海浪河水环境重金属污染健康风险评价

为阐明海浪河地表水体中重金属污染物的分布特征与风险水平,对研究区域内As、Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb、Mn等重金属污染物浓度进行了分析检测,并采用美国环境保护局(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型对水体中重金属引起的健康风险进行了评价。结果表明,各采样点的重金属监测数据中As、Cd、Zn 和Cu均达到Ⅱ类水质标准,符合水环境功能区划要求,Pb是海浪河主要超标污染物。海浪河重金属As和Cd的健康风险值远远大于Zn、Cu、Pb和Mn的健康风险值,风险值相差4~5个数量级。致癌物As的健康风险值最大,在S5和S6采样点分别达到了5.81×10-5和9.43×10-5a-1,均高于最大可接受风险水平5.0×10-5a-1。     

静态扬尘对呼吸途径健康风险评价的影响

为了解呼吸暴露途径下污染场地静态扬尘对人体健康的影响,以空气动力学气固两相理论为基础,预测露天堆场近地面扬尘中PM10浓度。并以《污染场地风险评估技术导则》（HJ 25.3-2014）推荐的暴露评估模型和美国环保局推荐的人体健康风险评估模型,评估Cd、Cr、As、Ni和Hg对人体健康的危害。结果表明：研究区域重金属的致癌风险和非致癌风险与近地面PM10浓度呈现线性增加的趋势,下风向的居住区、商业区和旅游区PM10浓度达到0.30、0.30和0.15 mg·m-3。健康风险评估结果表明,当PM10浓度 >0.05 mg·m-3时,As、Cd、Cr暴露致癌发生率（R）均超过10-6,对暴露人群有致癌风险。当PM10浓度 >0.2 mg·m-3时,Cd和As的非致癌危害商超过阈值1,对人体健康存在威胁。Ni和Hg风险评估结果均低于风险阈值,风险水平较低。     

洋河流域不同时空水体重金属污染及健康风险评价

确定水体重金属污染及健康风险时空变化趋势,对流域水环境管理具有重要指导意义。基于1995年、2005年和2015年洋河流域10个监测断面的重金属监测数据,采用健康风险评价模型,对洋河流域As、Cd、Pb、Hg 和 Cu 的浓度及其引起健康风险的时空变化进行了评价。结果表明,洋河流域重金属污染及其健康风险在时间上呈降低趋势,超过地表水质量标准三类标准的重金属由1995年的Cd、Pb和Hg变为2005年和2015年的Cd、Pb。致癌物质As和Cd所引起的个人年均风险远远高于非致癌物质 Pb、Hg 和 Cu。重金属健康风险总和在1995年所有监测断面均超过国际辐射防护委员会（ICRP）推荐的最大可接受风险水平,2005年全部在最大可接受风险水平以下,2015年只有响水铺略微高于该水平。在空间分布上,重金属污染较为严重及其健康风险较大的区域集中于南洋河下游城区段、清水河下游张家口市区段和洋河干流下游段。     

雷州半岛土壤重金属分布特征及其污染评价

在雷州半岛采集了106个土壤表层样品,分析了其中8种重金属元素(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cd、Hg和As)的全量.结果表明,雷州半岛土壤重金属污染由高到低排序为Ni＞Cr＞Hg＞Cu＞Zn＞Cd＞As＞Pb,Zn、Cd、As和Pb质量浓度均没有超标,Hg和Cu质量浓度超标率亦不高,但Ni和Cr平均质量浓度达49.81、87.13 mg/kg,高于国内外其他对照区域,超标率分别为25.47%和24.53%;重金属元素在雷州半岛各土壤利用类型中分布规律不明显,按4种主要土壤利用类型受重金属污染程度大小排序为甘蔗地＞果园土＞水田＞菜地;雷州半岛土壤综合污染指数总平均为0.970,土壤总体上尚清洁,重金属污染处于警戒水平;雷州半岛各区域中,徐闻、雷州两地土壤重金属质量浓度明显高于其他地区,其主要原因是徐闻、雷州两地成土母质主要为玄武岩,造成土壤Cr、Ni及其他重金属背景值较高.     

