粉煤灰免烧陶粒制备及其重金属废水净化性能

摘要重金属废水对环境的污染已经引起科研人员的广泛关注。以粉煤灰和水泥为原料、添加活性成分FeS,制备一种免烧陶粒用于含重金属Cu2＋、Zn2＋、Pb2＋的废水处理。探讨了物料配比及蒸养时间对陶粒筒压强度及其比表面积的影响;研究了固液比、接触时间、pH、温度及初始溶液浓度等因素对Cu2＋、Zn2＋、Pb2＋离子净化效果的影响规律,并对实验结果进行了等温线拟合。XRD分析显示,免烧陶粒中存在Ca（OH）2、C—D—H、FeS等矿物相,对重金属离子具有非常好的固定化作用。该免烧陶粒对重金属离子具有很好的去除效果,具备较好的应用前景。     

淄博某热电厂粉煤灰双免砖的研制

研究了粉煤灰的用量、成型水分、粘结剂的种类及用量、外加剂的种类及用量、养护时间等因素对粉煤灰双免砖的影响,探讨了粘结剂的作用机理.     

疏浚底泥免烧陶粒的制备及其净水效果

以疏浚底泥为原料,采用免烧法制得疏浚底泥免烧陶粒(DSUC),同时对DSUC磁改性制得磁改性免烧陶粒(MUC),并将其作为陶粒过滤器滤料,与商品烧结陶粒(CSC)进行净水实验对比,探究了不同滤料对原水的处理效果,并调节循环水温度探究最佳运行温度。在净水实验中,控制原水流速0.07 mL·s~(-1),进水方式为连续进水。结果表明,运行温度为30℃时效果最优,此条件下COD、NH_3-N、SS和TP的去除率在22 d后稳定,平均去除率分别为55%、65%、78%和50%。DSUC对原水处理效果与CSC相近,MUC效果更佳,MUC对COD、NH_3-N、SS及TP去除率在22 d后分别稳定在65%、69%、79%和51%左右,说明弱磁性可能能够增加微生物活性,促进其在陶粒表面生长,提高处理原水的效果。     

电镀污泥制砖试验研究

将电镀污泥与煤渣、石灰、石膏按一定比例混合后，再加入少量的水泥制成粉煤灰砖，并对其样品进行浸出试验及质量检测，研究重金属铬（Ⅵ）的浸出状况及青砖的质量，探讨利用电镀污泥制砖这一处置方式的可行性。     

外加剂对疏浚底泥免烧裹壳骨料性能的影响

以太湖疏浚底泥为研究对象,采用含水率为40%的底泥湿法制备免烧骨料,将不同外加剂与胶凝材料混合制成壳粉,对骨料进行裹壳处理得到普通骨料(OSAs)、防水骨料(WSAs)和高强骨料(HSAs)。依据GB/T 17431.1-2010对各裹壳骨料的粒径分布、堆积密度、吸水性、单颗强度、筒压强度和抗冻融性等性能进行测试。在粒径分布、堆积密度方面各骨料基本一致,WSAs在吸水性上具有一定优势,最低可达8.83%。在强度方面,WSAs的单颗强度增幅可达342.6%,最大强度出现在HSAs中,为2.18 MPa。HSAs具有坚硬、密实的壳层结构,表现出较好的机械性能,20次抗冻融循环的质量损失率最低仅为15.22%。研究表明:增强壳层结构是提升免烧裹壳骨料性能的关键,利用外加剂能达到理想的效果。     

污泥焚烧灰免烧轻质骨料性能及重金属固化效果研究

焚烧技术能有效减少城市污泥(以下简称污泥)的有机污染物、细菌含量和污泥体积等,污泥焚烧后产生的污泥焚烧灰(SSA)大多采用填埋的方式处理,给生态环境和土地资源利用带来严峻挑战。以碱性激发剂制备SSA免烧轻质骨料(以下简称骨料),并探究了矿渣掺量对骨料物理力学性能的影响规律。结果表明：骨料的粒径主要集中在4.75～9.50 mm;骨料的密度等级和筒压强度分别介于700～900与1.86～4.20 MPa,符合《结构性轻骨料混凝土指南》(ACI-213R-03)和《轻集料及其试验方法 第1部分：轻集料》(GB/T 17431.1—2010)要求;扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量弥散X射线分析仪(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、全自动压汞仪(MIP)和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)测试结果表明,矿渣发生地质聚合反应生成的地质聚合物凝胶能包裹SSA颗粒,并相互黏结形成球状颗粒骨料,增加矿渣掺量能有效减少骨料中的有害孔隙,达到增强骨料结构致密性的效果;SSA中的离子态Mn浸出值超出了非危险固体废弃物排放限值(3 mg/L),而骨料中的重金属离子浸出值均满足要求。上述研究成果能为SS...     

