海岸带生态安全响应力评估与案例分析

针对我国海岸带"社会-经济-自然"复合生态系统,引用"驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应力"分析模型,将生态安全中的驱动力、压力、状态和影响归为生态安全问题因素,作为响应力的作用对象.通过探讨响应力与生态安全问题因素的作用机制,建立定量评估体系分析海岸带生态安全响应力反馈效果、反馈效率和反馈充分性,并对厦门进行案例分析,希望能够对提升我国沿海城市的生态安全保障能力做出贡献.     

河北省海岸带生态环境效应评价指标选择研究

随着经济发展和科技进步,海岸带面临的压力越来越大,资源和环境问题越来越严重.建立海岸带开发活动的环境效应指标体系和评价方法,客观评价各类海岸带开发活动的环境与生态效应,对保持海岸带可持续发展至关重要.本文以河北为例,采用"压力-状态-响应"(DSR)概念模型,构建了海岸带生态安全指标体系,并通过主成分方法对这些指标进行了分析和选取,研究结果可直接用于海岸带生态环境效应评价,可为沿海地区经济合理布局和产业结构调整及海洋生态环境保护与管理提供科学依据.     

北戴河及相邻海域沉积物重金属潜在生态危害评价

根据2011年和2012年春夏秋三季长时间、大范围的对北戴河及相邻海域沉积物重金属(Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn)的调查结果,通过单因子污染指数、综合生态危害指数、潜在生态危害指数等评价方法,分析北戴河及相邻海域沉积物重金属的含量分布趋势及潜在生态危害。研究结果表明,整个近岸海域沉积物重金属的含量有从抚宁近岸向两侧逐渐升高的趋势。海港区近岸海域重金属污染相对较严重,之后依次是山海关近岸海域、北戴河近岸海域、昌黎近岸海域和抚宁近岸海域。所有监测站位的重金属要素含量均未超出一类海洋沉积物标准,属于轻微生态危害。     

海陵湾沉积物中重金属污染及其潜在生态危害

首次分析了粤西海陵湾近岸海域表层沉积物中重金属(Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd,Hg)含量的时空分布特征,并采用海洋沉积物重金属质量国家标准和瑞典学者H knson沉积物重金属潜在生态危害系数与危害指数方法评价了该海域重金属污染程度和潜在生态危害。结果表明:该海域重金属污染和潜在生态危害较轻,其中Hg的污染和潜在生态危害较重;洪、枯季生态危害程度顺序为:Zn相似文献   

南四湖生态安全的社会经济影响评价

南四湖是我国十大淡水湖之一,也是南水北调东线必经之地和调蓄湖泊,随着南四湖流域社会经济的加速发展,其湖泊生态安全承受着重大压力。针对目前南四湖存在的主要生态安全问题,该研究从经济社会发展对流域污染负荷和入湖河流状态的驱动力和压力入手,选择影响湖泊生态安全的社会经济指标体系,对2000-2010年的流域社会经济活动对南四湖生态安全的影响进行评价。结果表明:2010年,南四湖流域的社会经济活动对湖泊生态安全的影响评分值为45.37,等级为"一般",但水体污染负荷评分值为28.93,等级为"较重";2000-2010年,社会经济对南四湖生态安全的影响评分值处于[40,60]的"一般"级别中,但影响程度不断增强;流域污染负荷是南四湖流域面临的主要问题,它在一定程度上放大了社会经济活动对湖泊生态安全的影响。     

