氯酸钠生产中的"三废"处理

通过对工业氯酸钠生产中废水、废气、废渣的处理技术介绍，可以看出，“三废”治理的工艺合理，各类污染物均达到排放标准，原料有效成分利用率高，节约了资源，减少了二次污染。     

新排放标准下烧结烟气脱硫工艺的选择

结合国内钢铁行业烟气脱硫治理的现状,针对《钢铁烧结、球团工业大气污染物排放标准》(GB28662-2012)的实施,论述了LJS烟气循环流化床多组分污染物协同净化工艺是一种适合新排放标准的可靠工艺。     

2013年1月1日起实施的国家环境保护标准

1.制糖废水治理工程技术规范(HJ 2018—2012)本标准规定了制糖废水治理工程的设计、施工安装、验收和运行管理的技术要求。本标准为首次发布。2.钢铁工业废水治理及回用工程技术规范(HJ 2019-2012)本标准规定了钢铁工业废水治理及回用工程的总体要求、工艺设计、主要工艺设备与材料、检测与控制、施工、验收和运行等的技术要求。本标准为首次发布。     

VOCs治理系统防爆电气设计探讨与应用

挥发性有机物（VOCs）治理工程中由于有机污染物本身具有可燃性，对生产安全存在较大的威胁，因此对VOCs治理系统进行防爆设计是保证生产安全性的关键。本文对常见的VOCs治理工艺存在的安全隐患和常见的防爆技术进行分析，总结了不同VOCs治理工艺防爆电气设计的重点，并结合工程案例，重点介绍了VOCs治理工程中防爆电气设备的防爆设计，同时也对于实际应用中防爆电气的采购要点进行了总结，以期为VOCs治理项目安全建设提供参考。     

室内空气污染治理工程实例分析

本文以某会展中心室内空气污染治理工程为例，结合装修类型，分析了该类建筑室内空气污染的特点；从初期选材、过程控制和后期治理三个阶段，系统介绍了该治理工程的实施过程，并介绍了过程控制中的具体治理工艺及措施；总结了该类建筑室内空气污染治理工作的要点，为今后同类治理工作提供了参考。     

组合工艺治理城市黑臭河流工程实例——以深圳龟岭河为例

城市黑臭河流不仅破坏景观、散发着令人难闻的气味,更会破坏河流原本的生态系统。以深圳龟岭河为例进行研究,采用截污控源、内循环改造、曝气增氧和生物膜系统构建的组合工艺治理该黑臭河流。结果表明：治理后水体的透明度、溶解氧（DO）、氨氮（NH3-N）和总磷（TP）满足GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅴ类水体标准,氧化还原电位（ORP）大幅度提高,黑臭现象得到消除。该工艺对黑臭水体水质提升实际有效,具有较高的技术实施特性,为黑臭河流治理提供了借鉴和参考。     

高效电除尘在赤铁精矿烧结工艺中的应用

赤铁精矿烧结工艺粉尘由于其特殊性，治理难度较大，东鞍山烧结厂通过与科研单位进行工业试验研究及长期生产实践，掌握了烧结粉尘特性并探寻到与其适宜的高电压、宽间距、合理的极配型式与振打方式的高效静电除尘，实现了烧结工艺粉尘完全达标与治理设施稳定运行。     

玻璃窑炉除尘脱硝技术及工程应用

《平板玻璃工业大气污染物排放标准》(GB26453-2011)对玻璃行业粉尘、SO2和NOx的排放浓度提出了新的要求,玻璃窑炉烟气除尘脱硝技术的应用势在必行。通过分析玻璃窑炉的烟气特性,选用合理的治理技术,优化工艺布置,对烟气进行高效除尘脱硝,可达到国家环保新标准的要求,为玻璃行业烟气治理提出了一种高效可行的工艺路线。     

废气治理工艺的选择

本文介绍了治理有机废气和无机废气的主要工艺，提出要针对废气的实际参数，选择高效节能的废气治理设备。     

钠基干法脱硫工艺的工程应用

某钢厂烟气治理工程中使用了钠基干法脱硫工艺，治理后的净烟气SO₂浓度为11.3mg/Nm³，远低于排放限值35mg/Nm³，外排粉尘浓度为2.54mg/Nm³，满足超低排放指标5mg/Nm³。实际脱硫效果表明，钠基干法脱硫工艺系统设备简单，运行稳定且非常适合中温烟气、SO₂含量小的工况，脱硫效率高于90%，是钢厂锅炉烟气脱硫治理工艺之一。     