大宝山矿区水体和沉积物中重金属的污染评价

分别于丰水期和枯水期对广东省大宝山矿区铁龙拦泥坝至凉桥河段水体中溶解态的重金属进行了调查,应用EPA推荐的健康风险评价模型发现,水体中非致癌物通过饮水途径所导致平均个人年风险排列顺序是Cu〉Pb〉Zn,最大值的平均个人年风险在丰水期和枯水期的平均值分别是2.14×10-7 a-1和4.13×10-7 a-1,小于国际防辐射委员会（ICRP）推荐的最大可接受平均个人年风险5.0×10-5a-1。致癌物Cd的平均个人年风险在丰水期和枯水期的平均值分别是3.52×10-4 a-1和4.53×10-4 a-1,大于ICRP推荐的最大可接受值,同时也大于非致癌物3～4个数量级。另外,通过对枯水期沉积物的重金属总量分析,发现凉桥槽对坑支流受水体pH的影响,导致其沉积物重金属的浓度最高。根据Long和Macdonald利用生物效应数据库法建立的沉积物质量基准,发现除冷水泾外,其他采样点的平均效应中值指数（mERMQ）值都大于1.5,可见沉积物中的重金属会对当地底栖生物产生毒害作用。     

湖南某铅锌锰冶炼区总悬浮颗粒物重金属来源及健康风险评价

通过监测湖南某典型铅锌锰冶炼区大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)和铅锌冶炼企业外排废气中Cd、Cr、As、Ni、Pb、Zn、Cu和Mn的浓度水平,应用富集因子、相关性及主成分分析研究了铅锌冶炼企业外排废气中重金属含量与大气TSP中重金属含量的关系,采用美国环境保护署(USEPA)的人体暴露风险评价模型进行了健康风险评价。结果表明:废气中重金属平均浓度表现为ZnCrMnCuNiPbCdAs。其中,致癌物质Cd、Cr、As、Ni的平均质量浓度分别为4.87、27.06、0.09、12.54μg/m~3,非致癌物质Pb、Cu、Zn、Mn的平均质量浓度分别为5.87、17.98、10 426.87、23.52μg/m~3。大气TSP中重金属平均浓度表现为ZnCuPbMnNiCrAsCd。其中,致癌物质Cd、Cr、As、Ni的平均质量浓度分别为1.07、1.63、1.59、2.00μg/m~3,非致癌物质Pb、Cu、Zn、Mn的平均质量浓度分别为36.30、65.54、189.79、35.03μg/m~3。Zn、Pb、Cu、Ni、Mn可能为同一来源,主要来源于铅锌冶炼企业的外排废气,Cr主要来源于电解锰企业的废渣堆放,Cd主要来源于煤燃烧。大气TSP中致癌物质Cd、Cr、As与Ni的致癌风险基本都高于10-4,说明Cd、Cr、As与Ni存在较大的致癌风险;非致癌物质Pb与Mn的非致癌风险高于1,存在较大的非致癌风险,尤其是Mn。     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属的受热特性

研究了飞灰重金属在不同煅烧温度下的挥发情况及其存在形态.结果表明:重金属挥发能力由强到弱依次为Hg＞Pb＞As、Cd＞Zn＞Cr、Ni、Cu;其中Hg、Pb、As和Cd属易挥发重金属,在1 150 ℃时几乎全部挥发;Zn属较易挥发重金属,1 150 ℃时的挥发率在40%～50%;Cr、Ni和Cu属难挥发重金属,在1 150 ℃的挥发率不超过10%;在400～1 150 ℃,随温度的升高,部分Zn、Hg、Cu、Pb、Cd、Ni和As由可溶态向残渣态、铁锰氧化态转化;在400～900 ℃,随温度的升高Cr可溶态比例减少,而在900～1 150 ℃,随温度的升高其可溶态比例增加.     

北京市PM2.5污染特征 、来源分析及其重金属健康风险评价

分析了2016年北京市的PM_(2.5)及其中的Zn、Pb、Mn、Cu、Cr、As、Ni、Cd、Sb、Co、V、Ba、Al、Fe、Mg、Ti、Ca、S 18种元素含量,并对重金属As、Cr、Pb、Cd、Ni、Mn、Cu和Zn进行了相应的健康风险评价。结果表明:PM_(2.5)质量浓度为14.63～206.35μg/m~3,年平均值为74.00μg/m~3,超过《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)二级标准(35μg/m~3)1倍多;PM_(2.5)中S、Zn、Sb、Pb和Cd的富集程度较高,主要来源于机动车尾气排放、燃煤和工业活动;Mn、Pb、Cr、Zn、Cu、As、Cd、Ni 8种重金属对儿童、成人女性、成人男性的非致癌总风险均小于1,不存在非致癌风险;As、Cd、Cr和Ni 4种重金属的致癌风险为1.94×10~(-7)～6.04×10~(-5),均小于10~(-4),部分重金属可能存在潜在致癌风险,主要是As和Cr存在潜在致癌风险。     

