琼江河流域森林生态系统水源涵养能力估算

森林生态系统的水源涵养功能是其生态功能的重要组成部分.琼江流域森林生态系统是长江上游生态屏障的重要组成部分,其森林生态系统的水源涵养功能将极大地影响当地的生产生活.文章以四川省遂宁地区琼江河流域2007年森林资源二类调查数据为基础,运用综合蓄水能力法,比较了研究区不同森林类型、林龄、海拔、坡度下的林冠降雨截留能力,枯落物最大持水量和土壤蓄水能力,评估了区域尺度森林生态系统的水源涵养能力.结果表明,2007年,研究区内森林生态系统涵养水源总量为1125.02×104 m3.其中,林冠层截留占总涵养水源量的18.07%,枯枝落叶层持水量占3.34%,土壤蓄水量达到78.59%,是森林涵养水源的主体.柏木因其面积上的优势,使得其水源涵养贡献率最大,达到92.44%;阔叶混交林单位面积涵养水源量最大,达到1568.39 t·hm-2,其次是针阔混交林(1517.10 t·hm-2),经济林(1461.99 t·hm-2),针叶混交林的水源涵养能力最弱,仅1045.39 t·hm-2,主要是因为研究区内针叶混交林土壤的非毛管孔隙度较小.因绝大多数有林地的海拔都处在300~500 m处,使得其水源涵养贡献率最大,达到98.65%.同时,平坡森林生态系统的水源涵养能力最强,达到1171.92 t·hm-2,其次是缓坡,可达1150.59 t·hm-2,能力最小的是陡坡森林生态系统,仅1147.34 t·hm-2.近50 a来,研究区内森林覆盖率变化较大,按照其“十二五”规划,研究区在2015年森林覆盖率将达到45%,根据其森林面积的变化估计其森林涵养水源量可达1511.2×104 m3.在对研究区水源涵养功能及其差异认识的基础上,进行合理经营与管理,可以最大限度地发挥森林生态系统服务功能.     

森林生态系统生态资产核算的模式与方法

全球变化背景下.植被对CO2的减排作用得到了广泛关注.森林生态系统具有诸多功能,不同功能的货币化基准难以统一,是进行总体生态资产价值定量核算的制约要素.在资源、环境与生态经济原理指导下,分析相关方法评估生态系统生态资产的可行性,选择量化评估参数,并通过多种模式与方法进行估算乌鲁木齐城市2004年森林生态系统的生态资产.森林生态系统涵养水源类、生物多样性维持类、净化空气类、保护土壤类以及大气调节类生态资产分别为0.224 8×108元、10.608 8x108元、0.630 8×108元、0.2592×108元及12.9653×108元,乌鲁木齐市森林生态总资产为24.6889×108元.各类生态资产具有一定的时空差异性.城市森林生态系统生态资产估算模式及方法的研究具有重要的理论价值与现实意义.     

宁夏固原市森林水源涵养功能时空动态研究

宁夏固原市属于中国"两屏三带"中的"黄土高原—川滇生态屏障",是泾河的发源地也是黄土高原的重要的水源地,其境内的六盘山国家级生态保护区具有重要的生态价值.开展固原市森林水源涵养功能研究将有助于揭示森林生态系统结构时空动态对水源涵养功能的影响,并为当地林业发展、生态文明建设以及政府绩效考核提供重要参考和依据.在分析了2000~2010年固原市林地结构动态的基础上,使用综合蓄水能力法,计算了森林水源涵养量及其价值并分析时空分异的影响因素.结果表明:2000~2010年,固原市林地面积增长15.94%.由于灌木林单位面积水源涵养量和面积比例最大,导致灌木林对固原市森林水源涵养功能的贡献最大(80%以上).森林不同层次对水源涵养量的贡献为:土壤蓄水量林冠层截留降水量枯落物层持水量.固原市新增林地面积以灌木林为主,对水源涵养量增长的贡献占93.34%.随着坡度增加,森林涵养水源量先上升,在15°~25°坡地达到最大值,随后下降.由于造林活动主要集中在5°~25°坡地,近10年的涵养水源量在该坡度增长最明显.2000~2010年,固原市水源涵养价值上升23.25%,主要体现在对水量和水质的调节方面的价值增长.退耕还林还草工程是林地面积、水源涵养量及其价值时空间动态的主要原因.     