粉煤灰改土及其污染问题的研究

粉煤灰是火力发电厂排出的废渣。粉煤灰排出厂外,占用大片农田,被风一吹到处飞扬,危害工农业生产和居民生活;排入渤海则危害海洋渔业生殖。因此,粉煤灰处理与利用是迫切需要解决的课题。 西欧一些国家早就开始了粉煤灰综合利用的研究工作。利用率最高的是法国,达排放量的20％,其次西德为11％,英国为9.1％,美国为5.4％,苏联为4.7％,我国在60年代末粉煤灰的利用率为4.35％。 目前世界上对粉煤灰的利用主要是做建材,如粉煤灰陶粒。粉煤灰砖,多孔粉煤灰混凝土,粉煤灰水泥;另外近年来民主德国以粉煤灰代替钙肥,日本利用粉煤灰制造硅     

赤泥脱碱及功能新材料研究进展

氧化铝生产过程中产生的赤泥已成为制约铝行业可持续发展的瓶颈。随着铝工业的发展,赤泥的堆存量越来越大,赤泥的综合利用显得尤为迫切。为了解决国内外赤泥的堆存现状及产生的危害,国内外对赤泥资源化利用作了研究,赤泥可以用于生产建筑材料、陶瓷制品、微晶玻璃、路基及防渗材料、硅钙肥、吸附材料和提取有价金属。重点介绍了近年来赤泥脱碱实验研究、赤泥填充塑料、赤泥多元絮凝剂联产复合白炭黑、赤泥免烧和烧结蜂窝多孔材料、抗菌材料载体、赤泥脱硫与固硫材料、赤泥用于炼铁氧化球团黏结剂等研究新进展。对赤泥进行减量化、资源化利用不仅能减少其对环境污染,还可缓解我国铝土矿资源短缺等问题。     

粉煤灰和铁尾矿对烧结海泥多孔砖泛霜程度的影响

针对粉煤灰、铁尾矿2种不同特性工业废渣对烧结海泥多孔砖试样泛霜程度的影响进行了初步实验研究和分析。实验结果和分析表明,粉煤灰和铁尾矿分别等质量取代5%,10%,15%和20%海泥时,各配比原料土中可溶性硫酸根离子的质量浓度随粉煤灰和铁尾矿掺量的增加而减低,但粉煤灰的降低幅度远低于铁尾矿的降低幅度;经950℃烧结砖样中可溶性硫酸根离子的质量浓度均随粉煤灰和铁尾矿掺量增加而降低,对于粉煤灰来说该降低幅度几乎接近,对于铁尾矿来说则随铁尾矿增加而明显减小,且均远低于掺粉煤灰砖样。与粉煤灰相比,铁尾矿减轻烧结海泥多孔砖泛霜程度的有利因素更多。     

清除“白色污染”使用可降解餐饮具

介绍了用废谷壳、秸秆等天然纤维生产一次性餐具的过程，并将生产的餐饮具经好氧堆肥和厌氧填埋试验，均具有良好的生物降解性。     

利用粉煤灰制备镁橄榄石微晶玻璃的研究

为丰富微晶玻璃外观色泽,提高产品竞争力,利用氟硅酸盐在微晶玻璃制备中可作成核剂的特性,经过理论分析确定以粉煤灰提取有价成分后的含氟固体残渣为主要原料生产镁橄榄石微晶玻璃的配料。通过等温晶化制度对产品进行晶化处理;运用扫描电镜对产品的结晶过程进行观察;采用X射线衍射分析确定产品的主晶相,验证是否生成了该配料条件下的目标晶相。研究表明,晶化产物中生成了大量以镁橄榄石为主晶相的微晶体,且基础玻璃的熔融温度大为降低,该原料配比是成功的。     

改性粉煤灰处理含铬废水的研究

在粉煤灰中添加适量的转炉铁泥经盐酸溶解后 ,制得改性粉煤灰 ,在适宜的工艺条件下 ,对六价铬和总铬都有良好的处理效果。经多项实验证明 ,此工艺方法技术可行 ,适用于小型企业间歇排放。     

Wood pellet fly ash and bottom ash as an effective liming agent and nutrient source for rye grass (Lolium perenne L.) and oats (Avena sativa)

Fly ash (FA) and bottom ash (BA) from a softwood pellet boiler were characterized and evaluated as soil amendments. In a greenhouse study, two plant species (rye grass, Lolium perenne L. and oats, Avena sativa) were grown in three different treatments (1% FA, 1% BA, non-amended control) of a silty loam soil. Total concentrations of plant nutrients Ca, K, Mg, P and Zn in both ashes were elevated compared to conventional wood ash. Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Pb, Se and Zn were found to be elevated in the FA relative to BA and the non-amended soil. At 28 d, oat above-ground biomass was found to be significantly greater in soil amended with FA. Potassium and Mo plant tissue concentrations were significantly increased by addition of either ash, and FA significantly increased Zn tissue concentrations. Cadmium and Hg tissue concentrations were elevated in some cases. As soil amendments, either pellet ash is an effective liming agent and nutrient source, but high concentrations of Cd and Zn in FA may preclude its use as an agricultural soil amendment in some jurisdictions. Lower ash application rates than those used in this study (i.e. <1%) may still provide sufficient nutrients and effective neutralization of soil acidity.     