典型石油城市道路积尘重金属污染及健康风险评价

从新疆典型石油城市克拉玛依市采集52个道路积尘样品,测定其中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Hg 6种重金属元素的含量,采用地质累积指数法与美国环境保护署(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型,分析了道路积尘重金属污染及潜在健康风险。结果表明,克拉玛依市道路积尘中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Hg的平均值分别为新疆土壤背景值的1.62、1.75、0.99、1.50、1.24、2.94倍,道路积尘中6种重金属元素的地质累积指数(I_(geo))平均值排序为HgAsCuPbCrCd。其中,Hg处于轻度污染,其他5种元素均处于无污染水平。总体上,As、Cu、Hg的I_(geo)从西北向东南呈减小趋势;Cd的I_(geo)空间分布较为离散,出现两个同心圆状分布格局;Pb、Cr的I_(geo)呈现均匀分布格局。健康风险评价结果表明,克拉玛依市道路积尘中重金属元素的非致癌风险及致癌风险均处于安全范围内,主要暴露途径为手-口摄入,儿童受到的健康风险高于成人,As是克拉玛依市道路积尘中最主要健康风险元素。     

南京大气细粒子中重金属污染特征及来源解析简

利用2011年1月、4月、7月和10月在南京市区和北郊采集的气溶胶样品,研究了南京大气细粒子中Zn、Pb、Hg、As和Cd 5种重金属的污染水平,通过元素相关性分析和因子分析方法,对细粒子中这些重金属的污染来源进行了初步解析。结果表明,南京大气细粒子及其重金属污染严重,北郊普遍比市区严重;As严重超标,Cd在南京北郊超标约5倍,Zn在市区与北郊的质量浓度均高于其他重金属元素。每种重金属的浓度均随季节而变化。市区细粒子中,As和Zn可能主要与燃煤、轮胎灰尘和建筑扬尘等有关,Pb、Hg和Cd主要来自交通尘、城市垃圾焚烧等。北郊细粒子中,As、Hg和Zn主要来源于燃煤、钢铁冶炼等工业,Pb和Cd主要与农作物秸秆燃烧、汽车尾气、道路扬尘等影响有关。     

太湖西岸宜兴城市水系污染物时空分布特征

选用2011-2014年宜兴市12个监测断面21个水质指标的连续监测数据,解析太湖西岸宜兴城市水系污染物的时空分异特征及影响因素。结果表明,宜兴市城区及入太湖河流污染严重,86.05%以上时段内处于劣Ⅴ类水平,特征污染物为TN、NH3-N、BOD5、TP、COD和Hg。污染物空间分异程度大小依次为：AR-OH >NH3-N >Hg >TP >COD >BOD5 >F- >oil=CODMn >LAS >TN >DO。不同区域河流污染物浓度随时间变化基本一致,有机物夏季波动较大主要受温度和降雨的双重影响,TN和NH3-N浓度标线出明显的季节变化：春季 >冬季 >夏季 >秋季,Hg、LAS、AR-OH表现出瞬时排放特性,且主要发生在年初。由分析可得,土地利用强度和方式是影响宜兴市城区及入湖河流污染物分布特征的最主要因素,其次是污染来源、河道类型等的影响,表现为城市核心区、三氿入湖区和西北入湖区污染程度依次增大,但差异水平不明显,西南入湖区则相对较轻。     

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products found in the Great Lakes above concentrations of environmental concern

The monitoring of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) has focused on the distribution in rivers and small lakes, but data regarding their occurrence and effects in large lake systems, such as the Great Lakes, are sparse. Wastewater treatment processes have not been optimized to remove influent PPCPs and are a major source of PPCPs in the environment. Furthermore, PPCPs are not currently regulated in wastewater effluent. In this experiment we evaluated the concentration, and corresponding risk, of PPCPs from a wastewater effluent source at varying distances in Lake Michigan. Fifty-four PPCPs and hormones were assessed on six different dates over a two-year period from surface water and sediment samples up to 3.2 km from a wastewater treatment plant and at two sites within a harbor. Thirty-two PPCPs were detected in Lake Michigan and 30 were detected in the sediment, with numerous PPCPs being detected up to 3.2 km away from the shoreline. The most frequently detected PPCPs in Lake Michigan were metformin, caffeine, sulfamethoxazole, and triclosan. To determine the ecological risk, the maximum measured environmental concentrations were compared to the predicted no-effect concentration and 14 PPCPs were found to be of medium or high ecological risk. The environmental risk of PPCPs in large lake systems, such as the Great Lakes, has been questioned due to high dilution; however, the concentrations found in this study, and their corresponding risk quotient, indicate a significant threat by PPCPs to the health of the Great Lakes, particularly near shore organisms.     

