Adsorption characteristics of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) from aqueous solution on powdered activated carbon

The removal of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), one of the most commonly used phenoxy acid herbicides, from aqueous solution was studied by using acid-washed powdered activated carbon (PAC) as an adsorbent in a batch system. Adsorption equilibrium, kinetics, and thermodynamics were investigated as a function of initial pH, temperature, and initial 2,4-D concentration. Powdered activated carbon exhibited the highest 2,4-D uptake capacity of 333.3 mg g(-1) at 25 degrees C and an initial pH value of 2.0. Freundlich, Langmuir, and Redlich-Peterson isotherm models were used to express the equilibrium data of 2,4-D depending on temperature. Equilibrium data fitted very well to the Freundlich equilibrium model in the studied concentration range of 2,4-D at all the temperatures studied. Three simplified models including pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and saturation-type kinetic models were used to test the adsorption kinetics. It was shown that the adsorption of 2,4-D on PAC at 25, 35, and 45 degrees C could be best fitted by the saturation-type kinetic model with film and intraparticle diffusions being the essential rate-controlling steps. The activation energy of adsorption (EA) was determined as--1.69 kJ mole(-1). Using the thermodynamic equilibrium coefficients obtained at different temperatures, the thermodynamic constants of adsorption (deltaG degrees, deltaH degrees, and deltaS degrees) were also evaluated.     

Adsorption behavior of reactive dye in aqueous solution on chemical cross-linked chitosan beads

A batch system was applied to study the adsorption of reactive dye (reactive red 189) from aqueous solutions by cross-linked chitosan beads. The ionic cross-linking reagent sodium tripolyphosphate was used to obtain more rigid chitosan beads. To stabilize chitosan in acid solutions, chemical cross-linking reagent epichlorohydrin (ECH), glutaraldehyde and ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether was used and ECH shows a higher adsorption capacity. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were applied to describe the equilibrium isotherms at different particle sizes and isotherm constants were determined. The Langmuir model agrees very well with experimental data and its calculated maximum monolayer adsorption capacity has very large value of 1802-1840 (g/kg) at pH 3.0, 30 degrees C. The kinetics of the adsorption with respect to the initial dye concentration, temperature, pH, ionic strength, and wet/dry beads were investigated. The pseudo-first-order, second-order kinetic models and intraparticle diffusion model were used to describe the kinetic data and the rate constants were evaluated. The dynamical data fit well with the second-order kinetic model, except for the dry beads fitting better with the first-order model. The adsorption capacity increases largely with decreasing solution pH or with increasing initial dye concentration. Thermodynamic parameters such as change in free energy (deltaG(0)), enthalpy (deltaH(0)), entropy (deltaS(0)) and activation energy were also determined. The adsorption mechanism is shown to be the electrostatic interactions between the dye and chitosan beads. The desorption data shows that the removal percent of dye RR 189 from the cross-linked chitosan beads is 63% in NaOH solutions at pH 10.0, 30 degrees C. The desorbed chitosan beads can be reused to adsorb the dye and to reach the same capacity as that before desorption.     

Competitive adsorption of dye metanil yellow and RB15 in acid solutions on chemically cross-linked chitosan beads

One kind of adsorbent with a high adsorption capacity for anionic dyes was prepared using ionically and chemically cross-linked chitosan beads. A batch system was applied to study the adsorption behavior of one acid dye (MY, metanil yellow) and one reactive dye (RB15, reactive blue 15) in aqueous solutions by the cross-linked chitosan beads. The adsorption capacities was 3.56 mmol g(-1) (1334 mg g(-1)) for dye MY and 0.56 mmol g(-1) (722 mg g(-1)) for dye RB15 at pH4, 30 degrees C. The Langmuir model agreed very well with the experimental data (R(2)>0.996). The kinetics of adsorption for a single dye and the kinetics of removal of ADMI color value in mixture solutions at different initial dye concentrations were evaluated by the nonlinear first-order and second-order models. The first-order kinetic model fits well with the dynamical adsorption behavior of a single dye for lower initial dye concentrations, while the second-order kinetic model fits well for higher initial dye concentrations. The competitive adsorption favored the dye RB15 in the mixture solution (initial conc. (mM): MY=1.34; RB15=1.36); while it favored the dye MY in the mixture solution (initial conc. (mM): MY=3.00; RB15=1.34) and the adsorption kinetics for dye RB15 has the tendency to shift to a slower first order model.     

