富马酸单甲酯抑制球形棕囊藻生长的研究

研究了富马酸单甲酯对球形棕囊藻赤潮生物的抑制作用。结果表明:富马酸单甲酯可以有效延长藻细胞的生长适应期,降低生长量,缩短生长稳定期和诱导藻体细胞自溶。同时,运用量子化学原理从理论上论证了富马酸单甲酯分子控制赤潮藻类生长的作用机理。     

球形棕囊藻对Pb2+的吸附动力学

研究了球形棕囊藻对金属离子Pb2+在球形棕囊藻上的生物吸附特性.结果显示,Pb2+在球形棕囊藻上的生物吸附可以分为2个阶段,第1阶段为物理吸附,在10min内快速达到平衡;第2阶段为金属离子向藻内部的迁移,过程缓慢.通过拟合得到了吸附过程的准二级动力学方程,参数k为0.0025 g·mg-1·min-1,qe为19.8 mg·g-1.吸附等温线结果表明.Pb2+在球形棕囊藻上的生物吸附可以用Langmuir来描述,最大吸附量qmax为20.2 mg·g-1.     

有机改性蒙脱土去除球形棕囊藻赤潮研究

采用离子交换法制备出一种稳定的十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)改性蒙脱土,考察了其对球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa Scherffel)赤潮的杀灭控制作用和絮凝沉降动力学。结果表明,当藻细胞起始密度为1.1×106/mL、改性粘土用量为14 mg/L时,作用48 h后对球形棕囊藻的除藻率为87%;用量为22 mg/L时的除藻率可达91%,而当藻细胞起始密度增大为6.3×106/mL时,同等用量和时间条件下,除藻率分别为62%、73%,呈现出明显的剂量-效应关系,除藻率受藻细胞起始密度影响较大。絮凝沉降实验发现,10 mg/L的改性粘土在60 m in时的沉降率即可达到80%,表明改性粘土对球形棕囊藻有较强的沉降作用及较快的沉降速率。     

温度、盐度和光照对球形棕囊藻生长和产毒的影响研究

为阐明溶血毒素的生物合成机制、正确认识和评价球形棕囊藻赤潮的危害,设计了盐度、温度、光照三因素三水平正交实验,考查了不同盐度、温度、光照条件下球形棕囊藻的生长和产毒的变化,分析了盐度、温度、光照强度对球形棕囊藻生长和产毒的影响.结果显示,温度是影响球形棕囊藻生长和产毒的显著因子,盐度和光照的影响不显著.30℃时球形棕囊藻比生长速率最大,藻细胞产毒能力最强,但所能到达的藻密度最小.在盐度为22、33、40,温度为20、25、30 ℃,光照为2000、4000、5000 lx的所有实验组合中,盐度为40、温度为30℃、光照为4000 lx时球形棕囊藻细胞产毒能力最强,盐度为40、温度为30℃、光照为5000 lx时球形棕囊藻的比生长速率最大.     

溶藻细菌的分离鉴定及对球形棕囊藻溶藻作用的环境因子研究

从珠海香洲码头赤潮海水中分离获得1株具有溶藻作用的细菌Y01,通过形态及16S rDNA序列分析鉴定为芽孢杆菌属。探讨了盐度、光照、藻细胞数等环境因子对球形棕囊藻溶藻效果的影响。结果表明:细菌Y01溶藻效果在盐度为30时优于其它盐度;光暗比(12 h∶12 h)时Y01的溶藻能力优于无光照条件,达到98%;利用HPLC进行藻细胞色素分析发现,随着棕囊藻细胞数的下降,藻细胞色素含量锐减,无光照条件下藻细胞色素的种类减少2种,分别是别藻黄素和叶黄素;Y01对处于生长初期的球形棕囊藻的抑制效果优于指数生长期的球形棕囊藻。     

2株球形棕囊藻溶藻细菌的分离及鉴定

从珠海赤潮海水中分离出2株溶藻细菌Y01和Y04,对球形棕囊藻均有显著的溶藻效果.结果表明,溶藻细菌Y01和Y04均为革兰氏阳性菌,对球形棕囊藻的溶解作用时间为6 d.借助显微镜及扫描电镜等观察Y01和Y04溶藻过程,发现2株溶藻细菌的溶藻方式均为直接裂解藻细胞.溶藻细菌Y01和Y04的16S rDNA系列分析表明,溶...     

