秸秆-复合菌-污泥联合修复铬污染土壤技术

为探索修复Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤的新方法,以模拟某化工厂铬渣堆存场内Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤为研究对象,分别研究了秸秆-复合菌-污泥修复铬污染土壤单因素和3因素条件下对铬污染土壤的修复效果。结果表明:单独添加3%的秸秆时,土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)还原率可以达到25.88%;单独添加3%复合菌时,土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)还原率可以达到72.07%;单独添加50%的活性污泥时,土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)还原率可以达85.65%。3个因素中复合菌对土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)还原率的影响最大。综合考虑秸秆、污泥和复合菌3个因素对土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)还原的影响,设计了秸秆、污泥和复合菌的3因素联合实验,最后从修复的经济成本和修复效率考虑,确定最优物料组合为1%秸秆+1%复合菌+30%污泥,对土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)还原率可以达到96.6%。秸秆-复合菌-污泥对铬污染土壤的修复明显高于单独对铬污染土壤修复的效率。该技术在实现对铬污染土壤进行修复的同时,为秸秆和活性污泥的资源化利用开辟了新的途径,实现了"以废制废"。     

电动修复不同形态铬污染土壤的研究

研究了土壤中铬的价态对电动修复效率的影响以及电动修复前后土壤中铬形态的变化.结果表明,电动修复对于土壤中1 000 mg Cr(Ⅵ)/kg的去除效果明显,总铬去除率达59.7%;而对1 000 mg Cr(Ⅲ)/kg的去除效率较低,仅为6.2%;Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)(各500 mg/kg)同时污染的土壤,铬的去除率介于中间,为18.7%.电动修复前后,土壤中铬的形态也发生了明显的变化.其中,电动修复对土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)的提取形态影响最大,而对Cr(Ⅲ)提取形态并无太大的影响.总体上,电动修复后对于生物有效的弱酸可提取态铬的浓度都保持在较低水平,预期铬的环境风险(物理流动性和生态风险)将大大降低.     

利用CPS还原稳定化修复Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤

通过研究多硫化钙(CPS)与水溶液中六价铬(Cr(Ⅵ))中的反应,得出CPS与Cr(Ⅵ)的化学计量关系及主要反应产物;以CPS为修复剂,开展还原稳定化法对Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤的修复实验,并用Fe SO_4作对比,比较两者的稳定化效果。结果表明:CPS与水溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)反应的化学反应计量比为3∶2,对反应产物进行XRD表征,发现其主要成分为Cr(OH)3和单质S;CPS能够在短时间内大幅度降低砂土中总铬和Cr(Ⅵ)的浸出浓度以及土壤的Cr(Ⅵ)含量;经CPS处理之后的Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤,pH值从原来的8.9下降至8.2,而经Fe2+处理的土壤明显酸化,其pH值降至7.5;土壤氧化还原电位(ORP)先显著下降,后期随着CPS的逐步消耗稍有上升;经CPS稳定化处理后,土壤可交换态铬和碳酸盐结合态铬均明显减少,铬的稳定性增强,环境风险显著减小。     

不同还原药剂修复Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤的稳定性评估

针对目前铬污染场地修复后的长期稳定性问题,选用轻、重污染土壤和表层渣土混合物为研究对象,在分析其理化特性的基础上,对经CaS_4、FeSO_4·7H_2O和葡萄糖还原后土壤的长期稳定性进行评估,通过设置干燥和淹水2个条件,探究了水分对Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤长期稳定性的影响。结果表明:针对3种不同类型铬污染土壤,投加CaS_4对土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)的还原效果较FeSO_4·7H_2O和葡萄糖好;在360 d的采样周期内,干燥条件下的3种土壤经CaS_4处理后Cr(Ⅵ)浓度均保持稳定,经FeSO_4·7H_2O和葡萄糖药剂还原后,渣土混合物中Cr(Ⅵ)波动幅度较大,其余2种土壤呈稳定状态;淹水密闭条件下的3种土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)浓度均有下降趋势,特别是渣土混合物在投加FeSO_4·7H_2O和葡萄糖药剂处理后,下降趋势更为明显;在长期稳定性方面,在360 d的实验周期内,与淹水密闭条件相比,经还原修复后的Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤在干燥条件下的稳定性更强;Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤经还原后,有效的过量还原剂能在一定程度上抑制土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)浓度变化,且在淹水密闭条件下,土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)浓度呈下降趋势。     

