Treatment of Heavy Oil Contaminated Sand by Microwave Energy

Abstract Microwave (MW) was applied to enhance the removal of heavy oil (diesel and marine fuels) from contaminated sandy soil using granular activated carbon (GAC) as the dielectric medium. Adding GAC to the surface layer of the sand containing diesel fuel or marine fuel and subjecting the soil to 700 W MW irradiation for 30?s led to better removal efficiencies than without GAC addition by 9.5% (92.5% vs. 83%) for diesel fuel, and 11.5% (89.5% vs. 78%) for marine fuel. Additionally, GAC is an excellent MW absorbing material for converting MW energy into thermal energy. When GAC is added as the dielectric medium to convert the MW energy, the soil temperature rose from 52°C to 64°C, because the heat was transferred from GAC to the soil through GAC–soil interface. Meanwhile, volatile gas contained in the soil passes through the soil-GAC interface to reach the high-temperature GAC where the heavy oil is thermally cracked.     

特长公路隧道内的横通道间距和车行间距研究

隧道火灾,尤其是长大公路、铁路隧道火灾,往往是灾难性的。因此,基于性能化防火设计原理,对雪峰山特长公路隧道的横通道间距和车行间距进行了研究。对中等规模20 MW的火灾,按照规范建议的3 m/s的风速进行通风的情况下,先用CFD软件模拟计算火灾危险时间Tfire,然后由疏散模型中的经验公式计算人员疏散时间Tevac,比较分析不同横通道间距下人员疏散的安全性;同时为了避免隧道内车辆间的引燃,利用辐射换热原理,对车辆间的火灾蔓延性进行了分析。模拟结果为:最佳横通道间距约为290 m,最小引燃间距为6 m。考虑到建设成本的问题,建议雪峰山隧道的横通道间距改为300 m;同时,考虑到后继车辆的刹车及不同的行车速度等因素,建议特长隧道内车距最好要大于110 m;     

局部风机停运时空冷机组凝汽器性能试验研究

针对影响空冷凝汽器性能考核试验结果真实可靠性的相关因素,以德国VGB-R131 Me试验导则为基准,对大唐国际宁夏大坝发电有限责任公司600 MW直接空冷机组配套的SPX公司空冷凝汽器的性能考核试验结果进行分析,提出了在局部风机停运情况下试验的数据处理方法和修正方法,并就性能评价系数、设计风机消耗功率及真空系统严密性对试验结果的影响进行了探讨。试验结果表明:该方法解决了局部风机停运时传统方法计算修正系数所带来的评价系数和物理过程相悖问题,保证了试验结果的真实可靠性。     

反渗透装置一段压差迅速上升的原因分析

针对大唐南京发电厂2×660 MW超超临界机组化学水处理系统反渗透装置运行期间一段压差迅速上升问题进行了分析,故障原因为含有高分子助凝剂(聚丙烯酰胺)的污泥脱水分离液进入反渗透系统,造成反渗透膜严重污堵;采用了离线物理清理和在线化学清洗相结合的方法,使反渗透装置恢复了正常运行。分析结果表明:在化学水处理设置有反渗透系统的新建电厂中,含有高分子聚丙烯酰胺的污泥脱水分离液,应单独排放到工业废水池或煤冲洗水复用系统中,以免造成后续反渗透系统膜元件的严重污染。     

Oxidation of Toluene on γ-Al2O3 Supported Copper–Manganese Catalysts

Abstract Catalytic incineration of toluene over γ-Al2O3-supported copper–manganese oxide catalysts in the temperature range of 433?K–553?K was investigated using a fixed-bed flow reactor. Catalysts were characterized using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analysis, scanning electron microscopy, temperature-programmed reduction, temperature-programmed oxidation, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Incineration of toluene was achieved at temperatures up to 553?K and it was found that the weight ratio of reactants (Cu:Mn) was optimized to be 15:10. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area results had no correlation with the activity of the catalysts. Results of temperature-programmed reduction/temperature-programmed oxidation and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the redox peak of the 15Cu-10Mn catalyst shifted at lower temperatures and the binding energy shifted toward higher oxidation levels. These results show that high binding energy and high redox capacity are the causes of...     