Temperature dependencies of Henry's law constants and octanol/water partition coefficients for key plant volatile monoterpenoids

To model the emission dynamics and changes in fractional composition of monoterpenoids from plant leaves, temperature dependencies of equilibrium coefficients must be known. Henry's law constants (H(pc), Pa m3 mol(-1) and octanol/water partition coefficients (K(OW), mol mol(-1)) were determined for 10 important plant monoterpenes at physiological temperature ranges (25-50 degrees C for H(pc) and 20-50 degrees C for K(OW)). A standard EPICS procedure was established to determine H(pc) and a shake flask method was used for the measurements of K(OW). The enthalpy of volatilization (deltaH(vol)) varied from 18.0 to 44.3 kJ mol(-1) among the monoterpenes, corresponding to a range of temperature-dependent increase in H(pc) between 1.3- and 1.8-fold per 10 degrees C rise in temperature. The enthalpy of water-octanol phase change varied from -11.0 to -23.8 kJ mol(-1), corresponding to a decrease of K(OW) between 1.15- and 1.32-fold per 10 degrees C increase in temperature. Correlations among physico-chemical characteristics of a wide range of monoterpenes were analyzed to seek the ways of derivation of H(pc) and K(OW) values from other monoterpene physico-chemical characteristics. H(pc) was strongly correlated with monoterpene saturated vapor pressure (P(v)), and for lipophilic monoterpenes, deltaH(vol) scaled positively with the enthalpy of vaporization that characterizes the temperature dependence of P(v) Thus, P(v) versus temperature relations may be employed to derive the temperature relations of H(pc) for these monoterpenes. These data collectively indicate that monoterpene differences in H(pc) and K(OW) temperature relations can importantly modify monoterpene emissions from and deposition on plant leaves.     

钡盐沉积改性硅藻土的制备及其吸附Pb2+的研究

通过钡盐沉积改性制备改性硅藻土,并将其应用于吸附模拟废水中pb2+,分析了钡盐浓度、pH、改性硅藻土投加量、水样中pb2+初始浓度以及振荡时间对改性硅藻土吸附pb2+的影响,并对硅藻土的沉降性能和改性机制进行了初步的探讨.结果表明,选择0.20 mol/L钡盐改性硅藻土,在pH为7.0、投加量为2 g、水样中pb2+初...     

Application of magnetically modified sewage sludge ash (SSA) in ionic dye adsorption

Incineration is a traditional method of treating sewage sludge and the disposal of derived ash is a problem of secondary waste treatment. In this study, sewage sludge ash (SSA) was coated with ferrite through a ferrite process and then used as an adsorbent for ionic dyes (methylene blue [MB] and Procion Red MX-5B [PR]). The modified SSA possessed surface potential that provided electrostatic attraction toward MB and PR. Adsorbent FA10 (named on the basis of being produced from 10 g of SSA in the ferrite process) was used for the adsorption of MB. Ideal pH for adsorption was 9.0 and maximum adsorption capacity based on Langmuir isotherm equation was 22.03 mg/g. Adsorbent FA2.5 (named on the basis of being produced from 2.5 g of SSA in the ferrite process) was used for PR adsorption. Ideal pH for adsorption was 3.0 and the maximum adsorption capacity (calculated as above) was 28.82 mg/g. Kinetic results reveal that both MB and PR adsorption fit the pseudo-second-order kinetic model better than the pseudo-first-order model. The values of activation energy calculated from rate constants were 61.71 and 9.07 kJ/mol for MB and PR, respectively.

Implications:

Magnetic modified adsorbent could be synthesized from sewage sludge ash (SSA). In this study, the adsorption ability of SSA toward ionic dye (methylene blue [MB] and Procion Red MX-5B [PR]) was enhanced by ferrite process. The synthesized Fe₃O₄ can act as an active site and provide electrostatic attraction toward cationic dye and anionic dye at different pH. The application of magnetic modified adsorbent in wastewater treatment can not only recycle the SSA, but also make SSA become an environmentally friendly material.     

Adsorptive separation of cadmium from aqueous solutions and wastewaters by riverbed sand

Application of riverbed sand for the adsorptive separation of cadmium(II) from aqueous solutions has been investigated. Removal increased from 26.8 to 56.4% by decreasing the initial concentration of cadmium from 7.5 x 10(-5) to 1.0 x 10(-5)M at pH 6.5, 25 degrees C temperature, agitation speed of 100 rpm, 100 microm particle size and 1.0 x 10(-2) NaClO4 ionic strength. Process of separation is governed by first order rate kinetics. The value of rate constant of adsorption, k(ad), was found to be 2.30 x 10(-2)per min at 25 degrees C. Values of coefficient of mass transfer, beta L, were calculated and its value at 25 degrees C was found to be 1.92 x 10(-2)cm/s. Values of Langmuir constant were calculated. Values of thermodynamic parameters delta G0, delta H0 and delta S0 were also calculated and were recorded as -0.81 kcal/mol, -9.31 kcal/mol and -28.10 cal/mol at 25 degrees C. pH has been found to affect the removal of cadmium significantly and maximum removal, 58.4%, has been found at pH 8.5. Process can be used for treatment of cadmium(II) rich wastewaters.     

