

Dendrochronological and oxygen–carbon isotopic analysis was conducted on tree rings collected at two different elevations from three different regions in western Anatolia, Turkey. Tree rings were sampled from Anatolian black pines (Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe) of at least 200?years old through an N–S transect covering Bolu-Mengen (north), Kütahya–Simav, and Antalya–Alanya (south) forests. Cellulose was extracted from 5-year blocks of tree rings from lower to upper altitudes in each region. Dendrochronological site chronologies were built for each of the 6 sites, and response to climate was evaluated. The long-term δ¹³C chronologies comprising the period 1800–2008 strongly decline by an average of 2.5‰ from the mid-twentieth century, which corresponds with the commencement of industrialization in Turkey. Oxygen isotope (δ¹⁸O) time series show dominantly low undulations, although some high-frequency variations of up to 6‰ are also observed. As a result of latitude and continent effects, oxygen isotope values of tree rings show an average of 3‰ increase from south (Antalya) to the north (Bolu). Correlations between carbon isotope ratios yield high positive values indicating that industrial pollution exerts a major control on the δ¹³C systematics of the studied trees. Corrected δ¹³C ratios are mostly represented by strong positive responses to variations in temperature and precipitation, whereas δ¹⁸O and summer temperature/precipitation are negatively correlated. Tree-ring widths and δ¹⁸O display similar responses to the temperature and sensitivity to the climatic impact of historic volcanic eruptions, and changes in the solar irradiance record are also detected in other high-resolution paleoclimate archives for the region.     

Has recent climate warming affected the dates of bird arrival to the Il℉men Reserve in the Southern Urals?

The results of regression and correlation analyses of long-term data (1971–2005) on the dates of arrival of 16 bird species to the Il’men State Nature Reserve (the Southern Urals) show that they have not changed in most of these birds, unlike in many countries of Europe and North America. This is explained primarily by the absence of any significant trends in the dynamics of spring air temperatures in the study region. Only the herring gull Larus argentatus and the lapwing Vanellus vanellus have shown a significant tendency to arrive earlier, while the garganey Anas querquedula has shown a tendency to arrive on later dates in the past two decades. Nevertheless, interannual fluctuations in the dates of arrival are well manifested in both early arriving species wintering in Europe and late-arriving species wintering in Africa. These fluctuations largely depend on temperature conditions in spring. As a rule, almost all species studied—from waterbirds to passerines—appear in the Il’men Reserve earlier in years with early and warm springs than in cold years. Hence, spring weather is the key factor determining the dates of arrival of migratory birds to the study region.     

Environment-forming role of black saxaul, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Haloxylon aphyllum</Emphasis> (Minkw.) Iljin in the Karnabchul Desert

The environment-forming role of desert tree plants has been studied in the light of A.A. Uranov’s concept of phytogenic field using the example of black saxaul, Haloxylon aphyllum (Minkw.) Iljin, in the Karnabchul Desert. It has been shown that the environment-forming influence of this species leads to considerable changes in the light regime, air and soil moisture and temperature regimes, and soil humus and salt contents within its phytogenic field. Consequently, pertinent changes take place in the dynamics of abundance and distribution pattern of the main plant species and wormwood–ephemeral vegetation.     