煤矸石和粉煤灰pH与电导率动态变化规律及其相关性研究

煤矸石和粉煤灰是煤矿区两种常见的固体废弃物,对环境造成极大的污染。pH波动幅度大是废弃物农用治理的主要障碍之一。对两种废弃物连续浸提时的pH和电导率(EC)进行长期动态监测,结果表明,不同层次的煤矸石尽管风化程度不同,但经过长时间浸取后,pH和EC变化趋势相似,且煤矸石、粉煤灰的pH、EC值有很大的相关性。该试验为今后两种废弃物合理利用奠定了基础。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ash: determination of total and leachable concentrations

Before wood ash can be used as a soil fertilizer, concentrations of environmentally hazardous compounds must be investigated. In this study, total and leachable concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in four ash samples and one green liquor sludge. The ash sample with the highest carbon content also contained high levels of PAHs; three of the ash samples had total concentrations exceeding the limit permitted by the Swedish Forest Agency for recycling to forest soils. The leachable concentrations were higher for the non-stabilized samples; this was probably due to colloid-facilitated transport of the contaminants in these samples. However, the leachable concentrations were overall relatively low in all the samples studied. The amounts of PAHs introduced to forest soils by additions of stabilized, recyclable ash products will be determined primarily by the rate of weathering of the ash particles and the total concentration of contaminants.     

Environmental risks of farmed and barren alkaline coal ash landfills in Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina

The disposal of coal combustion residues (CCR) has led to a significant consumption of land in the West Balkan region. In Tuzla (Bosnia and Herzegovina) we studied previously soil-covered (farmed) and barren CCR landfills including management practises, field ageing of CCR and the transfer of trace elements into crops, wild plants and wastewaters. Soil tillage resulted in mixing of cover soil with CCR. Medicago sativa showed very low Cu:Mo ratios (1.25) which may cause hypocuprosis in ruminants. Total loads of inorganic pollutants in the CCR transport water, but not pH ( approximately 12), were below regulatory limits of most EU countries. Arsenic concentrations in CCR transport water were <2microgl(-1) whereas reductive conditions in an abandoned landfill significantly enhanced concentrations in leachates (44microgl(-1)). The opposite pattern was found for Cr likely due to large initial leaching of CrVI. Public use of landfills, including farming, should be based on a prior risk assessment due to the heterogeneity of CCR.     

Laboratory studies on formation and minimisation of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and -furans (PCDD/F) in secondary aluminium process

The objectives of this work were to study the formation mechanisms of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) in thermal aluminium recycling processes by use of laboratory experiments. The pattern of isomers of PCDD/F indicates that de novo synthesis is important in aluminium smeltery. The mechanisms of PCDD/F formation in aluminium smelting are similar to that of various incineration processes of waste material. The results of bioanalysis (EROD-test) confirms the existence of de novo synthesis of PCDD/F, but points out to the existence to some additional, toxic compounds of unknown structure. To reduce the amount of PCDD/F the input of carbon at the metal should be reduced; in addition the metal smeltery plants should be cleaned from fly ash particles. It is suggested to use good primary methods in the technical plants like constant feeding of the metal into the oven will minimise PCDD/F concentration. The biological EROD-bioassay is a good tool to estimate PCDD/F-TEQ values also for this technical process simulated in the laboratory.     

超细粉煤灰-氟石膏在道路修补工程中的综合利用研究

针对我国现有水泥混凝土路面的破坏问题,研究开发了以工业废料--超细粉煤灰和氟石膏为主要组分的水泥基道路修补材料,利用氟石膏与超细粉煤灰在水泥水化过程中的相互激发作用,通过试验优选出超细粉煤灰-氟石膏高性能道路修补材料,并应用于道路修补混凝土的配制,同时测试了其力学性能及部分长期性能,试验表明其性能优良,在此基础上对其水化硬化机理作了初步的探讨.     

Analysis of dioxins and furans in environmental samples by GC-ion-trap MS/MS

The work aims to characterise PCDDs/Fs in environmental matrices by high resolution gas chromatography coupled to low resolution quadrupole ion-trap mass spectrometry (GC-QITMS/MS). In particular, the study was mainly focused in different environmental samples such as sewage sludge, soils, and sediments and in combustion residues as fly ashes. Previous experiences have already detected and quantified PCDDs/PCDFs in all matrices studied. Moreover, isomer-specific analysis of 2,3,7,8-PCDDs/Fs compounds corroborated good correlation between GC-QITMS/MS and a well-established technique such as high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Finally, QC measures included the participation in intercalibration exercises. Successful results were achieved using GC-QITMS/MS in the analysis of fly ashes, soils and sediment materials. In general, GC-QITMS/MS constitutes an interesting alternative for routine analysis of dioxins in such as matrices.     

电厂冲灰水回用于冷却循环水系统的试验研究

火电厂冲灰水经絮凝沉降和反渗透处理后用作电厂循环冷却水 ,经多项试验证明 ,此工艺方法技术可行 ,灰水处理回用后不会增加冷却水系统结垢和腐蚀 ,且回用灰水代替部分地下水增加了明显的经济效益。