DO对同步硝化反硝化影响及动力学

研究生物接触氧化法中DO对同步硝化反硝化系统脱氮效率的影响。研究结果表明:在溶解氧(DO)为1.0～3.0mg/L范围内,随着反应器内溶解氧浓度的降低,总脱氮去除率提高,保持较好脱氮率的最佳DO为2mg/L左右,并分析了其原因;同时探讨了DO为2mg/L时的动力学方程。     

D0对同步硝化反硝化影响及动力学

研究生物接触氧化法中DO对同步硝化反硝化系统脱氮效率的影响。研究结果表明：在溶解氧(DO)为1．0—3．0mg/L几范围内，随着反应器内溶解氧浓度的降低，总脱氮去除率提高，保持较好脱氮率的最佳DO为2mg/L左右，并分析了其原因；同时探讨了DO为2mg/L时的动力学方程。     

不同进水有机物浓度下移动床生物膜反应器(SBMBBR)脱氮除磷特性

考察了不同进水有机物浓度下厌氧/好氧序批式移动床生物膜反应器（SBMBBR）污染物去除特性,实验结果表明,SBMBBR能够实现低碳源污水中氮和磷的同步去除,在进水TN和TP浓度分别为116.7 mg.L-1和11.5 mg.L-1、COD浓度为456 mg.L-1的条件下,TN和TP去除率分别达到94.3%和92.2%以上.反应器除磷是基于常规生物除磷和反硝化除磷过程实现的,脱氮主要是基于好氧段发生的同时硝化反硝化（SND）作用而完成.由于生物膜内部存在的DO扩散梯度,在好氧阶段混合液DO浓度不断提高的条件下反应器内具有良好SND反应的发生.进水COD浓度由149 mg.L-1提高至456 mg.L-1的过程中,反应器硝化效果不变,反硝化和除磷效果改善.反应器在好氧阶段pH值基本维持在7.0—7.1之间,为各类菌群的生长创造了条件.碱度变化较pH值更能反映硝化和反硝化反应发生的程度.反应器中微生物相丰富,生物膜以丝状菌为骨架,其上附着大量的球状菌和杆状菌,而悬浮活性污泥中丝状菌较少,形成了由细菌、真菌到原生动物和后生动物的复杂的生态体系,为系统取得稳定的污水处理效果提供了有效的保证.     

好氧颗粒污泥工艺强化脱氮研究进展

好氧颗粒污泥是微生物通过自凝聚作用形成的一种特殊的生物聚集体,具有结构致密、沉降性能优异、抗冲击负荷能力强、多功能微生物分区定殖等特点,其在废水强化脱氮除磷与难降解有机物去除方面具有明显的技术优势.针对目前工业和养殖废水及城镇生活污水等碳氮比低、处理出水总氮达标压力大等突出问题,综述基于好氧颗粒污泥的全自养、同步硝化反硝化、短程硝化反硝化、短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化、异养硝化-好氧反硝化等强化脱氮工艺,介绍其脱氮机制及技术优势,阐明不同好氧颗粒污泥脱氮工艺的特点与颗粒污泥特性,同时总结各种工艺的启动条件及富集相应功能菌的好氧颗粒污泥的形成因素,评估不同工艺应用于实际废水生物处理的可行性.在此基础上进一步分析进水基质组成(不同碳氮比)、运行模式(连续曝气和间歇曝气)、运行条件(溶解氧浓度、温度和pH)等对好氧颗粒污泥工艺强化脱氮性能与稳定运行的影响.最后提出应进一步优化好氧颗粒污泥强化脱氮工艺的运行参数,解析好氧颗粒污泥微生物菌群功能,揭示好氧颗粒污泥形成与结构稳定的微生物学机理.     

新型废水生物脱氮的微生物学研究进展

生物脱氮是含氮废水处理公认的最佳处理方式,随着对生物脱氮微生物学原理研究的不断深入,许多新的生物脱氮特殊菌株或菌群及微生物转化机制不断被发现.本文在传统生物脱氮过程机理上,结合最近国内外生物脱氮的新发现,就短程硝化反硝化、同时硝化反硝化、厌氧氨氧化的微生物学原理进行了阐述.图1表2参23     

曝气量对微生物燃料电池脱氮的影响

实验构建生物阴极双室微生物燃料电池,探究在微氧条件下曝气量对其产电性能和阴极脱氮的影响.以乙酸钠为碳源,氯化铵为氮源.实验在25℃温度下,阴极持续曝气,并控制反应器内为微氧状态,富集培养短程硝化反硝化菌群.实现了在特定曝气量条件下生物阴极短程硝化反硝化脱氮.实验结果表明,在曝气量为1.64 mL·min-1的条件下,短程硝化反硝化脱氮效果最好.亚硝态氮积累率为81.70%,总氮去除率达到69.66%,最大稳定电压达0.47 V左右,库伦效率为43.8%,产电效能较好.针对实际污水处理开展相关实验,MFC阴极短程硝化反硝化总氮去除率可达到81.93%,优于全程硝化反硝化.在短程硝化反硝化的微生物群落中,Betaproteobacteria纲和Thauera菌属在短程硝化反硝化中得到了有效的富集,有利于生物脱氮,并且Nitrosomonas菌是主要的氨氧化菌属.     