THE INFLUENCE OF DRAW-DOWN ON RECREATION ON THE TRENT CANAL RESERVOIR-LAKES1

ABSTRACT: Water-based outdoor recreation constitutes an important benefit in many multiple-use projects. One problem frequently encountered, however, is the fluctuation of the water-level in a reservoir, especially if draw-downs occur during the summer recreation season. The Trent Canal in Ontario, Canada, forms a unique recreation waterway of some 240 miles of canal and navigable lakes and rivers. For the control of the water in the canal, the Canadian Federal government manages 44 reservoir-lakes as water-storage sites to augment the flows in the canal. While most disputes in water allocation for recreation generally involve recreation uses versus other, non-recreation uses, in the case of the Trent Canal and its reservoir-lakes the dispute in water allocation exists between two competing recreation-uses: for recreation boating on the Canal and its waterway, and for recreation use of the reservoir-lakes. Each use has its own duty-of-water in terms of requirements, or water conditions, for its optimum use. On the reservoir-lakes, by far the largest recreation user-group, is made up of the owners of private shoreline summer cottages (cabins). Draw-downs on the reservoir-lakes, in some cases as much as 13 feet, hence constitute a negative externality imposed by the canal, especially since water-level lowering takes place continuously throughout the summer. In-depth interviews conducted with over 100 cottage-owners indicate four main conclusions. First, the previous user assumptions of the extent of the negative effect of water-level fluctuation on recreation had been exaggerated. Only in extreme draw-downs during infrequent dry years would draw-down constitute a serious imposition. Second, water-level fluctuation does constitute a form of inconvenience to the private riparian recreation property owners, but it does not generally reduce the quantity of recreation use of the reservoir-lakes. Third, there is evidence that reservoir-lake users have learned to adapt successfully to water-level draw-downs. Fourth, the shoreline physiography of the location of a riparian owner strongly influences the way in which draw-down affects attitudes and opinions. The complex jurisdictional split of the land and water resources of the region points to the need to establish a Trent Canal Authority, to oversee the proper use and development of the canal, its waterway, and the reservoir-lakes.     

Sustainable Land Use Requires Attention to Ecological Signals

This case study details the difficulties of landscape management, highlighting the challenges inherent in managing natural resources when multiple agencies are involved, when the land users have no incentive for conservation, and when government agencies have too few resources for effective management. Pumping of groundwater from the aquifer of La Costa de Hermosillo in the state of Sonora, Mexico, began in 1945 and developed so quickly that by the late 1950s salinity intrusion from the Gulf of California was occurring in the wells. In the 1970s, the irrigatable land in La Costa peaked at 132,516 ha and the extracted volume of water from the aquifer peaked at around 1.14 billion cubic meters annually. By the 1980s, 105 wells of the total of 498 were contaminated with seawater and, therefore, identified for closure. At present La Costa de Hermosillo still represents 15% of the total harvested land, 16% of the total annual production, and 23% of the gross agricultural production of the state of Sonora. However, there are approximately 80,000 ha of abandoned fields due to salt water intension, lack of water and/or lack of credit available to individual farmers. This unstable situation resulted from the interplay of water management policies and practices, and farm-land policies and practices. While government agencies have been able to enforce better water use for agricultural production, there remains a significant area that requires restoration from its degraded state. For this piece of the ecosystem management puzzle, government agencies have thus far been unable to affect a solution.     

LAKE EUTROPHICATION–A NATURAL PROCESS1

Lake eutrophication is an economic, recreational, and aesthetic problem that affects every lake of the world. Eutrophication is the natural process of lake aging, and progresses irrespective of man's activities. Pollution, however, can hasten the natural rate of aging and shorten the life expectancy of a body of water. The eutrophication of a lake consists of the gradual progression from one life stage to another based on the degree of nourishment or productivity. The extinction of a lake is attributed to enrichment by nutritive materials, biological productivity, decay, and sedimentation. Presently used methods for retarding eutrophication are the abatement of cultural enrichment, treatment of eutrophic symptoms, and control of fundamental causes.     

Trajectories of rewilding: A taxonomy of wildland management

Rewilding, though a young term, already has numerous meanings. We use Q-methodology to investigate understandings and practices of rewilding amongst managers of wildland on 17 estates in the Scottish uplands. The estates, covering 207,200 ha, include all the main land ownership types in Scotland. All respondents value wildness and biodiversity highly, but the Q-study reveals significant divergence in the interpretations and practices of rewilding, especially concerning (i) the value of naturalness, (ii) the use of management interventions, (iii) the value of cultural heritage and traditional land uses, and (iv) the place of people within wildland. A tripartite taxonomy of wildland management approaches is developed, identifying three ‘centres of gravity’ along the continuum of viewpoints, emphasising, respectively, nature's autonomy, active restoration, and the maintenance of wildness within cultural landscapes. The taxonomy provides an analytic framework for evaluating the diverse and often conflicting aspirations for the management of wild places.     