典型区生态系统格局长时间序列监测与评价

基于Landsat TM/ETM遥感影像,综合分析我国易发生山洪和泥石流的典型区域.按照生态系统分类体系提取1985年、2000年和2013年岷江上游、白龙江上游、赣江上游和闽江上游流域生态系统分类信息,构建指标体系和计算模型,评价生态系统格局及变化.结果显示:2013年岷江上游和白龙江上游流域以森林和草地两种生态系统...     

赤霉素浓度对色木槭(Acer mono Maxim.)种子萌发的影响

岷江上游彩叶林生态系统是我国西南地区特有的关键生态系统类型,具有水源涵养、水土保持和气候调节等重要的生态功能,而且具有显著的景观美学价值,是区域特色生态旅游经济的重要基础.由于受到自然灾害破坏和水电站的修建等人为干扰,目前岷江上游彩叶林系统毁坏严重且残存量不多,亟待恢复和重建.色木槭(Acer mono Maxim.)...     

岷江上游山地生态系统服务地域分异过程与补偿阈值

生态系统服务供给侧与需求侧是当前地理科学研究的热点和前沿领域,也是人地关系具象化的表征物。针对岷江上游低阈值生态安全、高风险生态退化、多民族交融共生的区域特征,初步探索岷江上游山地生态系统服务地域过程与补偿阈值的研究方法,为该区域的生态文明研究提供理论依据。结果表明,1995—2010年间岷江上游生态系统服务的地域分异特征显著,生态补偿额度的区域差异也比较明显。2010年草地和农田生态系统服务价值比1995年分别增加了3.70×10~9和0.62×10~9元,而2010年林地生态系统服务价值比1995年减少13.17×10~9元,造成研究区域整体生态系统服务价值降低。林地和草地对岷江上游生态系统服务价值的贡献较大,空间上呈现东多西少的分布格局。人口修正的生态补偿额度为正值的区域集中在岷江上游的西北地区和正东部,负值区域集中在黑水、松潘和理县附近;乡镇面积修正的生态补偿额度为正值的区域集中在松潘和黑水县,而负值区域集中在茂县和汶川县附近;综合修正生态补偿额度为负值的区域集中在研究区域的西北地区,而正值区域集中在黑水、松潘和理县。研究结果可为深入认识流域内生态系统服务与人类社会福祉的耦合关系以及藏羌民族生态补偿的科学分配提供数据支撑。     

苏南丘陵区典型森林生态系统服务价值估算

针对苏南丘陵区杉木、马尾松、毛竹、栎林等4种典型森林生态系统,实测了其主要的生态系统服务功能,运用多种生态经济学方法估算了4种林分的生态服务价值。生态服务价值包括直接使用价值和间接使用价值,间接使用价值包括气体调节、涵养水源、保土固肥、防止水库淤积、营养物质循环、净化环境价值等。研究区杉木、马尾松、栎林、毛竹4种林分的生态系统服务价值中,间接经济价值分别是其直接经济服务价值的1.82、2.12、3.16、4.04倍,单位面积的森林生态系统服务价值分别为192397.30、113262.69、88350.51、103289.69元·hm-2·a-1。在区域研究中,根据地方实测的数据进行估算,能提高计量森林生态服务功能价值的精度。     