“2+26”城市治霾方案效果评估:以山东省为案例的研究

以京津冀大气污染传输通道“2+26”城市为对象的区域性雾霾专项治理已经开展两年有余。要判断“2+26”城市治霾方案的实施是否取得了显著成效需要通过科学的实证分析加以验证。采集山东省13个内陆城市2016—2018年每日空气质量指数(AQI)、六种单项污染物(PM 2.5、PM 10、SO 2、NO 2、CO、O 3)浓度以及气象条件等数据,以其中属于“2+26”城市的7城市作为实验组,其余6城市作为对照组,基于双重差分法,对“2+26”城市治霾方案在山东省相关城市的实施效果进行评估,试图分离方案实施所带来的环境效应。结果表明:①“2+26”城市治霾方案的实施总体上有效,对污染传输通道7城市空气质量指数(AQI)指标的降低发挥了显著作用。②“2+26”城市治霾方案对污染传输通道城市的PM 2.5、PM 10、CO浓度的降低有显著贡献,但对SO 2、NO 2和O 3指标的改善贡献并不明显。③对方案进行分时段动态效应分析发现,《京津冀及周边地区2017年大气污染防治工作方案》的发布并未对污染传输通道城市空气质量改善产生立竿见影的效果,而《京津冀及周边地区2017—2018年秋冬季大气污染综合治理攻坚行动方案》《京津冀及周边地区2018—2019年秋冬季大气污染综合治理攻坚行动方案》的落实和执行才是“2+26”城市治霾方案显著见效的保障。该研究在严格遵守双重差分法前提条件的同时,还通过了一系列稳健性检验确保评估结果的可靠性。     

Effects of environmental factors and species identity on oxygen and carbon isotope composition of teeth in recent small mammals of the Urals

The variation of carbon and oxygen isotope composition in the carbonate group of carbonated hydroxyapatite from the incisor teeth has been studies in six recent rodent species trapped in different latitudinal regions of the Urals. Specific features of variation in the carbon and oxygen isotope ratios are discussed in dependence of animal’s species identity, typical environment, mode of life, dietary features, and ambient air temperature.     

Forty years of atmospheric radiocarbon monitoring around Bohunice nuclear power plant, Slovakia

Radiocarbon variations in the atmospheric CO(2) with attenuating amplitudes and decreasing mean values with typical maxima in summer and minima in winter have been observed since 1967 in two localities of Slovakia, in Bratislava and Zlkovce, situated about 60 km NE from Bratislava, only 5 km from the Bohunice Nuclear Power Plant (NPP). The (14)C record in Bratislava has been influenced mainly by fossil CO(2) emissions, in contrast to the Zlkovce record which has been more variable, as it has clearly been affected by operation of the Bohunice NPP. However, during specific meteorological conditions with NE transport of air masses to Bratislava, the effect of the Bohunice NPP has been visible in Bratislava as well. Maximum (14)C concentrations (up to 120% above a natural background) were observed around A1 NPP which used CO(2) with admixture of air as a cooling agent. The (14)C concentrations around four pressurized light water reactors were up to 30% above the background. The Delta(14)C values in the heavily polluted atmosphere of Bratislava were up to 10% and at Zlkovce up to 5% lower than the European clean air represented by the Jungfraujoch Delta(14)C data. Later the Delta(14)C values were similar at both sites, and from 2003 they were close to the European clean air levels. The observed Delta(14)C behaviour in the atmosphere provides a unique evidence of decreased fossil fuel CO(2) emissions in the region, as well as the long-term effect of the Bohunice NPP on the Bratislava and Zlkovce stations. The estimated annual radiation doses to the local public due to digestion of radiocarbon contaminated food have been estimated to be around 3 microSv.     

Effect of increased ambient temperature on the growth rate of young pine forests in the impact zone of a petroleum gas flare

The effect of increased ambient temperature on the vertical, radial, and volume increments of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees has been studied in the zone of thermal impact from a burning petroleum gas flare. Regular age-dependent changes in the pattern of increment dependence on the distance from the flare and ambient temperature have been revealed. The mechanisms of these changes are explained. It is concluded that an increase in ambient temperature by 1.0–1.5° C has a favorable effect on the dynamics of Scots pine growth.     

Use of 210Pb and 137Cs to simultaneously constrain ages and sources of post-dam sediments in the Cordeaux reservoir, Sydney, Australia

Environmental radionuclides can be employed as tracers of sediment movement and delivery to water bodies such as lakes and reservoirs. The chronologies of sediments that have accumulated in the Cordeaux reservoir in Sydney, Australia, were determined by the rate of change of (210)Pb(ex) with depth and indicate slow accretion in the reservoir. The ratio of enrichment of radionuclides in sediment cores to (210)Pb(ex) and (137)Cs concentrations in a reference soil sample within the Cordeaux catchment indicates that the dominant source of sediment in the Cordeaux reservoir is surface erosion (detachment and removal of sediment at depths less than 30 cm). However, in the Kembla Creek arm of the reservoir a mixture of sources was detected and includes sheet and rill erosion together with sub-soil contributions. Implications for the utility of these radionuclide sedimentation assessments, especially where samples are limited, are that well-constrained chronologies and sources of soil erosion are facilitated.     