Biosorption of strontium from aqueous solution by fungus Aspergillus terreus

INTRODUCTION: The biosorption characteristics of strontium ions using fungus Aspergillus terreus were investigated. Experimental parameters affecting the biosorption process such as pH, contact time, initial metal concentration, and temperature were studied. MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION: Fungus A. terreus exhibited the highest strontium uptake capacity at 15°C at an initial strontium ion concentration of 876 mg L(-1) and an initial pH of 9. Biosorption capacity increased from 219 to 308 mg g(-1) with a decrease in temperature from 45°C to 15°C at this initial strontium concentration. The equilibrium data fitted very well to the Langmuir adsorption model in the concentration range of strontium ions and at all the temperatures studied. CONCLUSION: Evaluation of the experimental data in terms of biosorption dynamics showed that the biosorption of strontium onto fungus followed the pseudo-second-order dynamics well (R(2)?>?0.985). The calculated thermodynamics parameters (-1.64?相似文献   

Adsorption kinetics of methyl violet onto perlite

This study examines adsorption kinetics and activation parameters of methyl violet on perlite. The effect of process parameters like contact time, concentration of dye, temperature and pH on the extent of methyl violet adsorption from solution has been investigated. Results of the kinetic studies show that the adsorption reaction is first order with respect to dye solution concentration with activation energy of 13.2 kJ mol(-1). This low activation energy value indicates that the adsorption reaction is diffusion controlled. The activation parameters using Arrhenius and Eyring equations have been calculated. Adsorption increases with increase of variables such as contact time, initial dye concentration, temperature and pH.     

Investigation of solution chemistry effects on sorption behavior of Cu(II) on ZSM-5 zeolite

The sorption of Cu(II) from an aqueous solution using ZSM-5 zeolite was investigated by batch technique under ambient conditions. Sorption was investigated as a function of pH, ionic strength, foreign ions, humic substances, and temperature. The results indicate that the sorption of Cu(II) on ZSM-5 zeolite is strongly dependent on pH. Sorption is dependent on ionic strength at low pH, but independent of ionic strength at high pH values. The presence of humic/fluvic acid (HA/FA) enhances the sorption of Cu(II) on ZSM-5 zeolite at low pH values, and reduces Cu(II) sorption at high pH values. Sorption isotherms were well simulated by the Langmuir model. Thermodynamic parameters (i.e., deltaH0, deltaS0 and deltaG0) for the sorption of Cu(II) were determined from temperature-dependent sorption isotherms at 293.15, 313.15, and 333.15 K, respectively. Results indicate that the sorption process of Cu(II) on ZSM-5 zeolite is spontaneous and endothermic.     

Physical and chemical regeneration of zeolitic adsorbents for dye removal in wastewater treatment

Natural zeolite and synthetic zeolite, MCM-22, were employed as effective adsorbents for a basic dye, methylene blue, removal from wastewater. Two methods, Fenton oxidation and high temperature combustion, have been used for regeneration of used materials. It is found that MCM-22 exhibits equilibrium adsorption at 1.7 x 10(-4) mol g(-1), much higher than the adsorption of natural zeolite (5 x 10(-5) mol g(-1)) at initial dye concentration of 2.7 x 10(-5)M and 30 degrees C. Solution pH will affect the adsorption behaviour of MCM-22. Higher solution pH results in higher adsorption capacity. The regenerated adsorbents show different capacity depending on regeneration technique. Physical regeneration by high temperature combustion will be better than chemical regeneration using Fenton oxidation in producing effective adsorbents. Regeneration of MCM-22 by high temperature treatment can make the adsorbent exhibit comparable or superior adsorption capacity as compared to the fresh sample depending on the temperature and time. The optimal temperature and time will be 540 degrees C and 1h. The Fenton oxidation will recover 60% adsorption capacity. For natural zeolite, regeneration can not fully recover the adsorption capacity with the two techniques and the regenerated natural zeolites by the two techniques are similar, showing 60% adsorption capacity of fresh sample. Kinetic studies indicate that the adsorption follows pseudo-second-order kinetics.     