双尺度低氮燃烧技术在国产330MW机组的应用

为了达到宁夏地区要求现役330 MW级别火电机组NOx排放值100 mg/Nm³以下和改善环境的目的,青铜峡铝业发电有限责任公司对1号锅炉的燃烧器进行技术改造。结果表明:改造后锅炉在330 MW负荷下NOx排放平均值为240 mg/Nm³,比改造前降低45%;锅炉效率达到93.39%(高于设计值0.01%)、飞灰含碳量2.98%(低于设计值0.02%)、过热器减温水量和再热器减温水量均小于设计值;有效解决了锅炉改造前的结焦和超温现象。     

Application of Light Reflection Visualization for Measuring Organic-Liquid Saturation for Two-Phase Systems in Two-Dimensional Flow Cells

Abstract A simple, noninvasive imaging technique was used to obtain in situ measurements of organic-liquid saturation in a two-phase system under dynamic conditions. Efficacy of the light reflection visualization (LRV) imaging method was tested through comparison of measured and known volumes of organic liquid for experiments conducted with a two-dimensional flow cell. Two sets of experiments were conducted, with source-zone configurations representing two archetypical residual-and-pool architectures. LRV measurements were collected during the injection of organic liquid and during a dissolution phase induced by water flushing. There was a strong correlation between measured and known organic-liquid volumes, with the LRV-measured values generally somewhat lower than the known volumes. Errors were greater for the system wherein organic liquid was present in multiple zones comprised of porous media of different permeabilities, and for conditions of multiphase flow. This method proved effective at determinin...     

Effect of Vanadium(IV)-Doping on the Visible Light-Induced Catalytic Activity of Titanium Dioxide Catalysts for Methylene Blue Degradation

Vanadium(IV)-doped titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) photocatalyst powders were prepared by the sol-gel method and characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller-specific surface area, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. V-doping in the TiO(2) increases the crystal grain size, which decreases the specific surface areas of powders. This V-doping changes the band gap of TiO(2), leading to extend the absorption to visible light regions (400-800?nm). Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) in water was investigated as a function of the vanadium content in TiO(2) and was found to follow pseudo first-order rate kinetics. Appropriate content of V-doping is an effective means to improve the photocatalytic activity of TiO(2) for MB degradation under visible light irradiation.     

Precipitation of Magnesium Carbonates as a Function of Temperature, Solution Composition, and Presence of a Silicate Mineral Substrate

Abstract Precipitation of carbonate minerals can play important roles in geological carbon sequestration and engineered processes for mineral carbonation. Influences of temperature, solution composition, and the presence of a solid substrate on the nucleation and precipitation of magnesium carbonate minerals were examined in a set of batch experiments. Conditions studied are relevant to full-scale geological carbon sequestration systems. Aqueous phase analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry quantified the extent of precipitation. X-ray diffraction analysis was conducted to identify solids. Temperature significantly affected the identity of the solid obtained. At 25°C and 60°C the solids were magnesium carbonate minerals, and at 100°C the solid phase was identified as brucite [Mg(OH)2]. Although magnesite (MgCO3) was predicted to be the most thermodynamically stable magnesium carbonate phase, no magnesite precipitated and instead metastable magnesium carbonate phases formed. Evolution of d...     