季磷盐改性蒙脱土去除球形棕囊藻的实验研究

用L9(34)正交实验对季磷盐改性蒙脱土制备的工艺进行了优化,在60℃、搅拌时间6h、pH7、季磷盐与蒙脱土的阳离子交换容量比为1.5:1.0的条件下,制备得到的季磷盐改性蒙脱土,并考察了其对球形棕囊藻去除效果和影响因素.结果表明,作用48 h后, 20.0mg/L的改性蒙脱土除藻率可以达到93.2%以上.通过FT-IR、XRD和SEM等方法表征发现,季磷盐插入蒙脱土的层间,能够有效降低黏土颗粒与藻细胞间的静电斥力,使其吸附藻细胞性能提高.对比除藻实验结果显示,季磷盐改性蒙脱土除藻效果明显优于未改性蒙脱土、季磷盐改性高岭土和季铵盐改性蒙脱土.     

细菌B1胞外活性物质对球形棕囊藻的溶藻机制初探

为探讨溶藻细菌B1对球形棕囊藻的溶藻作用机理及起作用的胞外活性物质的类别,研究了从珠海香洲码头赤潮海水中分离获得的溶藻细菌BI的无菌滤液对球形棕囊藻生长过程中的叶绿素a含量、丙二醛含量(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响,并对溶藻细菌B1分泌的胞外活性物质进行了初步分析.当100 mL藻液中加入1 mL的无菌滤液,除藻率达到了83％.B1无菌滤液使藻中丙二醛的含量显著上升,48 h达到最大值153％,球形棕囊藻的SOD、CAT活性在处理开始后保持下降趋势,分别在96 h、48 h达到最低值27％、33％.研究表明B1无菌滤液(不大于1 mL)对棕囊藻的溶藻效果与加入的量成正比,且主要通过降低机体中保护酶的活性和加剧膜脂质过氧化的程度等来抑制球形棕囊藻的生长;细菌B1分泌的胞外活性物质中可能含有芳香醛类且包括载有磷基团的有机物,但不含蛋白质.     

芽孢杆菌 B1胞外活性物质对球形棕囊藻的溶藻特性研究

从珠海香洲码头赤潮海水中分离获得1株对球形棕囊藻有显著溶藻效果的芽孢杆菌B1,研究了B1对棕囊藻的溶藻作用方式,溶藻过程中藻细胞结构变化,并采用透析、乙醇沉淀、有机溶剂萃取、酸碱及热稳定性分析等方法探讨了溶藻活性物质的性质.结果表明,B1无菌滤液对棕囊藻有较强的溶藻效应,除藻率达94.9%,B1通过分泌活性物质间接对球形棕囊藻的生长产生抑制;藻培养液中加入B1无菌滤液16 h后,藻细胞发生团聚,细胞壁失去完整性,56 h后藻细胞破碎,胞内物质溶出;相对分子质量<3 500的分泌物是溶藻过程中起主要作用的活性物质,具有较强极性和热稳定性,在121℃加热20 min后,仍然有良好的溶藻能力,除藻率达92.6%,活性物质在pH 9.0左右溶藻能力较强,在乙醇中不发生沉淀反应,由此推测该活性物质为含有酸性或碱性基团的非生物活性分子,不属于蛋白质、核酸、多糖等物质.     

风浪扰动促进中肋骨条藻和球形棕囊藻增殖的模拟研究

利用中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)和球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)两种海洋微藻为研究材料,设置以摇床震荡模拟风浪扰动培养处理与摇床静止培养处理,着重测定藻液光密度(OD680)、比生长速率、藻体生物量和叶绿素含量等生理生化指标,研究风浪扰动对海洋微藻细胞增殖的作用效应,比较不同海洋微藻对风浪扰动的响应差异,探讨风浪扰动对海洋微藻生消的影响。结果表明,模拟风浪扰动处理显著地促进了中肋骨条藻和球形棕囊藻的细胞增殖:模拟风浪扰动处理下中肋骨条藻和球形棕囊藻的最大生长速率分别为0.77/d和0.54/d,而静止培养处理下中肋骨条藻和球形棕囊藻的最大生长速率分别只有0.44/d和0.32/d。同样地,中肋骨条藻和球形棕囊藻在模拟风浪扰动处理下的生物量(分别为277.78和435.56 mg/L)和叶绿素a含量(分别为1.68和3.63 mg/L)也显著高于他们在静止培养处理下的生物量(分别为82.22和50.00 mg/L)和叶绿素a含量(分别为1.23和0.91 mg/L)。结果揭示,适宜的风浪扰动有利于海洋微藻的生长繁殖,进而可能会促成海洋赤潮的爆发;不同海洋微藻对扰动的响应性差异,可能是引起海洋生态系统中赤潮藻群落动态更替变化的一个重要因素。     

