无铬纯化

为了在各种金属表面形成光亮,耐蚀的钝化层,从前广泛采用铬酸盐钝化工艺,但铬酸盐钝化溶液有剧毒,因此,近几年来出现了无铬钝化工艺,来取代铬酸盐钝化工艺。无铬钝化除了钝化层性能非常好,钝化溶液使用时间长(每升无铬钝化溶液大约可钝化的表面积达185平方米),使用期间不会形成和聚集有害的副产品之外,更重要的优点是钝化系统的无毒性,从而废液处理很简便。无铬化溶液的组成是:游离硫酸0.2     

新型环保硅酸盐钝化液对多元合金渗层耐蚀性的影响

传统铬酸盐钝化剂含有Cr⁶⁺，毒性较高且危害环境，使用受到严格限制。近年来硅酸盐、钼酸盐、稀土盐等无机盐钝化技术得到推广应用。其中，硅酸盐钝化液具有稳定性好、工艺简单、无毒无污染等特点，在电镀锌、热浸镀锌及多元合金共渗等工业领域得到广泛研究。本论文通过正交试验研究了硅酸盐钝化液的配比及钝化工艺对多元合金渗层耐蚀性的影响。结果表明，常温钝化形成的硅酸盐钝化膜可以显著改善渗层的表面状态，提高渗层的耐碱性、耐中性盐雾性能及低频阻抗值和容抗弧半径，当硅酸盐钝化液与水的配比为1∶1，浸泡时间为3 min，固化温度为100℃，固化时间为60 min时，钝化膜具有最佳的耐蚀性。     

SiN钝化层对GaN HEMT辐射效应的影响

GaN HEMT具有的大功率、高频率特性使其在空间应用中具有广阔的前景,GaN HEMT的空间辐射效应也引起了人们的广泛关注。然而GaN HEMT器件并没有完全体现出其材料优越的抗辐射能力,研究认为器件结构和制造工艺是导致器件和材料间抗辐射能力差距的主要原因之一。半导体制造工艺中通常采用钝化层进行隔离、保护以及调整反射率等来近一步提升器件性能,本文分析了钝化层对二维电子气(2DEG)和AlGaN/GaN异质结表面势垒高度的影响,讨论了不同钝化层结构GaN HEMT的辐射响应及退化机理,认为钝化层可有效改善GaN HEMT的抗辐射能力。     

VOCs吸附剂活性炭的更换及预处理过程分析

文章以石脑油火车装车油气回收装置为例,简单介绍了挥发性有机物"吸附+吸收"的工艺处理流程。针对活性炭罐的换剂及预处理操作,通过作业步骤解析、风险因素辨识、控制手段选取等,提出了相对合理、安全、高效的操作规程。详细阐述活性炭预处理(钝化)的工艺要求和操作流程、重点就温度的控制和预处理过程中出现的其他问题,提出了解决办法,跟踪评价了活性炭的吸附效果,具有一定的借鉴意义。     

不同钝化剂对土壤中Zn,Cd,Pb,As的钝化效果研究

将过磷酸钙磷肥、石灰以及斑脱土3种钝化剂按不同配比混合制成不同的钝化剂组合,进行土壤原位钝化培养实验,并运用CaCl2-DTPA及0.1 mol/L的HCl溶液进行浸提,探究了不同钝化剂在0,30,60,90 d对污染土壤中Zn,Cd,Pb,As的钝化效果与特征.从对单一重金属在不同龄期时钝化效果以及同一龄期下复合重金...     

钢制电缆桥架浸塑防腐蚀方法

介绍浸塑钢制电缆桥架产品的生产，分析其防腐蚀性能优点，原材料选用、预处理，钢制电缆桥架涂塑方法及冷电镀锌钝化后加浸塑或热镀锌钝化后浸塑双重防腐蚀保护层的方法。     

RTV硅橡胶-直插二极管体系的粘固界面应力模拟研究

D04硅橡胶常用于航天产品元器件的加固操作，可实现增强产品的抗力学环境作用，但目前针对元器件点胶粘固的必要性以及规范性多以型号沿用为主，而不同型号产品的应用状态存在差异。本研究工作以直插钝化玻璃二极管BWA66为研究对象，通过ANSYS软件对不同D04硅橡胶点涂高度在力、热环境下进行界面应力模拟仿真和定性分析，深入探讨了该类封装元器件使用硅橡胶粘固的必要性以及对D04硅橡胶点胶粘固工艺参数进行了确认。     

反硝化细菌对零价铁表面的影响

作为一种标准的地下水污染原位修复技术,限制零价铁渗透反应格栅技术(ZVI PRB)在地下水污染修复中广泛应用的一个关键瓶颈就是ZVI表面的钝化问题.本文通过批实验,研究了反硝化细菌(DNBE)存在下ZVI表面氧化膜的变化.通过研究发现,DNBE的存在对ZVI表面成分和形态结构会产生影响,进而影响其反应活性,加速其钝化过程.     

304L不锈钢钝化膜的半导体性能研究

本利用电容测量方法结合Mott-Schottky分析,研究了不锈钢在硫酸溶液中所形成钝化膜的半导体性质,同时对成膜电位、成膜时间以及溶液pH值对膜半导体性能的影响也做了分析。结果表明:不锈钢钝化膜具有p型-n型-p型半导体特性,膜内的杂质浓度随成膜电位的增加而增加,随极化时间的延长而减小,这主要是由于极化电位和极化时间的变化引起了膜组成的变化所引起的。溶液PH值的改变可以显著影响0.16V~0.74V电位扫描区间内膜的平带电位EFB。溶液PH值与平带电位呈线性关系,斜率为58.58mV/pH。     

规模化农田土壤重金属污染修复的中试试验研究——以某镇土壤污染治理为例

农用地重金属污染长期以来一直是生态环境的热点和难点问题。2017年,对某镇农田土壤重金属污染开展详查,单项污染指数评价结果表明,镉超标率为67.60%(Pi>1),基于内梅罗污染指数法的评价结果显示,57.30%的点位受到不同程度的污染(PN≥1.0);2018年,分别选取钝化修复和植物修复进行中试试验,经钝化修复后土壤有效镉和总镉含量分别平均降低32.73%和5.64%。经超富集植物籽粒笕种植一季修复后,土壤总镉含量降低15%以上。本次中试试验修复效果良好,能为下一阶段的土壤镉污染修复方案的制定和优化提供科学的依据,为全国农用地重金属污染修复提供了有价值的借鉴意义。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling

The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.     

Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific

The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.