厦门地区大气降水氢氧同位素组成特征及水汽来源探讨

采集厦门地区6个站位春、夏和冬季的大气降水样品,并用稳定同位素质谱仪分析降水样品中的氢氧同位素值(δD和δ18O).结果表明:厦门地区大气降水中δD和δ18O值春季最高(-7.86‰±8.07‰和-2.18‰±0.80‰),夏季最低(-61.17‰±4.85‰和-8.42‰±0.62‰).本文同时利用HYSPLIT模型对不同季节厦门地区水汽来源及输送路径进行追踪,发现厦门地区夏季降水主要受到来自南海及西太平洋气团的影响,期间降水量大,δD和δ18O值较低.厦门地区大气降水线方程为δD=8.35δ18O+12.52(R2=0.906),与全球降水线方程(δD=8.17δ18O+10.56)相比,截距及斜率略有偏高.厦门地区氘剩余值(d值)波动范围较大(-5.13‰~32.25‰),说明厦门地区降水的水汽来源较为多样,降雨条件较为复杂.厦门地区降水中d值表现为冬季高,春季次之,夏季低的季节性变化特征.年尺度下,厦门地区氢氧同位素与降水量在呈显著的负相关关系(r分别为-0.477和-0.369,p0.01).     

福建宁德近岸海域海底浅层气分布特征及成因分析

近年来,在海岸带区域的开发利用过程中,遇到了一系列海岸带地质灾害问题,其中海底浅层气影响尤为严重,严重破坏海底沉积层结构的稳定性,已成为影响近岸海域工程建设施工安全的重要因素。为查明宁德近岸海域浅层气的分布特征及成因,通过单道地震、浅地层剖面、侧扫声呐等工作手段,在宁德近岸海域发现了多处呈层状、团块状分布的浅层气,分布深度一般为20m以浅。在对该区浅层气分布特征、地震剖面分析的基础上,对比前人在邻区海域浅层气的成因分析,结合宁德海域地质演化以及沉积历史,基本确定宁德海域浅层气的成因为生物成因浅层气,同时讨论了浅层气对近海海洋工程施工的危害及预防措施。     

厦门西港及闽江口表层沉积物中多环芳烃和有机氯污染物的含量及分布

参考美国EPA标准方法对厦门西港和闽江口的表层沉积物样品中持续性有机污染物PAHs、PCBs和DDTs的含量及分布进行分析和考察，并对若干污染特征及成因进行探讨,结果表明，厦门西港沉积物样品中总PAHs含量（ng/g（干重））较闽江口海域为高，其中厦门样品测值范围是425.3-1522.4，大多高于1000，推断主要来源于石油类污染；闽江口为316.8-1260.7，大多低于1000，化石燃料燃烧可能是其主要来源。PCBs和DDT的分析结果表明，PCBs并非两海域的主要污染物，其含量（ng/g（干重））测值范围是厦门西港9.72-33.72 ,闽江口8.71-30.55；DDT类含量测值（ng/g（干重））厦门西港高于闽江口，范围分别为8.61-73.70和6.17-30.70(河口高值站位为63.88，空间分布呈0近岩高于远岸趋势，同时表明，在厦门海域表层沉积物中DDD是主要降解产物，而在闽江口DDE为主要降解产物。     

环境污染及其防治 海洋污染及其防治

X55200701725厦门西海域综合整治后表层沉积物污染状况/胡忠(汕头大学生物学系)…∥海洋环境科学/国家海洋局海洋环保所.-2006,25(4).-4~6环图X-14根据2003年11月的厦门西海域表层沉积物污染状况的现场调查资料,对2002年综合整治后厦门西海域重金属含量及异养细菌、粪大肠肝菌等的分布特点进行了研究.结果表明,厦门西海域表层沉积物中Cu、Zn、As含量的平均值分别为:67.4、283.8、9.8×10-6(干重),各站位沉积物中的Cu、Zn离子含量都超标.员当湖排污口附近的污染最为严重,粪大肠杆菌、弧菌、多环芳烃降解菌和油脂降解菌数都为最高值,在沉积…     

关于海洋环境管理的各方观点

海洋环境保护的形势依然严峻 海洋环境保护面临的问题和形势依然很严峻.近岸海域污染和生态破坏问题严重,经济发展对海洋环境保护的压力不断加大,海洋环境监测能力明显不足,具体表现在:近岸海域营养结构失衡,水体富营养化问题突出,赤潮、绿潮日渐频繁,生态受损,入海河流污染严重,污染事故频发.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.