The diet of Asian badger, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Meles leucurus</Emphasis> Hodgson, 1847, in Samarovskii Chugas Nature Park,Western Siberia

The diet structure of Asian badgers (Meles leucurus Hodgson, 1847) on Bol’shoi Chukhtinskii Island (Samarovskii Chugas Nature Park, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area) was studied by means of coprological analysis. Ten diet components were identified, including Siberian stone pine seeds (pine nuts), berries, earthworms, larval and adult insects, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. The proportion of pine nuts was especially large. Seasonal fluctuations in the occurrence frequency and abundance of different foods were insignificant, but some of them were found to markedly vary between years.     

Seasonal variations of Rn concentrations in the air of a tunnel located in Nagano city

The seasonal variation of 222Rn concentrations in the air of tunnels constructed during World War II at Nagano City has been investigated. The determination of 222Rn concentrations in tunnel air was performed using a solid-state nuclear track detector technique. The monthly radon concentrations changed smoothly, decreasing towards winter and increasing towards summer, and it was found that the concentrations strongly correlate with the temperature difference between the inside and the outside of the tunnel. In the innermost areas of the tunnel, the maximum concentration was observed in July, its value being about 6500 Bq m (-3). The concentrations of radon in the tunnel air decrease exponentially towards the openings of the tunnel, which indicates that the radon concentration in the tunnel is basically governed by diffusion and mixing of radon gas with air. These observations lead to the conclusion that the seasonal variation of the radon concentration in the tunnel air is mainly caused by a convection current due to a stack effect induced by the temperature difference between the tunnel air and the outside air.     

Seasonal variations of 222Rn concentrations in the air of a tunnel located in Nagano city

The seasonal variation of 222Rn concentrations in the air of tunnels constructed during World War II at Nagano City has been investigated. The determination of 222Rn concentrations in tunnel air was performed using a solid-state nuclear track detector technique. The monthly radon concentrations changed smoothly, decreasing towards winter and increasing towards summer, and it was found that the concentrations strongly correlate with the temperature difference between the inside and the outside of the tunnel. In the innermost areas of the tunnel, the maximum concentration was observed in July, its value being about 6500 Bq m (-3). The concentrations of radon in the tunnel air decrease exponentially towards the openings of the tunnel, which indicates that the radon concentration in the tunnel is basically governed by diffusion and mixing of radon gas with air. These observations lead to the conclusion that the seasonal variation of the radon concentration in the tunnel air is mainly caused by a convection current due to a stack effect induced by the temperature difference between the tunnel air and the outside air.     

Performance of a hybrid solar collector system in days with stable and less stable radiative regime

The aim of this work is to analyse the performance of a solar energy collector system for water and air heating in real working conditions. Two coupled mathematical models have been developed. One of them describes the thermal behaviour of the Hybrid Solar Collector (HSC) and the second one describes the simultaneous operation of the HSC and of a fully mixed water storage tank. The dependence of the performance of the HSC system on the following three parameters has been studied: (1) water and air mass flow rate; (2) water pipe diameter and air channel height; (3) water storage tank volume. The mathematical models were used to evaluate the HSC system performance during 29 different days, covering all four seasons. A higher water flow rate generally enhances the thermal efficiency of the HSC system, but the enhancement became significantly smaller at higher air flow rates. Positive but small values are recommended for the difference between the fluid temperature at solar collectors exit and the water temperature in the tank. The thermal efficiency of the HSC system is higher on nearly clear sky and decreases in case the amount of clouds on the sky increases.