固定化反硝化菌在低污染水处理中脱氮性能研究

在面源低污染水的原位修复领域,人工湿地生物脱氮过程受温度、p H波动影响以及NO2--N积累抑制反硝化脱氮效果等问题,因此强化系统脱氮性能在实际工程应用中具有重要意义。固定化微生物技术具有环境变化适应能力以及耐毒害能力强等优点。该研究通过分离筛选高效反硝化菌,对其进行DNA序列分析鉴定及其种属和系统发育地位分析,并以包埋法加以固定,考察固定化反硝化菌在不同温度、p H、DO和C/N下的反硝化性能,分析各因素变化对固定化反硝化菌脱氮效果的影响,探究各影响因素对固定化反硝化菌脱氮性能的作用机理,以期为固定化反硝化菌强化人工湿地脱氮性能提供参考。经反硝化能力测定,筛选得到的高效反硝化菌株对NO3--N、TN的去除率分别为98.83%、98.36%,NO2--N积累量仅为0.28mg·L~(-1),24 h内脱氮效率为8.59 mg·L~(-1)·h~(-1),经16S r RNA测序结果表明该菌株与Pseudomonas stutzeri A1501的最大相似度为99.7%。采用PVA、SA为材料包埋固定该菌株,固定化反硝化菌的生物量为15.67 g·L~(-1),颗粒密度为0.93 g·m L~(-1)。通过对固定化反硝化菌处理低污染水的性能研究得知,p H、T、DO的波动对固定化反硝化菌的脱氮效果影响均小于游离反硝化菌,固定化反硝化菌在p H为7,θ为30℃,DO为0.87~1.54 mg·L~(-1),C/N为5时的脱氮效果最好。     

常温SBR厌氧-好氧反应器的短程硝化

短程硝化-反硝化是污水节能脱氮新技术之一,其关键在于实现短程硝化,而水温是控制短程硝化的主要因素。在生活污水氨氮浓度小于100mg/L的水质条件下,采用SBR厌氧-好氧反应器进行了常温短程硝化试验研究。研究结果表明,水温14．5℃～16．5℃的条件下,在好氧段可以实现短程硝化,亚硝化率达到了94．9%。亚硝化的程度还与曝气时间的长短有关,曝气时间短时,可以将氨氧化控制在亚硝化阶段,积累大量的亚硝酸盐,但是氨转化率比较低;曝气时间延长,氨氮去除率增加,同时部分亚硝酸氮会被进一步氧化成硝酸氮。该研究结果打破了只有在中高温条件下才能实现短程硝化的普遍看法,从而为在常温下实现短程硝化提供了新的依据。     

COD与DO对好氧颗粒污泥同步硝化反硝化脱氮的影响

COD和DO浓度对好氧颗粒污泥的同步硝化反硝化反应有明显影响．COD浓度在400～1200mg／L范围内，好氧颗粒污泥去除COD的能力均在85％以上．颗粒污泥能吸附有机物，使废水中COD浓度快速下降．COD浓度小于800mg／L，好氧颗粒污泥具有良好的脱氮能力，氮去除率最高达85．3％．在溶氧浓度为1-4mg／L条件下，颗粒污泥对COD去除率均在90％以上．不同的溶氧浓度对氮的去除率有一定影响，在溶氧浓度3mg／L时，氮去除率最高，达83％．图7参7     

1株贫营养好氧反硝化菌的分离鉴定及其脱氮特性

从水库底泥样品中,以硝酸盐为唯一氮源进行驯化、分离筛选出1株能在贫营养及好氧条件下进行高效反硝化的菌株PY8,经过电镜形态学观察、生理生化和16S rDNA序列分析,并基于16SrDNA序列结果,构建了该菌株的系统发育树,最终确定菌株PY8为根瘤菌Rhizobiumsp.。考察了初始pH值、温度、C/N、初始硝酸钠质量浓度、投菌量对菌株PY8硝酸盐还原活性的影响,以及该菌株的异养硝化性能。结果表明,在pH6.0～10.0,温度25～30℃,C/N1.0～9.0,初始硝酸钠质量浓度0.01～0.50g·L-1,投菌量1%～15%时,菌株PY8培养72h后的硝氮去除率可达到95%以上。另外,该菌株具有同时硝化-反硝化作用,在培养过程中氨氮去除率可达到58%左右。实验结果表明,菌株PY8在微污染水体生物脱氮领域中具有很大的应用潜力。     