Mercury content in roach (Rutilus rutilus L.) in circumneutral lakes--effects of catchment area and water chemistry

The environmental influence on the mercury content in roach (Rutilus rutilus L.) is investigated using partial least square regression on 46 environmental variables describing the land use in the catchment area, various catchment area and lake characteristics, lake water chemistry, and fish stock. The Hg content in the fish from the 78 investigated circumneutral lakes is heavily influenced by the land use in their surroundings. The boreal forest lakes possessed the highest Hg levels in roach, whereas fish from lakes surrounded by arable land had lower levels. The Hg levels also showed a negative relationship to the amount of dissolved ions and the total amount of nutrients in lake water. Lake pH did not have any significant influence on the Hg content in roach in these non-acidified lakes. The Hg levels in lakes influenced by large amounts of wetland were less well explained by the presently investigated environmental variables, which implies that the Hg burden in fish from this kind of lake is governed by other factors.     

Methylmercury production in the water column of an ultraoligotrophic lake of Northern Patagonia, Argentina

Methyl-mercury (CH3Hg+) production was studied in freshwaters from lake Moreno, an ultraoligotrophic system belonging to Northern Patagonia. Hg2+ labelled with high specific activity 197Hg was spiked to water samples in concentrations of 10 ng l(-1), and incubated in laboratory for 3d time trends under different conditions. Experimental water was sampled daily to evaluate CH3(197)Hg+ production. Lake water used in the experiments was sampled just below the upper limit of the metalimnion ( approximately 30 m depth), where maximum values of chlorophyll a have been measured previously. Sampling was performed in late autumn, when the plankton fraction <50 microm exhibited mercury concentrations up to 260 microg g(-1) dry weight. The experiments analysed lake water filtered through 50, 20, and 0.2 microm (filter-sterilized) mesh nets. ASTM grade 1 water was also incubated for control. All the experiments were run in an environmental chamber under controlled temperature and light regime. High Hg2+ conversion to CH3Hg+, up to 50%, was measured in lake water, in a process stimulated by light. CH3Hg+ production was two-fold higher after 3d of incubation with illumination compared to total darkness. Sterile lake water showed conversions up to 30%, while the planktonic components seem to enhance the CH3Hg+ production. Overall, our results provide evidence that lake Moreno waters favour CH3Hg+ production in processes stimulated by light. Although biotic components certainly contribute to enhance mercury methylation, water chemistry plays a key role in this process. We hypothesize that dissolved organic matter, particularly its quality, could be decisive.     

Bioaccessibility and health risk of arsenic, mercury and other metals in urban street dusts from a mega-city, Nanjing, China

The oral bioaccessibility and the human health risks of As, Hg and other metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, Cd, Cr, Mn, V and Fe) in urban street dusts from different land use districts in Nanjing (a mega-city), China were investigated. Both the total contents and the oral bioaccessibility estimated by the Simple Bioaccessibility Extraction Test (SBET) of the studied elements varied with street dusts from different land use districts. Cd, Zn, Mn, Pb, Hg and As showed high bioaccessibility. SBET-extractable contents of elements were significantly correlated with their total contents and the dust properties (pH, organic matter contents). The carcinogenic risk probability for As and Cr to children and adults were under the acceptable level (<1 × 10⁻⁴). Hazard Quotient values for single elements and Hazard Index values for all studied elements suggested potential non-carcinogenic health risk to children, but not to adults.     

Local to regional emission sources affecting mercury fluxes to New York lakes

Lake-sediment records across the Northern Hemisphere show increases in atmospheric deposition of anthropogenic mercury (Hg) over the last 150 years. Most of the previous studies have examined remote lakes affected by the global atmospheric Hg reservoir. In this study, we present Hg flux records from lakes in an urban/suburban setting of central New York affected also by local and regional emissions. Sediment cores were collected from the Otisco and Skaneateles lakes from the Finger Lakes region, Cross Lake, a hypereutrophic lake on the Seneca River, and Glacial Lake, a small seepage lake with a watershed that corresponds with the lake area. Sediment accumulation rates and dates were established by ²¹⁰Pb. The pre-anthropogenic regional atmospheric Hg flux was estimated to be 3.0 μg m⁻² yr⁻¹ from Glacial Lake, which receives exclusively direct atmospheric deposition. Mercury fluxes peaked during 1971–2001, and were 3 to more than 30 times greater than pre-industrial deposition. Land use change and urbanization in the Otisco and Cross watersheds during the last century likely enhanced sediment loads and Hg fluxes to the lakes. Skaneateles and Glacial lakes have low sediment accumulation rates, and thus are excellent indicators for atmospheric Hg deposition. In these lakes, we found strong correlations with emission records for the Great Lakes region that markedly increased in the early 1900s, and peaked during WWII and in the early 1970s. Declines in modern Hg fluxes are generally evident in the core records. However, the decrease in sediment Hg flux at Glacial Lake was interrupted and has increased since the early 1990s probably due to the operation of new local emission sources. Assuming the global Hg reservoir tripled since the pre-industrial period, the contribution of local and regional emission sources to central New York lakes was estimated to about 80% of the total atmospheric Hg deposition.     