Detection of Phaeocystis globosa using sandwich hybridization integrated with nuclease protection assay (NPA-SH)

Phaeocystis globosa Scherffel is one of the common harmful algae species in coastal waters of the southeastern China. In this study, sandwich hybridization integrated with nuclease protection assay (NPA-SH) was used to qualitatively and quantitatively detect P. globosa. Results showed that this method had good applicability and validity in analyzing the samples from laboratory cultures and from fields. The linear regression equation for P. globosa was obtained, and the lowest detection number of cells was 1.8 × 10⁴ cells. Statistics showed that there was no distinct difference between the results of detecting the microalgae by NPA-SH and traditional microscopy. This technique has good reliability, accuracy, and can give a remarkably high sample processing rate. Sandwich hybridization integrated with nuclease protection assay will provide an efficient alternative to microscopic method for monitoring and investigating the bloom of P. globosa.     

Efficacy of two chemical coagulants and three different filtration media on removal of Aspergillus flavus from surface water

Aquatic fungi are common in various aqueous environments and play potentially crucial roles in nutrient and carbon cycling as well as interacting with other organisms. Species of Aspergillus are the most common fungi that occur in water. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the efficacy of two coagulants, aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride, used at different concentrations to treat drinking water, in removing Aspergillusflavus, as well as testing three different filtration media： sand, activated carbon, and ceramic granules, for their removal of fungi from water. The results revealed that both coagulants were effective in removing fungi and decreasing the turbidity of drinking water, and turbidity decreased with increasing coagulant concentration. Also, at the highest concentration of the coagulants, A. flavus was decreased by 99.6% in the treated water. Among ceramic granules, activated carbon, and sand used as media for water filtration, the sand and activated carbon filters were more effective in removing A.flavus than ceramic granules while simultaneously decreasing the turbidity levels in the test water samples. Post-treatment total organic carbon （TOC） and total nitrogen （TN） concentrations in the experimental water did not decrease; on the contrary, TN concentrations increased with the increasing dosage of coagulants. The filtration process had no effect in reducing TOC and TN in tested water.     

镉超富集植物球果菜对镉-砷复合污染的反应及其吸收积累特征

采用室外盆栽模拟方法,比较和分析了镉（Cd）-砷（As）复合污染处理对球果菜（Rorippa globosa,十字花科焊菜属,1种从农田杂草中新发现的镉超富集植物）的生长及其对Cd、As吸收和积累特征的影响.结果表明,在低浓度Cd-As复合污染条件下,由于Cd、As的拮抗作用,从而促进植物的生长发育,同时也促进地上部对Cd的吸收和积累.在Cd-As复合污染处理浓度为10 mg/kg和50 mg/kg时,株高和地上部干重达到最大（分别为35.9 cm和2.2 g/盆）,叶片中Cd积累量高于同浓度单一Cd处理.Cd-As复合污染高浓度处理表现出对球果菜生长以及Cd的吸收和积累有协同的抑制作用.同时,球果菜根部对As的吸收能力大于其地上部,相应的富集系数≤0.3,转移系数≤0.6,说明球果菜对As有一定的排斥作用.这些结果表明,球果菜有很强的忍耐Cd-As复合污染的能力,对修复Cd-As复合污染土壤具有一定的潜力.     

Atmospheric impacts of the life cycle emissions of fuel ethanol in Brazil: based on chemical exergy

An assessment is made of the atmospheric emissions from the life cycle of fuel ethanol coupled with the cogeneration of electricity from sugarcane in Brazil. The total exergy loss from the most quantitative relevant atmospheric emission substances produced by the life cycle of fuel ethanol is 3.26E+05 kJ/t of C₂H₅OH. Compared with the chemical exergy of 1 t of ethanol (calculated as 34.56E+06 kJ), the exergy loss from the life cycle's atmospheric emission represents 1.11% of the product's exergy. The activity that most contributes to atmospheric emission chemical exergy losses is the harvesting of sugarcane through the methane emitted in burning. Suggestions for improved environmental quality and greater efficiency of the life cycle of fuel ethanol with cogenerated energy are: harvesting the sugarcane without burning, renewable fuels should be used in tractors, trucks and buses instead of fossil fuel and the transportation of products and input should be logistically optimized.     

