论民法典合同编绿色条款的立法与完善

民法典合同编"绿色规则"的实现,不仅需要明确合同主体的环境保护义务,还应当扩展合同的效力规则、履行规则和解释规则.目前,合同编确立了合同履行的"绿色规则",增加了合同主体的绿色附随义务、旧物回收义务和绿色包装义务等规定,但"绿色规则"条款的责任规则与合同效力规则的缺失,绿色有名合同未明确,以及如何与环境法等法律制度有效...     

环保工程施工合同中的履约抗辩权

针对环保企业在签订、履行工程合同中容易发生的问题特别是合同履行中的履约抗辩权问题,结合我国《合同法》以及工程施工领域的特点和行业习惯,对环保企业在工程施工合同中的履约抗辩权问题进行了剖析,提出了有关建议,指出环保企业在工程施工合同中要注意及时、有效地行使合同履行的抗辩权,维护自身的合法权益。     

合同能源管理研究进展及评述

合同能源管理是一种节能环保新机制,对促进能源的合理利用与节约能源发挥着非常重要的作用。本刊本期特别邀请了有关专家对合同能源管理相关文献进行梳理,在明确合同能源管理内涵的基础上,重点对合同能源管理的运作模式、融资方式、制约我国合同能源管理发展的主要因素及相应对策等方面进行归纳总结,以期为合同能源管理的进一步发展提供思路。     

略谈环境行政合同

阐述环境行政合同的概念、特征及作用，介绍了法国和日本的环境行政合同，并着重从环境行政合同的角度对我国环境目标责任制作了分析。     

"绿色原则"在《民法典》合同编中的展开

《民法典》合同编对于涉环境保护的合同纠纷问题的解决更多依靠合同效力审查,"绿色原则"在合同编中的贯彻和应用依然不足,当前"绿色原则"在《民法典》合同编中还存在公法与私法之争、法条与实践脱钩等诸多问题.应将对"绿色原则"的考量融入合同编的诸多条款中.具体来说,应延续传统的环境利益归属于社会公共利益的相关规定,在《民法典》...     

行政合同在环境管理领域的运用及其完善

行政合同是西方大陆法系行政法中的一个重要概念,是指行政主体为实现其管理目标,与行政相对人就有关事项达成的协议。行政主体在实施行政管理过程中,除凭借国家行政权,根据单方面的意思表示依法对行政相对人进行管理外,也经常运用行政合同进行管理,在双方意思表示一致的前提下依法创设、变更或终止某种权利、义务关系。在环境行政管理领域,行政合同作为一种重要手段,被世界许多国家加以运用,这方面的合同已发展成行政合同的重要一种——环境行政合同。关于环境行政合同的名称,各国情况不一,如日本称为公害防止协定,前南斯拉夫称…     

论环境合同的“软法”属性及其证成

对于环境合同的属性的认识主要存在绅士协议说与契约说两种观点,但从软法的视角对环境合同性质进行界定则鲜有论述。作为人类社会行为规范的一种表现形式,软法在世界各国早已存在,只是在国内法语境层面上探讨的相对较少。环境合同的软法属性的证成正是基于环境合同的性质与软法构成要件之间的契合以及环境法软法渊源形态具有的动态、开放、与时俱进的特性。     

浅议民事合同中的介入型环保条款

介入型环保条款是指对于合同内容中具体分配权利义务的条款进行调整和干预,使其将环境公法上的义务具体落实为合同当事人的私法性质的合同义务。介入到民事合同中的环保条款,具有推动更多民间主体参与环保服务提供和购买的作用,以民事合同中的环保条款为媒介,私主体的环境权利通过环保条款在民事合同中得以确认,使环境保护"人人有责"落实为"人人有权"。     

工业治污运营的新模式——系统化合同减排模式

分析了目前国内工业废水治理的现状及传统工业治污模式的弊端,对工业治污专业运营的新方式—系统化合同减排模式进行了探讨,指出该系统化合同减排模式是工业治污切实可行的途径,积极推行之,必将有力促进政府、金融机构、排污企业和治污企业形成合力,各施其职、各负其责,可进一步推进工业治污的技术创新,降低治污成本,使工业污染治理取得事半功倍的效果。     

合同能源管理:一条行之有效的节能措施

<正>今年4月6日,国务院办公厅转发了《关于加快推行合同能源管理促进节能服务产业发展的意见》,明确表示要加快推行合同能源管理,促进节能服务产业发展。作为一种全新的市场节能机制,推行合     

Optimal resource extraction contract with adverse selection

This paper studies the design of a mining concession contract as a multi-period adverse selection problem where production is the depletion of a non renewable resource. Compared with symmetric information, we show that overproduction is optimal in the terminal phase of the resource extraction program. Moreover, asymmetric information lengthens the contract duration but reduces the scarcity rent.     