应用在线传感器实现前置反硝化工艺生物脱氮的过程控制

为了实现前置反硝化工艺硝化反硝化反应的过程控制,系统地研究了硝化反硝化过程中DO、pH和ORP的变化规律,并考察了它们作为硝化反硝化过程控制参数的可行性.结果表明,pH值在缺氧区的变化分为下降型和上升型,从而指示系统反硝化反应进行的程度以及内循环回流量是否充足;缺氧区末端ORP值和硝酸氮浓度具有较好的相关性;好氧区第1格室的DO浓度可以指示进水氨氮负荷高低;pH值在好氧区的变化也可分为下降型和上升型,可指示系统硝化反应进行的程度、曝气量和碱度是否充足;好氧区末端ORP值与出水氨氮、硝酸氮浓度具有很好的相关性.在此基础上建立了硝化反硝化反应在线控制系统,从而实现曝气量、内循环回流量和外碳源投加量的在线控制,提高系统出水水质、降低运行费用.图7表1参8     

Micro-analysis of nitrogen transport and conversion inside activated sludge flocs using microelectrodes

To investigate the nitrogen transport and conversion inside activated sludge flocs, micro-profiles of O₂, NH₄⁺, NO₂^–, NO₃^–, and pH were measured under different operating conditions. The flocs were obtained from a laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactor. Nitrification, as observed from interfacial ammonium and nitrate fluxes, was higher at pH 8.5, than at pH 6.5 and 7.5. At pH 8.5, heterotrophic bacteria used less oxygen than nitrifying bacteria, whereas at lower pH heterotrophic activity dominated. When the ratio of C to N was decreased from 20 to 10, the ammonium uptake increased. When dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the bulk liquid was decreased from 4 to 2 mg·L^-1, nitrification decreased, and only 25% of the DO influx into the flocs was used for nitrification. This study indicated that nitrifying bacteria became more competitive at a higher DO concentration, a higher pH value (approximately 8.5) and a lower C/N.     

溶解氧及活性污泥浓度对同步硝化反硝化的影响

文章研究溶解氧及活性污泥浓度对同步硝化反硝化效率的影响。研究结果表明：在一定DO范围内,随着反应器内溶解氧浓度的降低,总氮去除率呈上升趋势,即好氧反硝化效率随溶解氧浓度的降低而提高;在一定MLSS范围内,反应器内混合液污泥浓度越高,出水总氮越低,反硝化现象越明显。     

Nitrification and denitrification in biological activated carbon filter for treating high ammonia source water

Since the ammonia in the effluent of the traditional water purification process could not meet the supply demand, the advanced treatment of a high concentration of NH₄ ⁺-N micro-polluted source water by biological activated carbon filter (BACF) was tested. The filter was operated in the downflow manner and the results showed that the removing rate of NH₄ ⁺-N was related to the influent concentration of NH₄ ⁺-N. Its removing rate could be higher than 95% when influent concentration was under 1.0 mg/L. It could also decrease with the increasing influent concentration when the NH₄ ⁺-N concentration was in the range from 1.5 to 4.9 mg/L and the dissolved oxygen (DO) in the influent was under 10 mg/L, and the minimum removing rate could be 30%. The key factor of restricting nitrification in BACF was the influent DO. When the influent NH₄ ⁺-N concentration was high, the DO in water was almost depleted entirely by the nitrifying and hetetrophic bacteria in the depth of 0.4 m filter and the filter layer was divided into aerobic and anoxic zones. The nitrification and degradation of organic matters existed in the aerobic zone, while the denitrification occurred in the anoxic zone. Due to the limited carbon source, the denitrification could not be carried out properly, which led to the accumulation of the denitrification intermediates such as NO₂ ^?. In addition to the denitrification bacteria, the nitrification and the heterotrophic bacteria existed in the anoxic zone.     