还原稳定化法修复六价铬污染土壤的中试研究

为探索还原稳定化法修复六价铬污染土壤的工程可行性,以某化工厂铬渣堆存场内六价铬污染土壤为研究对象,开展还原稳定化法修复六价铬污染土壤的中试研究。结果表明,DARAMEND-M、硫酸亚铁(Fe SO4)和多硫化钙(CPS)3种药剂对土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率超过了99%,糖蜜对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率达93.9%。经糖蜜和DARAMEND-M处理的下层土壤,水溶态铬+交换态铬由原来的21.77%分别下降至6.26%和2.95%;经Fe SO4和CPS处理的渣土混合物,水溶态铬+交换态铬由22.12%分别下降至4.58%和2.94%,铬的稳定性明显增强。采用糖蜜、DARAMEND-M和Fe SO4处理后可以降低土壤p H值,而CPS处理则提高土壤p H值;糖蜜和DARAMEND-M有助于提高土壤微生物量碳含量。总体而言,糖蜜和DARAMEND-M适合修复低Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤,在还原稳定化效果和长效性方面,DARAMEND-M药剂优于糖蜜;Fe SO4和CPS在修复高Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤方面具显著效果。     

生物炭-微生物复合材料修复Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤条件优化及促生效果

生物炭和微生物在改善Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤质量方面得到了广泛的应用,而以生物炭-微生物制备的复合材料(BC-MT)在Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤修复中的促生效果鲜见报道。以玉米秸秆生物炭为载体吸附铬还原菌——藤黄微球菌(Micrococcus luteus)制备BC-MT,综合考察了BC-MT修复Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤最佳条件及促生效果。结果表明:藤黄微球菌能成功附着在生物炭上,BC-MT对Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤修复效果显著,在BC-MT投加量3%(质量分数,下同)、氮源投加量10g/kg、土壤含水率14%的条件下,修复25d,Cr(Ⅵ)去除率为64.35%,可提取态铬从27.01mg/L降至7.72mg/L。在3%BC-MT作用下,植物生长12周后地上、地下部分总铬含量分别降低了65.15%、49.76%,Cr(Ⅵ)分别降低了94.11%、87.74%,植物株高增加了17.7cm,生物量(以干重计)增加了132mg,叶绿素增加了4.65mg/g,可溶性糖增加了1.69mg/g。由此可见,BC-MT不但能有效降低土壤Cr(Ⅵ)含量,而且促生效果显著,具有广阔的应用价值。     

基于粒径分布的不同异位修复工艺除Cr特性

以我国某铬盐厂的铬污染土壤为研究对象,采用改进的BCR顺序提取法研究了粒径对不同修复工艺(异位淋洗、异位稳定化、湿法解毒)去除土壤中各形态Cr的影响。实验结果表明:粒径是影响铬渣污染土壤总铬和Cr(VI)去除的关键影响因素之一,粒径越细,越有利于3种异位修复工艺对土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除或还原,粒径越细越有利于异位淋洗工艺对总铬的消减。粒径对水溶态Cr、酸溶态Cr的去除影响显著,粒径越细,水溶态Cr、酸溶态Cr的去除率越高,水溶态Cr和酸溶态Cr的分离或去除是不同异位修复工艺实现铬渣污染土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)高效去除的有效手段;粒径对可还原态Cr的去除影响不显著,pH是影响可还原态Cr去除的主要影响因素;粒径对可氧化态Cr含量提升显著,尤其是对异位稳定化和湿法解毒工艺,粒径越细,可氧化态Cr增大倍数越高;粒径对残渣态Cr的去除影响不显著。     

铁系物还原稳定化技术修复铬污染土壤应用研究

铁系物还原与稳定化是修复铬(Cr)污染土壤的重要手段。采用硫化亚铁(FeS)、硫酸亚铁(FeSO₄)、四氧化三铁(Fe₃O₄)和纳米零价铁(nZVI)4种铁系物对Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤进行修复，优化修复条件，并进一步联用3种稳定剂(石英砂、高岭土和石灰石)对Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤进行修复。结果表明，4种铁系物对土壤Cr(Ⅵ)的还原效果为FeSO₄>nZVI>Fe₃O₄>FeS,3种稳定剂对土壤总Cr和Cr(Ⅵ)的稳定化效果为高岭土>石灰石>石英砂。其中，nZVI-石英砂和nZVI-高岭土联用对土壤Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率超过99%,修复后，土壤中可交换态和碳酸盐结合态的Cr含量减少，残渣态Cr含量增加。     