可燃物化学性质对燃烧释放PM2.5元素成分的影响

通过自主设计的燃烧装置,对云南省6种典型乔木树种的不同器官(枝、叶、皮)室内模拟阴、明燃两种燃烧过程,收集燃烧排放颗粒物(PM_2.5)并测定K、Mg等8种元素排放因子,比较不同燃烧状态释放PM_2.5中元素含量的差异,同时分析各元素排放因子与可燃物自身元素含量之间的相关性.结果表明:可燃物中K、Mg和Ca元素含量较高,范围为(137.74~4670.70) mg/kg,微量元素Mn含量突出;阔叶可燃物元素含量普遍高于针叶,器官间元素含量差异显著;燃烧释放PM_2.5中K、Na元素排放因子较高,范围为(0.4269~4.9321)~(0.6311~3.0856) mg/kg,微量元素Zn较高、Cu最少,范围为(0.0409~0.3670)~(0.0029~0.0458) mg/kg,常量元素高于微量;树种间元素排放因子表现针叶高于阔叶,器官间较可燃物自身差异增大;燃烧状态对排放因子存在影响,常量元素普遍表现为明燃>阴燃,微量元素无明显规律;PM_2.5与可燃物各元素含量比值中,Na元素最高,其余元素占比普遍0~1%范围,微量元素含量比高于常量,针叶高于阔叶;可燃物的化学性质对其排放特性影响显著,可燃物与PM_2.5的元素间相关性较高,相关水平普遍达0.600以上,器官间不同元素相关水平表现为:常量元素普遍高于微量元素,针叶略高于阔叶,叶>皮>枝,明燃高于阴燃.     

生命周期视角下废弃餐饮油脂炼制生物柴油的环境效益分析

废弃餐饮油脂的资源化利用是关乎公众健康和环境保护的重要举措.目前我国废弃餐饮油脂炼制生物柴油的环境效益尚不明晰、国家政策模糊,相关产业发展滞缓.本研究以国内废弃餐饮油脂炼制生物柴油的典型企业为例,利用GaBi软件对废弃餐饮油脂的收集、预处理、酯化和运输等过程全生命周期阶段的资源环境影响进行系统核算,评估其环境效益,以期为国家生物柴油行业发展和相关政策制定提供科学依据.研究结果表明:①整个生命周期过程中,酯化阶段的环境影响最大,各指标占比为52.91%～96.05%,其环境影响主要是由燃煤、用电和甲醇消耗引起;②敏感性分析结果显示,燃煤、用电、甲醇消耗和收集距离的变化对整个生命周期环境影响结果有着较大影响;③废弃餐饮油脂炼制的生物柴油生命周期化石能源消耗16406 MJ·t~(-1)、温室气体排放815 kg CO_2 eq·t~(-1),与石化柴油相比,具有较好的节能和温室气体减排效益.     

Simulation based life cycle assessment of airborne emissions of biomass-based ethanol products from different feedstock planting areas in China

Oil shortage and environmental deterioration urge people to pay more and more attention to Biomass-based Fuel Ethanol (BFE), because it is renewable and apparently environmentally friendly. This paper aims to assess and compare the air emissions of three BEF products from different feedstock planting areas in China. For the purpose of a “cradle to grave” study of biomass-based ethanol fuel as a substitute transportation fuel, the authors chose “vehicle fueled by biomass-based E10 (a blend of 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline, v/v)” as the subject. Then, life cycle emission models of Wheat-based E10 from central China, Corn-based E10 from northeast China, and Cassava-based E10 from southwest China were set up based on surveys; life cycle emission functions of CO₂, CO, N₂O, NO_x, SO₂, CH₄, VOC, and PM₁₀ were constructed and value of each emission category was calculated based on Monte Carlo simulation of the life cycle emission models. The calculation results showed that compared with gasoline-fueled vehicles, biomass-based E10-fueled vehicles release less CO₂ and VOC in their lifecycles, but wheat-based E10-fueled and cassava-based E10-fueled ones have more emissions of CO, CH₄, N₂O, NO_x, SO₂, PM₁₀ and corn-based E10-fueled ones have more emissions of CH₄, N₂O, NO_x, SO₂, PM₁₀. Suggestions on reducing the emissions have been proposed for future actions.