低溶解氧条件下生物脱氮研究中的新现象

活性污泥法中 ,曝气主要起供氧和扰动混合的作用 ,曝气提供的氧被微生物用来氧化有机物并合成细胞 .反应器中的溶解氧 (DO)浓度是重要的运行参数 ,曝气池中DO偏低 ,好氧微生物不能正常生长和代谢 ;DO过高 ,不仅能耗增加 ,而且细菌的活力也会降低 .一般要求曝气池中DO不低于 2mgL-1的水平 ,但在实践中常常会出现曝气强度过高的情况 .因而有必要通过有效手段将DO控制在适当的水平 ,既不影响微生物的正常生长和有机物的去除 ,同时又避免过多能耗 .传统观点认为 ,低DO条件会促进丝状菌生长 ,破坏污泥絮体的沉降性能 ;使胞外多聚物的产生量…     

Factors affecting simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in an SBBR treating domestic wastewater

An aerobic sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) packed with Bauer rings was used to treat real domestic wastewater for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. The SBBR is advantageous for creating an anoxic condition, and the biofilm can absorb and store carbon for good nitrification and denitrification. An average concentration of oxygen ranging from 0.8 to 4.0 mg/L was proved very efficient for nitrification and denitrification. Volumetric loads of TN dropped dramatically and effluent TN concentration increased quickly when the concentration of average dissolved oxygen was more than 4.0 mg/L. The efficiency of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) increased with increasing thickness of the biofilm. The influent concentration hardly affected the TN removal efficiency, but the effluent TN increased with increasing influent concentration. It is suggested that a subsequence for denitrification be added or influent amount be decreased to meet effluent quality requirements. At optimum operating parameters, the TN removal efficiency of 74%–82% could be achieved.     

On-line controlling system for nitrogen and phosphorus removal of municipal wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR)

The objectives of this study were to establish an on-line controlling system for nitrogen and phosphorus removal synchronously of municipal wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The SBR for municipal wastewater treatment was operated in sequences: filling, anaerobic, oxic, anoxic, oxic, settling and discharge. The reactor was equipped with on-line monitoring sensors for dissolved oxygen (DO), oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and pH. The variation of DO, ORP and pH is relevant to each phase of biological process for nitrogen and phosphorus removal in this SBR. The characteristic points of DO, ORP and pH can be used to judge and control the stages of process that include: phosphate release by the turning points of ORP and pH; nitrification by the ammonia valley of pH and ammonia elbows of DO and ORP; denitrification by the nitrate knee of ORP and nitrate apex of pH; phosphate uptake by the turning point of pH; and residual organic carbon oxidation by the carbon elbows of DO and ORP. The controlling system can operate automatically for nitrogen and phosphorus efficiently removal.     

供氧方式对SBR法硝化过程控制的影响

采用SBR法对不同供氧方式下硝化过程的控制进行研究，结果表明：在曝气量恒定的条件下，DO和PH值可联合作为硝化时间的控制参数，但ORP无法单独作为控制参数，在DO恒定的情况下，DO无法作为控制参数；PH值在硝化过程中缓慢下降或趋于稳定，当硝化反应结束时突然升高，因此，PH值可作为硝化时间较好的控制参数；ORP的硝化初期快速升高，然后升高的速度愈来愈慢，直至趋于平稳，对硝化结束的指示作用不是很明显，无法单独作为控制参数；为维持硝化过程中DO的恒定，曝气量将逐渐减小，只要系统污泥浓度和所要控制的DO水平相同，任何浓度的原水在硝化结束时调节的最小曝气量都是相同的，因此，将曝气量下限值的控制方法与PH值控制相结合，可使SBR硝化时间的控制更稳定可靠。     

Control of sludge settleability and nitrogen removal under low dissolved oxygen condition

Low dissolved oxygen (DO) is an energy-saving condition in activated sludge process. To investigate the possible application of limited filamentous bulking (LFB) in sequencing batch reactor (SBR), two lab-scale SBRs were used to treat synthetic domestic wastewater and real municipal wastewater, respectively. The results showed that prolonging low DO aeration duration and setting pre-anoxic (anaerobic) phase were effective strategies to induce and inhibit filamentous sludge bulking, respectively. According to the sludge settleability, LFB could be maintained steadily by adjusting operation patterns. Filamentous bacteria content and sludge volume index (SVI) were likely correlated. SVI fluctuated dramatically within a few cycles when around 200 mL·g^-1, where altering operation pattern could change sludge settleability in spite of the unstable status of activated sludge system. Energy consumption by aeration reduced under low DO LFB condition, whereas the nitrification performance deteriorated. However, short-cut nitrification and simultaneous nitrification denitrification (SND) were prone to take place under such conditions. When the cycle time kept constant, the anoxic (anaerobic) to aerobic time ratio was determining factor to the SND efficiency. Similarity keeping aerobic time as constant, the variation trends of SND efficiency and specific SND rate were uniform. SBR is a promising reactor to apply the LFB process in practice.