T23管材氧化皮防脱落控制措施

针对330 MW亚临界锅炉末级过热器T23受热面管爆管事故,通过微观组织分析、氧化皮厚度测试及力学性能检测等方法,得出爆管氧化皮过厚,在机组启停或振动情况下脱落并堵塞受热面管,导致管子传热不畅,最终发生长时过热爆管。通过制定控制氧化皮生成速率、防止脱落及堵塞的措施,减少T23受热面管因氧化皮脱落堵管造成的爆管故障。     

热管恒温槽在发电机组温度检定中的应用

针对短型热电偶和高参数双金属温度计检定中存在的问题,通过技术分析和大量参比试验后,采用热管恒温槽代替热电偶检定炉做温度源,对短型热电偶和双金属温度计的检测设备进行改进。结果表明:检测设备改进后,既消除了短型热电偶检定中的各种因素对检定结果的影响,又增大了双金属温度计的检定范围,具有很好的实用性和有效性。     

采用神经网络半主动TLCD对海洋固定式平台的振动控制

本项工作为研究半主动调液柱型阻尼器(TLCD)对固定或海洋平台的减振控制方法。首先建立TLCD-平台结构系统在地震和波浪作用下的运动方程,给出了半主动控制策略,即不断地调整TLCD的开孔率,使其能对平台结构达到最优的减振效果。由于TLCD中液体运动具有较强的非线性,用神经网络实时调节TLCD的开孔率,并通过数值算例验证了该方法的有效性。     

1000MW超超临界机组协调系统优化及应用

针对华电灵武电厂 1 000 MW 超超临界空冷机组在自动发电量控制(AutomaticGeneration Control,AGC )方式下负荷响应慢、协调系统存在大延时的问题,采用前馈超前响应的方法对机组协调系统及其子系统的控制逻辑及参数进行优化,解决了主汽压力、主汽温度、锅炉过热度等主要参数跟随缓慢的问题。应用结果表明:在 AGC 方式下,机组协调系统响应速率得到大幅提升,机组负荷响应能力满足了电网要求。     

燃煤电站锅炉超低排放技术方案分析研究

为了满足国家标准对燃煤机组大气污染物排放浓度的最新要求,对某600 MW燃煤机组大气污染物排放现状及超低排放技术进行分析研究,提出了采用“低氮燃烧+SCR脱硝+电袋复合除尘器+烟气脱硫+湿式电除尘器”的超低排放技术改造方案。结果表明:改造方案将该机组排烟中NOX、SO2、烟尘的排放浓度分别控制在50 mg/Nm3、35 mg/Nm3及5 mg/Nm3以下,满足了国家对燃煤机组大气污染物超低排放限值的要求,同时明显改善了当地空气质量。     

泥石流的运动机理和减阻

野外调查研究发现,存在着两种具有不同动力学特征和机理的泥石流,粘滞性泥石流和两相泥石流,粘滞性泥石流由卵石、沙和粘土构成,难以区分固相和液相,为典型的非牛顿体,具有间歇性流动,“铺床现象”,高达60％的减阻和显著超高等流动特点,粘滞性泥石流的阻力远小于流变参数所代表的阻力,传统的利用本构方程研究阻力的方法不能解决问题,研究表明,其30％的减阻是由于铺床作用,另外20％－30％,是由于流动混合物充气所致,两相泥石流主要由粗颗粒物质构成,两相之间有明显的相对流动,显示较大的阻力和发生“石街”现象。粘滞性泥石流沟谷的中值坡度为0．16,两相泥石流阻力大,因而河谷的平均坡度较大（0．19－0．27）。     

由微振动记录用剥层法研究浅层S波速度结构

根据江苏华电句容发电一期2×1000 MW发电机组场地情况,布设了三角形嵌套和同心圆台阵进行微振动观测,采用空间自相关法计算频散曲线,并用剥层法反演得到该工程场地浅部的S波速度结构。反演结果与钻孔探测结果吻合较好,表明用微振动台阵记录反演浅部地壳S波速度结构在工程上是可行的。该方法具有不需要人工源,对避开噪声要求不苛刻、成本低且精度可满足工程要求等优点,故有良好的应用前景。     