基于茶渣的生物炭负载零价铁对水体和土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)的修复及机理研究

利用茶渣中的残余多酚类物质,通过绿色合成法制得零价铁(ZVI),并以茶渣烧制的生物炭(BC)作为载体负载ZVI,将制得的ZVI/BC材料用于去除水体中Cr(Ⅵ)及修复Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤。结果表明,茶渣中提取的多酚可以成功还原Fe(Ⅱ)制备ZVI,且制得的ZVI/BC复合材料具有优秀的Cr(Ⅵ)去除能力;ZVI/BC对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程为单分子层化学吸附,ZVI为反应中心,其对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型,在溶液初始pH为3时对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附性能最佳。与BC相比,ZVI/BC更能促进土壤中的铬从易被利用的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态向较难被利用的铁锰氧化态、有机态转化。ZVI/BC主要通过还原反应修复土壤和水体中的Cr(Ⅵ),同时也伴随着表面络合过程。     

还原剂作用下Cr(Ⅵ)污染土渗透淋滤特性及成分分析

以湖南某铬污染场地中典型污染土壤为对象,采用硫酸亚铁(FeSO₄)和多硫化钙(CaS_x)2种还原剂,开展土壤修复实验和渗透淋滤实验,探讨不同还原剂对铬污染土渗透淋滤特性的影响规律,利用BCR形态提取和X射线衍射分析方法,评估不同还原剂对铬污染土中Cr(VI)的还原效果。结果表明,FeSO₄修复试样的渗透系数随FeSO₄/Cr(Ⅵ)摩尔比的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,CaS_x修复试样的渗透系数变化呈现相反规律。相同条件下,FeSO₄修复试样的渗透系数较CaS_x修复试样的渗透系数更大,表明CaS_x修复试样的抗渗效果更好。随着还原剂掺量增加,修复试样渗出液中Cr(Ⅵ)浓度随之降低,当FeSO₄/Cr(Ⅵ)摩尔比大于3时,渗出液中Cr(Ⅵ)浓度低于Ⅲ类地下水标准Cr(Ⅵ)浓度基准值0.05mg·L^-1。类似地,当CaS_x/Cr(Ⅵ)摩尔比大于3时,淋滤实验后...     

pH和有机质对铬渣污染土壤中Cr赋存形态的影响

选用3种不同的铬渣污染土壤作为试验样,通过调节其pH和有机质含量,并采用碱消解-共沉淀法和改良BCR顺序提取法,研究了pH和有机质含量对土壤中铬的价态及形态的影响。结果表明,总体上Cr(Ⅵ)含量随pH降低和有机质投加量增大而减小,Cr(Ⅲ)则增加,但土1各水平间差异均显著(F8.89),土2和土3只有部分水平间差异显著。同时,随pH降低和有机质投加量增大,酸可提取态Cr含量减小,可氧化态Cr增加,可还原态略有增加,表明酸性条件和有机质有利于Cr(Ⅵ)的还原和酸可提取态Cr向可还原态和可氧化态Cr的转化。     

高浓度铬污染土壤水浸泡与电动修复联合处理实验

对含铬量为2 142 mg/kg的铬污染土壤首先使用蒸馏水进行6轮浸泡试验,然后再进行电动修试验。土壤经过浸泡、通电24 h和72 h处理后总铬的去除率分别为:47%、61%和70%,表明预浸泡可以显著降低电动修复的负荷从而降低整个土壤修复费用。电动修复过程中对土壤两端的温度进行了测量以间接反映土壤电阻的分布和变化情况。结果显示土壤电阻逐渐上升,从阴极端开始逐渐过渡到阳极端,60 h之后达到最高值并保持稳定。电动修复的电流效率随土壤中铬浓度的降低而下降。此外,浸泡和电动修复均导致整个土壤和各断面铬浓度分布不均匀性增大。     

Physicochemical and biological quality of soil in hexavalent chromium-contaminated soils as affected by chemical and microbial remediation