Iron Ore Industry Emissions as a Potential Ecological Risk Factor for Tropical Coastal Vegetation

In the coastal zone of the Espírito Santo state, Brazil, fragments of restinga, which form a natural ecosystem, share their space with an increasing number of iron ore industries. The iron ore dust and SO(2) originating from the industry processing activities can interfere with the vegetation of the adjacent ecosystems at various levels. This study was undertaken in order to evaluate the effects of industry emissions on representative members of the restinga flora, by measuring physiological and phenological parameters. Foliar samples of Ipomoea pes caprae, Canavalia rosea, Sophora tomentosa, and Schinus terebinthifolius were collected at three increasing distances from an ore industry (1.0, 5.0, and 15.0 km), and were assessed for their dust deposition, chlorophyll, and Fe content. Phenological monitoring was focused on the formation of shoots, flowers, and fruits and was also performed throughout the course of a year. The results showed that the edaphic characteristics and the mineral constitutions of the plants were affected by industry emissions. In addition, the chlorophyll content of the four species increased with proximity to the industry. Phenological data revealed that the reproductive effort, as measured by fruit production, was affected by emissions and S. tomentosa was the most affected species. The use of an integrative approach that combines biochemical and ecological data indicates that the restinga flora is under stress due to industry emissions, which on a long-term basis may put the ecosystem at risk.     

The effect of the activation of carboxyl group and hydrogen migration on reaction pathway during the pyrolysis of triglycerides

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the activation of carboxyl group and hydrogen migration on the pyrolysis products of triglycerides. It was found that the activation of carboxylic group determined the efficiency of the decarboxylation reactions. The activation of carboxyl group influenced the pyrolysis products. The glycerol mono-stearate and glycerol mono-oleate were used as the model compounds to analyze the cracking of the ester bond. It was found that the first intermediate formed was RCOO·, but not RCO·. Large amount of ketone was found in the pyrolysis of stearate, while not in that of oleate. In comparison, alcohol was found in pyrolysis products of oleate, while not in stearate. The results indicated that during the pyrolysis process, the carbon-carbon double bond influenced both the cracking of the C-C bond and the transformation of the oxygen-containing functionalities. The activation of carboxyl group and hydrogen migration played essential roles in the determination of the formation of the pyrolysis products. In addition, the mechanism for the evolution of the acid, ester, ketone, aldehyde, alcohol, and other heavy compounds during the pyrolysis was also proposed.     

WATER AUCTIONS AS AN ALLOCATION MECHANISM IN VICTORIA,AUSTRALIA1

ABSTRACT: During recent years many countries have moved to rationalize the management of state owned or state controlled resources. In Victoria, Australia, water, in particular, has received a great deal of attention. Subsidies to construct, operate, and rehabilitate irrigation facilities have been reduced, and there have been numerous consolidations of small water supply authorities to achieve economies of scale. In addition, Victoria has taken the unusual step of using auctions to allocate new irrigation water entitlements. The six water auctions that took place during 1988 and early 1989 were perceived as an efficient and equitable mechanism to allocate limited water supplies to their highest value use. While the agricultural areas where the different auctions occurred were similar, there was substantial variation in the prices paid, which reflects varying demands for additional irrigation water. This paper will discuss the following topics: the auction process used and the results of the auctions, the efficiency of the auction procedures, and the factors influencing the demand for additional irrigation water in the different auctions. In addition, the implications of using auctions to allocate water supplies for future water management in Victoria will be discussed.     

Trace elements in camel tissues from a semi-arid region

Trace and minor element concentrations differ in animal tissues as the result of the surrounding environment (feeding plants, soil contaminated with food and drinking water) and animal absorption of these elements. Concentrations of Ag, Au, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, and Zn were determined from different tissues of camel (inter-costal, scapula, sirloin, flank, front knuckle and front limb) from the semi-arid areas of the Aswan desert (Wadi El-Allaqi) and from Aswan city, Egypt. The study included an assessment of these same elements in the desert and city plants used as food by the camels and in soils from the study areas. The results reveal that camel tissues from the desert areas exhibited higher concentrations of Na, Mg, K, Au, Ag, Cu, Co and Zn than in those of the city camels. These higher levels of element are because of the high concentrations of the same elements in the desert plants and soil of the desert area. This, in turn, depends upon the geological formation differences between the desert area and the city area. Camel tissues appear to concentrate high levels of Mn, Ni, Co and Mg in the scapula while flank portions concentrate high levels of Mg and K. The levels of elements in the camel tissues under study were within the recommended safety baseline levels for camel health and human use, as well as within the appropriate limits in the desert and city plants for camel use.     

Conflict and Engagement: An Empirical Study of a Farmer-Extension Partnership in a Sustainable Agriculture Program

Stakeholder engagement is a crucial conceptof extension education. Engagement expressesdemocratic values of the land-grant mission byproviding opportunities for stakeholders to influenceprogram planning, including setting the agenda andnegotiating resource allocations. In practice, theconcept of engagement guides the formation ofpartnerships among extension, communities, industry,and government. In the area of sustainableagriculture, however, stakeholders may conflict,presenting challenges to the engagement process.Results from a study of a Canadian sustainableagriculture program, produced using culturalanthropology and participatory action research, detailchallenges of the engagement process that led toreconstruction of a farmer-extension partnership.Notable in the early phase of the reconstructionprocess were critical reflection, stakeholder forums,exclusion through caucusing, and coalition building.An argument for a neo-pragmatist view provides atheoretical basis for understanding counterintuitivedimensions of engagement revealed by the study.