大型储液罐的抗震性能分析及复合支座隔震研究

大型常压储液罐在地震作用下所受破坏将带来巨大的经济损失与次生灾害。为获取大型储液罐在地震作用下的响应并分析对其采取隔震措施后的效果,利用精细化有限元方法,建立了大型立式储液罐的模型,计算其振型,然后计算在不同储液量时,不同地震动作用下的储液罐地震响应,随后引入隔震支座,计算了隔震后的结构特性及地震响应,分析了隔震效率。结果表明,不同地震动作用下储液罐的地震反应有明显差异,随着储油量增加,其地震响应增大,满罐时的储液罐根部截面应力超过空罐时的2倍。利用铅芯橡胶隔震支座与滑动支座组合隔震后,能为结构带来较好的隔震效果,且随着储油量的增加,隔震效率随之增加,最大接近50%。     

地震动频谱特性对罐液体系地震响应的影响分析

基于拉格朗日方法建立考虑流固耦合效应的位移格式的运动方程,运用ANSYS建立立式拱顶储罐的三维有限元模型,分别选取短周期成分丰富(S1)、普通地震波(S2)和长周期成分丰富(S3)的三条天然地震波,分析了地震波频谱特性对液体晃动、罐底剪力、弯矩以及罐壁响应等结果的影响。研究表明,罐液体系自振频率存在两个明显频段,即液体晃动低频率段(长周期)和罐液耦联振动高频率段(短周期)。罐液体系的动力响应对地震波频谱特性的影响较为敏感。S3地震波卓越周期最接近罐液晃动周期,引起液面大幅度晃动,较其他增长4倍。罐液耦联振动对轴向应力响应影响最大,S1地震波卓越周期最接近罐液耦联振动周期,其引起罐底轴向压应力超过规范许用应力,出现明显"象足"屈曲变形。罐底剪力和弯矩受耦联振动影响最大,而液体晃动对其影响较小,地震激励仅引起液体表面少量单元产生对流运动。     

给定地震场景下的随机地震动降维模拟∗

建立了一种可根据地震场景预测和模拟随机地震动加速度过程的降维模型。首先,挑选了1 766 条实测强震记录,根据断层类型和场地类别进行了分组,并识别了各组地震动的演变功率谱参数;然后,基于地震场景参数和演变功率谱参数,训练了两者的高斯过程回归模型（GPRM）,并采用K-fold 交叉验证法,验证GPRM 预测的有效性和精确性;最后,基于非平稳随机过程的谱表示法,通过引入随机函数的降维思想,实现了在给定地震场景下的随机地震动降维模拟。数值算例表明,预测的样本在频谱、峰值、强震持时等方面均与实测记录保持一致,体现了本文方法良好的工程适用性。这为地震动目标地区提供较为合理的人工地震动数据以及工程结构的随机地震反应分析与可靠性评价奠定了基础。     

刷方减重下隧道-滑坡平行体系变形演化试验研究

刷方减重工艺在大型复杂滑坡治理中发挥越来越重要的角色。通过室外模型试验,以加载诱发滑坡滑动变形,造成对隧道的破坏影响,以减载的方式模拟刷方减载工艺对隧道的受力变形影响进行研究。结果表明：（1）隧道-滑坡平行体系单滑面情况下滑坡推力在滑体内产生应力效应有一个时间传递变化的过程,即时间效应;（2）滑坡推力对隧道作用沿纵向变形差异大,初步的试验反映出拉压过渡段的位置与滑坡推力的大小相关,滑带位置附近的土体最先达到应力幅值,引起隧道的拉压变形过渡,距离滑带较远位置滑体逐渐达应力幅值过渡;（3）隧道横断面环向应力都是拱顶应力较拱底应力大;（4）隧道环向断面应力呈对称分布,隧道底部受压侧,顶部为受拉侧,底部应变量级小于拱顶,且隧道的变形是不可恢复的;（5）刷方减荷在不同工况下对抑制滑坡变形有不同程度的效用,使隧道应变减小,尤其是滑带附近效果更加显著,这都印证了刷方减重对隧道-滑坡治理的突出效果。