Chemical and microbial methods are the main remediation technologies for chromium-contaminated soil. These technologies have progressed rapidly in recent years; however, there is still a lack of methods for evaluating the chemical and biological quality of soil after different remediation technologies have been applied. In this paper, microbial remediation with indigenous bacteria and chemical remediation with ferrous sulphate were used for the remediation of soils contaminated with Cr(VI) at two levels (80 and 1,276 mg kg^?1) through a column leaching experiment. After microbial remediation with indigenous bacteria, the average concentration of water-soluble Cr(VI) in the soils was reduced to less than 5.0 mg kg^?1. Soil quality was evaluated based on 11 soil properties and the fuzzy comprehensive assessment method, including fuzzy mathematics and correlative analysis. The chemical fertility quality index was improved by one grade using microbial remediation with indigenous bacteria, and the biological fertility quality index increased by at least a factor of 6. Chemical remediation with ferrous sulphate, however, resulted in lower levels of available phosphorus, dehydrogenase, catalase and polyphenol oxidase. The result showed that microbial remediation with indigenous bacteria was more effective for remedying Cr(VI)-contaminated soils with high pH value than chemical remediation with ferrous sulphate. In addition, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was proven to be a useful tool for monitoring the quality change in chromium-contaminated soils.     

Photochemical reduction of hexavalent chromium in glycerol-containing solutions

Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] in the form of potassium dichromate was photochemically reduced to trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] in aqueous solutions containing glycerol. This reaction occurred rapidly during irradiation with either unfiltered sunlight or a UVA-emitting light source. Photochemical reduction of Cr(VI) was pH-dependent and did not occur in dilute solutions of sodium hydroxide. In acidified solutions, the reduction occurred at elevated rates and at lower concentrations of glycerol. This reaction was found to be dependent on the unsubstituted alcohol groups of glycerol since alpha-phosphoglycerol and beta-phosphoglycerol did not support the photochemical reduction of Cr(VI). These findings suggest that glycerol or related polyols can be used for the remediation of hexavalent (toxic) chromium at contaminated environmental sites.     

Removal of hexavalent chromium of contaminated soil by coupling electrokinetic remediation and permeable reactive biobarriers

Purpose

In this study, a novel and ecological alternative have been developed to treat soils contaminated with hexavalent chromium coupling two well-known systems: electrokinetic remediation and permeable reactive biobarriers. The electric field promotes the electromigration of the hexavalent chromium oxyanions towards the anode. The biobarriers were placed before the anode electrode, in order to promote the reduction and retention of the chromium migrating in its direction. Thus, this technology provided a global treatment to soil removal without subsequent treatments of the contaminated effluents.

Methods

The electrokinetic system was coupled with two different permeable reactive biobarriers composed by Arthrobacter viscosus bacteria, supported either in activated carbon or zeolite. An electric field of 10?V was applied and two different treatment times of 9 and 18?days were tested.

Results

Removal values of 60% and 79% were obtained when electrokinetic treatment was coupled with zeolite and activated carbon biobarriers, respectively, for a test period of 18?day. The reduction of hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium was around 45% for both systems.

Conclusions

In this work, two types of biobarriers were efficiently coupled to electrokinetic treatment to decontaminate soil with Cr(VI). Furthermore, the viability of the new coupling technology developed (electrokinetic?+?biobarriers) to treat low-permeability polluted soils was demonstrated.     

Leaching and reduction of chromium in soil as affected by soil organic content and plants

The oxidation state of chromium in contaminated soils is an important indicator of toxicity and potential mobility. Chromium in the hexavalent state is highly toxic and soluble, whereas the trivalent state is much less toxic and relatively insoluble. A laboratory study investigated the impact of growing plants and supplemental organic matter on chromium transport in soil. Plants alone had no appreciable effect on the chromium oxidation state in soil. Soil columns with higher organic content were associated with lower ratios of chromate:total chromium than the columns with lower organic matter. Analyses of column leachate, plant biomass, and soil indicate that more chromium leaching occurred in the vegetated, low organic columns. Retention of Cr in the soils was correlated to the Cr(III) content. Plant uptake of chromium accounted for less than 1% of the chromium removed from the soil. Overall, the addition of organic matter had the strongest influence on chromium mobility.     