Two stage biological treatment of a diazo reactive textile dye and the fate of the dye metabolites

A two stage anaerobic/aerobic bacterial process was used to decolorize and partially mineralize a reactive vinyl sulfone diazo dye C.I. Reactive Black 5 (RB5) in a synthetic wastewater. Since the anchor group of reactive dyes reacts during the dyeing process, the effect the degree of hydrolysis of the vinyl sulfone dye had on decolorization, mineralization and toxicity in each stage was investigated. An overall color removal of approximately 65% was found for both the fully and partially hydrolyzed dye. Partial mineralization of the fully hydrolyzed RB5 was achieved in the two stage rotating disc reactors. While the anchor group metabolite p-aminobenzene-2-hydroxyethylsulfonic acid (p-ABHES) was mineralized, an oxidized form of the center metabolite (1,2-ketimino-7-amino-8-hydroxynaphthalene-3,6-disulfonic acid) remained in the aerobic stage effluent, causing the effluent to be colored although no RB5 was present. Partially hydrolyzed dye in the influent with vinyl forms of the anchor group caused cessation of biogas production and a reduction in decolorization efficiency in the anaerobic stage. No evidence for mineralization of the partially hydrolyzed dye or its metabolites was found. A method for evaluating dye mineralization using lumped parameters is presented.     

Colloidal diatomite, radionickel, and humic substance interaction: a combined batch, XPS, and EXAFS investigation

This work determined the influence of humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) on the interaction mechanism and microstructure of Ni(II) onto diatomite by using batch experiments, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) methods. Macroscopic and spectroscopic experiments have been combined to see the evolution of the interaction mechanism and microstructure of Ni(II) in the presence of HA/FA as compared with that in the absence of HA/FA. The results indicated that the interaction of Ni(II) with diatomite presents the expected solution pH edge at 7.0, which is modified by addition of HA/FA. In the presence of HA/FA, the interaction of Ni(II) with diatomite increased below solution pH 7.0, while Ni(II) interaction decreased above solution pH 7.0. XPS analysis suggested that the enrichment of Ni(II) onto diatomite may be due to the formation of (≡SO)₂Ni. EXAFS results showed that binary surface complexes and ternary surface complexes of Ni(II) can be simultaneously formed in the presence of HA/FA, whereas only binary surface complexes of Ni(II) are formed in the absence of HA/FA, which contribute to the enhanced Ni(II) uptake at low pH values. The results observed in this work are important for the evaluation of Ni(II) and related radionuclide physicochemical behavior in the natural soil and water environment.     

Color and COD removal from wastewater containing Reactive Black 5 using Fenton's oxidation process

In this study, Reactive Black 5 (RB5) was removed from synthetic wastewater using Fenton's oxidation (FO) process. Experiments were conducted on the samples containing 100 and 200 mg l(-1) of RB5 to remove the dye toxicity. Seventy-five milligram per litre of RB5 caused 25% toxicity on 24-h born daphnids whereas 100 mg l(-1) of RB5 displayed 100% toxicity on Daphnia magna. The study was performed in a systematic approach searching optimum values of FeSO(4) and H(2)O(2) concentrations, pH and temperature. Optimum pH and temperature for 100 mg l(-1) of RB5 were observed as 3.0 and 40 degrees C, respectively, using 100 mg l(-1) of FeSO(4) and 400 mg l(-1) of H(2)O(2) resulted in 71% chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 99% color removal. For 200 mg l(-1) of RB5, 84% COD removal was obtained using 225 mg l(-1) of FeSO(4) and 1000 mg l(-1) of H(2)O(2) yielding 0.05 molar ratio at pH 3.0 and 40 degrees C. Color removal was also more than 99%. The optimum conditions determined in accordance with the literature data. The H(2)O(2) requirement seems to be related to initial COD of the sample. FeSO(4)/H(2)O(2) ratios found were not changed for both concentrations. The temperature affected the COD removal significantly at high degrees. Toxicity was completely removed for each concentration of RB5 at optimum removal conditions.     

Evaluation of different electrochemical methods on the oxidation and degradation of Reactive Blue 4 in aqueous solution

The oxidation of a reactive dye, Reactive Blue 4, RB4, (C.I. 61205), widely used in the textile industries to color natural fibers, was studied by electrochemical techniques. The oxidation on glassy carbon electrode and reticulated vitreous carbon electrode occurs in only one step at 2.0 < pH < 12 involving a two-electron transfer to the amine group leading to the imide derivative. Dye solution was not decolorized effectively in this electrolysis process. Nevertheless, the oxidation of this dye on Ti/SnO2/SbO(x) (3% mol)/RuO2 (1% mol) electrode showed 100% of decolorization and 60% of total organic carbon removal in Na2SO4 0.2 M at pH 2.2 and potential of +2.4V. Experiments on degradation photoelectrocatalytic were also carried out for RB4 degradation in Na2SO4 0.1 M, pH 12, using a Ti/TiO2 photoanode biased at +1.0 V and UV light. After 1h of electrolysis the results indicated total color removal and 37% of mineralization.     