小陇山森林生态系统服务功能价值评估

小陇山林区位于秦岭西端,甘肃省东南部,是黄河、长江中上游地区重要的水源涵养林,对维护黄河、长江流域水生态安全具有重要的战略地位.采用市场价值法、替代费用法等对小陇山林区森林生态系统服务功能价值进行定量评估.结果表明,小陇山林区森林生态系统服务功能年均总价值为40.236亿元,其中直接经济价值为2.204亿元,水源涵养、水土保持、大气组分调节、生物多样性保护及病虫害防治、休闲娱乐等生态功能价值为38.032亿元,直接经济价值与生态功能价值的比值为1∶ 17.26.在发展当地经济的过程中,必须从整个生态系统的角度出发,优先认识到该地区森林的生态功能价值,从而科学、合理地保护和利用森林资源.     

鼎湖山南亚热带森林生态系统服务价值动态

以鼎湖山3个南亚热带森林演替典型阶段生态系统为对象,采用我国《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》(LY/T 1721—2008)标准化计算公式与服务价格,量化揭示南亚热带森林生态系统演替过程中生态系统服务功能价值动态。结果表明:随着演替的进行,南亚热带森林生态系统服务功能总价值不断增大;但各分项服务功能价值则表现出不同的动态规律与变化幅度,从而使得森林生态系统服务结构呈现非线性演化特征。在南亚热带森林生态系统演替的早期阶段,生态系统服务价值的最大组分是涵养水源的功能价值,而中、后期则是保育土壤。人工林营造可以有效增强区域生态系统的水源涵养能力,而保育演替中、后期森林则对于大气CO2收和土壤保育而言尤为重要。     

鼎湖山南亚热带森林生态系统服务价值动态

以鼎湖山3个南亚热带森林演替典型阶段生态系统为对象,采用我国《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》（LY/T 1721—2008）标准化计算公式与服务价格,量化揭示南亚热带森林生态系统演替过程中生态系统服务功能价值动态。结果表明：随着演替的进行,南亚热带森林生态系统服务功能总价值不断增大;但各分项服务功能价值则表现出不同的动态规律与变化幅度,从而使得森林生态系统服务结构呈现非线性演化特征。在南亚热带森林生态系统演替的早期阶段,生态系统服务价值的最大组分是涵养水源的功能价值,而中、后期则是保育土壤。人工林营造可以有效增强区域生态系统的水源涵养能力,而保育演替中、后期森林则对于大气CO2收和土壤保育而言尤为重要。     

Applications of chitosan in food,pharmaceuticals, medicine,cosmetics, agriculture,textiles, pulp and paper,biotechnology, and environmental chemistry

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable materials on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the...     

Seaweed for climate mitigation,wastewater treatment,bioenergy, bioplastic,biochar, food,pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics: a review

The development and recycling of biomass production can partly solve issues of energy, climate change, population growth, food and feed shortages, and environmental pollution. For instance, the use of seaweeds as feedstocks can reduce our reliance on fossil fuel resources, ensure the synthesis of cost-effective and eco-friendly products and biofuels, and develop sustainable biorefinery processes. Nonetheless, seaweeds use in several biorefineries is still in the infancy stage compared to terrestrial plants-based lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, here we review seaweed biorefineries with focus on seaweed production, economical benefits, and seaweed use as feedstock for anaerobic digestion, biochar, bioplastics, crop health, food, livestock feed, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Globally, seaweeds could sequester between 61 and 268 megatonnes of carbon per year, with an average of 173 megatonnes. Nearly 90% of carbon is sequestered by exporting biomass to deep water, while the remaining 10% is buried in coastal sediments. 500 gigatonnes of seaweeds could replace nearly 40% of the current soy protein production. Seaweeds contain valuable bioactive molecules that could be applied as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulants, and in other cosmetics and skincare products.