Evaluation of various chemical extraction methods to estimate plant-available arsenic in mine soils

Elevated levels of bioavailable As in mining soils, agricultural areas and human habitats may cause potential toxicity to human health, plants and microbe. Therefore, it is essential to determine proper soil chemical extraction method in order to estimate plant-available As in mining soils and protect agricultural and environmental ecosystems by evaluation of environmental risk and implementation of remediation measures. In this study, six single soil chemical extraction processes and four-step sequential chemical extraction protocol were used to determine the relative distribution of As in different chemical forms of soils and their correlations with total As in plants grown in mining areas and greenhouse experiments. The strongest relationship between As determined by single soil chemical extraction and As in plant biomass was found for sodium acetate and mixed acid extractant. The mean percent of total As extracted was: ammonium oxalate (41%)>hydroxylamine hydrochloride (32%)>mixed acid (16%)>phosphate (6%)>sodium acetate (1.2%)>water (0.13%). This trend suggests that most of the As in these soils is inside the soil mineral matrix and can only be released when iron oxides and other minerals are dissolved by the stronger chemical extractant. Single soil chemical extraction methods using sodium acetate and mixed acids, that extract As fractions complexed to soil particles or on the surface of mineral matrix of hydrous oxides of Fe, Mn and Al (exchangeable+sorbed forms) can be employed to estimate and predict the bioavailable As fraction for plant uptake in mining affected soils. In sequential chemical extraction methods, ammonium nitrate and hydroxylamine hydrochloride may be used to provide closer estimates of plant-available As in mining soils.     

Effect of chromium on the fatty acid composition of two strains of Euglena gracilis

The effect of hexavalent chromium on fatty acid composition was studied in two strains of Euglena gracilis; UTEX 753 (from the Culture Collection of Algae of Texas University, USA) and MAT (isolated from a highly polluted River). Both were grown in photoauxotrophic and photoheterotrophic conditions and exposed to two metal concentrations, one below and one above IC50. The high malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (3 to 7-fold) obtained with chromium concentration above IC50, suggested the existence of metal-induced lipid peroxidation. Total lipid content increased only with concentration below IC50, whereas it was inhibited by higher metal concentration. Photoheterotrophic control strains exhibited a significantly higher proportion of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Polyunsaturated acids were most affected by chromium, especially those related to chloroplast structures. Ultra-structure studies showed clear thylakoid disorganization in all treated cells. The results indicate that hexavalent chromium affects levels of fatty acids, especially those related to photosynthetic activity.     

交换电极法强化电动修复铬污染土壤

pH值是影响污染土壤电动修复的主要因素。为此提出了交换电极法强化电动修复,并对该技术进行了实验研究。实验土壤Cr污染浓度为506.36 mg/kg,工作电压为1 V/cm,结果显示,固定电极方向运行模式下,运行2 d,产生聚焦效应,运行8 d,碱性区Cr(III)残留量和酸性区Cr(VI)残留量较大,分别是97.88 mg/kg和328 mg/kg,总铬去除率为59.04%。采用交换电极法,交换频率为4 d,运行8 d,总铬去除率为70.18%;交换频率为2 d,运行8 d,总铬去除率高达86.10%,土壤中总铬平均含量从506.36 mg/kg降至73.56 mg/kg,达到酸性土壤环境质量一级标准。该技术可控制土壤pH值在中性范围,电流密度高,不添加化学试剂,操作简单。     

Distribution, origin and fate of chromium in soils in Guanajuato, Mexico

Total, hexavalent and trivalent chromium were determined in surface and 30-cm depth soil samples from a highly chromium-polluted area in Guanajuato state, central México. Four samples were also analyzed by a sequential extraction procedure. Nearly 0.9 km(2) out of the 8 km(2) area sampled was polluted with chromium, at concentrations up to 12960 mg kg(-1), mostly as Cr(III). Concentrations of Cr(VI) were lower than 0.5 mg kg(-1) in most sampled points, with the exception of one, where the concentration was found to be 65.14 mg kg(-1). Chromiumcontaining dust from a chromate factory accounted for most of the contamination. The highest concentrations of hexavalent chromium in soil, were in the bottom sediments of an abandoned water reservoir used to store polluted water from a well, before use of the water in the factory process. Tannery wastes, dust from a sanitary landfill of chromate compounds and the transport of chromium products are the sources of chromium at other sites. Chromium is fixed preferentially in the hydrous Fe and Mn oxides in the more polluted soils. Less polluted soils have a high proportion of chromium associated with the sulfide and organic fraction. Cr(III) is retained preferentially in the superficial soil layer. Variations in the physical characteristics of the soil, relative abundance of the various soil components and characteristics of the contaminant source, give rise to differences in chromium soil concentrations with depth.