Comparison of mercury and methylmercury in northern pike and Arctic grayling from western Alaska rivers

In western Alaska, mercury (Hg) could be a potential health risk to people whose diet is primarily fish-based. In 2000, total Hg (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) were examined in northern pike (Esox lucius) and Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) from two watersheds in western Alaska, the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers. Whitefish (Coregonus sp.) were also examined from the Kuskokwim River. Pike from the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers had mean concentrations of THg in muscle of 1.506 and 0.628 mg/kg wet wt, respectively. The mean concentrations of THg in grayling muscle from these rivers were 0.264 and 0.078 mg/kg, respectfully. Whitefish had a mean THg concentration in muscle of 0.032 mg/kg. MeHg, in pike and grayling constituted nearly 100% of the THg concentrations; the proportion was less in whitefish. A significant positive correlation between Hg levels and fish length was also found. Generally, there were no changes in Hg concentrations in pike or grayling over the last several years. Only pike from theYukon River had THg concentrations that exceeded the USFDA action level for human consumption of edible fish (1 mg/kg). Human hazard index for pike was > or = 1 for both adults and children, indicating a potential for toxic concern, especially among children. Further studies are needed to determine the environmental and human health impacts associated with these Hg concentrations in western Alaska, especially in the context of potentially increased consumption of resident fishes when anadromous salmon catches are reduced.     

Sexual difference in mercury concentrations of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from Lake Ontario

We determined total mercury (Hg) concentrations in 50 female lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and 69 male lake trout from Lake Ontario (Ontario, Canada and New York, United States). Results showed that, on average, males were 8% higher in Hg concentration than females in Lake Ontario. We also used bioenergetics modeling to determine whether a sexual difference in gross growth efficiency (GGE) could explain the observed sexual difference in Hg concentrations. According to the bioenergetics modeling results, male GGE was about 3% higher than female GGE, on average. Although the bioenergetics modeling could not explain the higher Hg concentrations exhibited by the males, a sexual difference in GGE remained a plausible explanation for the sexual difference in Hg concentrations of the lake trout. In an earlier study, male lake trout from Lake Ontario were found to be 22% higher in polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentration than females from Lake Ontario. Thus, although males were higher in both Hg and PCB concentrations, the degree of the sexual difference in concentration varied between the two contaminants. Further research on sexual differences in Hg excretion rates and Hg direct uptake rates may be needed to resolve the disparity in results between the two contaminants.     

Indirect effect of nutrient accumulation intensified toxicity risk of metals in sediments from urban river network

The levels of metals in sediments of urban river ecosystems are crucial for aquatic environmental health and pollution assessment. Yet little is known about the interaction of nutrients with metals for environmental risks under contamination accumulation. Here, we combined hierarchical cluster, correlation, and principal component analysis with structural equation model (SEM) to investigate the pollution level, source, toxicity risk, and interaction associated with metals and nutrients in the sediments of a river network in a city area of East China. The results showed that the pollution associated with metals in sediments was rated as moderate degree of contamination load and medium-high toxicity risk in the middle and downstream of urban rivers based on contamination factor, pollution load index, and environmental toxicity quotient. The concentration of mercury (Hg) and zinc (Zn) showed a significant correlation with toxic risks, which had more contribution to toxicity than other metals in the study area. Organic nitrogen and organic pollution index showed heavily polluted sediments in south of the study area. Though correlation analysis indicated that nutrients and metals had different input zones from anthropogenic sources in the urban river network, SEM suggested that nutrient accumulation indirectly intensified toxicity risk of metals by 13.6% in sediments. Therefore, we suggested the combined consideration of metal toxicity risk with nutrient accumulation, which may provide a comprehensive understanding to identify sediment pollution.

Toxicity rate of metals in sediments from urban river network indirectly intensified by nutrients accumulation