聚丙烯酸水凝胶对氯化-1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑离子液体的吸附热力学和动力学研究

通过水溶液聚合法制备了聚丙烯酸水凝胶（polyacrylic acid,PAA）,研究了溶液酸碱度和温度对聚丙烯酸水凝胶吸附氯化1-丁基3-甲基咪唑离子液体的影响。结果表明,水凝胶对氯化1-丁基3-甲基咪唑离子液体的吸附量随溶液pH值增大而逐渐增大,pH=2～4时增幅明显,而pH大于4时变化趋于缓慢;随温度的升高而逐渐降低。该等温吸附行为基本符合Langmuir吸附等温式,由二级吸附动力学模型获得的吸附过程活化能（Ea=52.470 kJ/mol）可以看出,PAA对氯化1-丁基3-甲基咪唑的吸附属于化学吸附范畴。     

磁性介孔锰铁复合氧化物对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能研究

以复合金属草酸盐为前驱体制备了纳米晶构筑的介孔锰铁氧化物材料,采用透射电镜、X射线衍射仪和固体比表面测定仪等对产物进行了表征.并研究了其对水体Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能,考察了pH及离子强度对吸附容量的影响、吸附动力学、吸附等温线以及碱液对Cr(Ⅵ)的洗脱率。结果表明,获得的锰铁氧化物为纳米晶构筑的介孔材料,比表面达277.4 m2/g,对Cr(Ⅵ)在酸性条件下有较强的吸附性能。在初始Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度为100 mg/L,pH值在2时,10 min内能使溶液中的Cr(Ⅵ)去除率达96.8%,最大Cr(Ⅵ)吸附容量Qm为40 mg/g。     

Removal of PCBs from wastewater using fly ash

Liquids and sludges containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can be treated to concentrate the PCBs in a solid residue. The latter can then be handled to destroy the PCBs. A study on sorption kinetics of PCBs on fly ash was conducted in controlled batch systems. TCB and HeCB are removed at 25 degrees C by adsorption on fly ash up to 97% at pH 7, with an adsorbent dose of 5 g/l. An examination of the thermodynamic parameters shows that the adsorption of TCB and HeCB by fly ash is a process occurring spontaneously at ambient conditions. Activation energies for the sorption process ranged between 5.6 and 49.1 kJ/mol. It was observed that the rate at which TCB and HeCB are adsorbed onto fly ash showed a diffusion limitation. The uptake rate of TCB and HeCB increases with increasing initial concentration and gradually tends to a constant value. A decrease in the adsorption of TCB and HeCB was observed when interfering ions and other PCB congeners were present. Changing the pH in the aqueous solution from 2 to 10 had no effect on the adsorption process. Overall, fly ash can be used for an efficient removal of PCBs from several aqueous solutions.     

花生壳活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附特性

以花生壳为原料,氯化锌为活化剂制备花生壳活性炭,采用高分辨电子扫描电镜(SEM)和氮吸脱附曲线对花生壳活性炭进行了表征.从热力学和动力学的角度,研究了花生壳活性炭对亚甲基蓝溶液的吸附行为.热力学研究表明,花生壳活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,该吸附是自发吸热过程,吸附自由能为-52.4017～-95.1765 kJ/mol,吸附熵变为214 J/(mol·K),吸附焓变为57.49796 kJ/mol.动力学研究表明,花生壳活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附符合二级反应动力学方程反应特征.     

液/固体系中硅藻土对Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附机制

为了提高硅藻土在重金属废水处理上的应用水平,采用静态吸附实验考察了液/固体系中硅藻土对Pb2＋、Cd2＋的吸附影响因素、吸附等温线和吸附动力学属性。结果表明,随着投加量的减少,离子初始浓度的提高,pH值的增大,吸附作用时间的延长,硅藻土对Pb2＋、Cd2＋吸附量不断上升;硅藻土对Pb2＋、Cd2＋的等温吸附都符合Langmuir模型,硅藻土对Pb2＋、Cd2＋最大吸附量分别为10.428 mg/g和7.916 mg/g,硅藻土对Pb2＋具有更好的吸附能力;Pb2＋具有较低的水合自由能,更容易脱去水膜与硅藻土孔道内的活性基团发生吸附作用;双常数扩散方程可以很好地描述硅藻土对Pb2＋、Cd2＋的吸附动力学属性,硅藻土对Cd2＋有较快的吸附速率。