     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

Metal passivity as mechanism of metal carcinogenesis: Chromium,nickel, iron,copper, cobalt,platinum, molybdenum

For the transition metals chromium, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, platinum, and molybdenum, mechanisms of stable bonding in biochemistry (emphasis on carcinogenic mechanisms), chemistry, industrial chemistry, as well as epidemiological, occupational, orthopedic (implant devices) effects related to carcinogenesis, were reviewed. Hypothetically, the propensity to stable bonding (inertness), which ensures the metals’ performance capacity for consumers and industrial application, relates to their carcinogenicity. For chromium, a relationship between industrial/chemical and biological reactivity was noted for the tendency of Cr(III) ions to cause hydrolysis previous to stable bonding, as occurs during anodic passivation, leather tanning, and as indicated in biochemical studies pertaining to a mechanism of DNA condensation, which was suggested as a carcinogenic mechanism. The involvement of metal hydrolysis in both anodic passivation and biochemistry was noted also for nickel, iron, and platinum; the DNA interaction of platinum (cis-platin) is known to depend on hydrolysis. For nickel, issues of potential (V) were found important in both passivation and carcinogenicity. Comparably, the passivity behavior of cobalt and copper was found atypical, and their carcinogenicity yet unclear. Molybdenum, contained in passivated metallic implants, may relate to implant-associated carcinogenesis. Occupational carcinogenic effects were indicated for chromium, nickel, iron, and cobalt as caused by both reactive and passivated metal species. Exposure to acids and chronic respiratory irritation/infection/inflammation in workers were important cofactors in metal carcinogenesis. For wood and leather workers exposed to dust, the assumed presence in dust of metal particles abraded from alloys (sawing or cutting blades) may be a carcinogenic exposure hazard.     

Concentrations of V,Cr, Mn,Fe, Ni,Co, Cu,Zn, As and Cd in mesopelagic crustaceans from the North East Atlantic Ocean

Specimens of oceanic decapods, mysids and euphausiids, collected from the North East Atlantic Ocean during July 1985, were analysed for V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As and Cd. Measurement of the metals was carried out using two techniques: inductively-coupled plasma-source mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption (AAS). With the exception of the iron data, good agreement was observed between the data from the two techniques. Baseline-metal data are presented for the species measured, along with any effects of animal size on metal concentration. The data presented for oceanic animals from different trophic levels are important in studies of metal fluxes and for the assessment of markers within the food web in the oceans.     

Fragmentation of Phragmites Habitats, Minimum Viable Population Size, Habitat Suitability, and Local Extinction of Moths, Midges, Flies, Aphids, and Birds

Results from populations of insects and birds inhabiting Phragmites habitats were used to analyze effects of fragmentation. Flush-crash cycles of the stem-boring moth Archanara geminipuncta (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) showed regionally concurrent, local extinctions despite an originally enormous population size (more than 180,000 adults), emphasizing the importance of metapopulation dynamics. Further, A. geminipuncta could be considered a keystone species, since shoot damage facilitated more than twenty species of herbivores, saprovores (of the caterpillars' feces), and their parasitoids. The gall midge Lasioptera arundinis could survive only in side shoots induced by shoot damage of A. geminipuncta .
Small Phragmites stands had thinner shoots (due to a water or nutrient deficiency) and shoots with more leaves (due to a better light supply) than large stands, thereby influencing species-specific demands for habitat suitability and nutritiousness of reed tissue. In other words significance of habitat fragmentation could not be assessed by area alone. For example, two chloropid flies depending on thin, yellowish shoots survived only in small habitats or in the unmown edges of large habitats.
Local persistence of Phragmites herbivores depended on much larger population sizes than could be expected from a population size sufficient to maintain genetic variation. At least 11,000 adults of the gall midge Giraudiella inclusa (or more than 84,000 galls) were necessary to avoid local extinction.
With regard to conservation management of reed habitats, nature reserves should consist of old and unmown reeds, have fewer disturbed (particularly, fewer mown) habitat edges, measure more than two hectares (priority should go to the largest remaining fragments), and be surrounded by nearby reed habitats providing reservoir populations and diverse shoot types.