Optimal post-warranty maintenance contracts for wind turbines considering availability

ABSTRACT

Outsourcing maintenance is an economical way for wind farm owners to address sophisticated and expensive maintenance operations of wind turbines. This paper proposes three options for the post-warranty maintenance contract of wind turbines from the perspective of service providers. Option 1 involves corrective maintenance only. In option 2, the first preventive maintenance is performed at a certain time point and after that periodic maintenance is carried out. Option 3 initiates with a preventive replacement and performs periodic maintenance subsequently. An availability target is set over the contract period and failing to satisfy the target incurs a penalty from the service provider. The objective is to determine the optimal preventive maintenance programs of option 2 and option 3 that minimize the contract servicing cost. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the proposed policies. The results show that option 2 and option 3 are more effective than option 1 and their effectiveness grows when warranty and contract coverages increase.     

浅论加强劳动合同管理对国企建立能进能出用人机制的作用

劳动合同制度是企业在市场经济条件下建立员工能进能出用人机制的本质体现。而在国有企业中，受长期计划经济的影响，存在着劳动合同制度流于形式，劳动合同内容及形式不完备，程序不规范，企业对劳动合同制度重视不够、员工进出没有制度保障的问题。加强劳动合同管理，能够规范人员进入企业的入口，打通企业的人员出口。     

产品的振动冲击响应设计

在抗振缓冲设计中,人们通常按标准、合同中的要求进行设计,本文认为要按产品受振动与冲击后的响应进行设计,及如何按振动与冲击后的响应进行设计。     

The Ethical Contract as a Tool in Organic Animal Husbandry

This article explores what an ethicfor organic animal husbandry might look like,departing from the assumption that organicfarming is substantially based in ecocentricethics. We argue that farm animals arenecessary functional partners in sustainableagroecosystems. This opens up additional waysto argue for their moral standing. We suggestan ethical contract to be used as acomplementary to the ecocentric framework. Weexpound the content of the contract and end bysuggesting how to apply this contract inpractice. The contract enjoins us to share thewealth created in the agroecosystem (by ourjoint contributions) by enjoining us to carefor the welfare and needs of the individualanimal, and to protect them from exploitation(just as human co-workers should not beexploited). The contract makes promoting goodanimal welfare a necessary condition forbenefiting farm animals. Animals for their partare guaranteed coverage under the contract solong as they continue to contribute to thesystem with products and services.     

Use of contract models to improve environmental outcomes in transport infrastructure construction

The type of contract model may have a significant influence on achieving project objectives, including environmental and climate change goals. This research investigates non-standard contract models impacting greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in transport infrastructure construction in Australia. The research is based on the analysis of two case studies: an Early Contractor Involvement (ECI) contract and a Design and Construct (D&C) contract with GHG reduction requirements embedded in the contractor selection. Main findings support the use of ECIs for better integrating decisions made during the planning phase with the construction activities, and improve environmental outcomes while achieving financial and time savings.     

Long term contracts and market stability: The case of iron ore

The paper gives the background to the international iron ore trade and discusses the organization of markets and causes of instability. The role of the long term contract is then examined and possible relationships between prices and quantity instability and the pattern of use of long term contracts is considered. It is concluded that although such contracts tend to promote market stability this may conflict with the need for market readjustment.     

Local agenda 21, compulsory competitive tendering and local environmental practices

This paper focuses on the issues arising from Local Agenda 21 where the role of local authorities is seen as vital in promoting and achieving sustainable development. The implications of the current forms of public sector restructuring for local authorities, and in particular the consequences of the requirement to contract out the delivery and management of traditional environmental services such as grounds maintenance are considered. The paper concludes that the ongoing processes of local government restructuring, together with the removal of many functions from local democratic control, are reducing the capacity of local communities to respond positively to the demands of Local Agenda 21.     

Alternative natural gas contract and pricing structures and incentives for the LNG industry

Gas conversion to liquefied gas (LNG) and transport by LNG tankers is one option for meeting expanding gas consumption and for gas traded internationally. This paper examines the impact of the traditional gas contract provisions of indefinite pricing, market out price ceilings, and take-or-pay requirements on the profitability of LNG projects in the context of markets characterized by price and quantity uncertainty. Simulation experiments are used to examine and calibrate the effects of those provisions. The results provide guidance to operators, host countries and purchasers in structuring such contracts. The paper also assesses prospects of future expansion of world LNG capacity.