插板对正庚烷油池火燃烧行为的影响研究

海上石油泄漏常规的处理方法是原位燃烧,加速其燃烧并使其燃尽是降低其对生态环境影响的重要措施之一。以正庚烷为燃料,在油池内插入竖直铝板,研究不同高度铝板对池火燃烧行为的影响。结果表明,插板对池火燃烧速率以及火焰高度具有明显的增强作用,随着板的高度的增加,增强作用先增大后减小,当H_p/D(板高与油池直径之比)为3.5时,增强作用最大。火焰高度、板的温度、热通量以及燃烧速率的变化趋势一致,它们的临界点均在H_p/D=3.5附近。插板后燃烧速率增大主要是因为插板自身的热传导导致了燃料的核态沸腾,使燃料接受的热反馈增大,从而加快了燃料的蒸发,增大了燃烧速率。     

乙二醇流淌火燃烧特性及围堵性能研究

为研究乙二醇流淌火燃烧蔓延特性,利用自行设计的流淌火试验平台,开展了乙二醇流淌火实体试验,研究了试验过程中火焰温度、前锋移动、火焰高度等典型参数变化规律。同时,为实现流淌火的有效蔓延控制,开发酚醛泡沫材料模拟乙二醇流淌火围堵处置,评价其围堵效能。结果表明:乙二醇流淌火燃烧速度缓慢,火焰温度低于池火温度;酚醛泡沫材料对可燃液体流淌火展现出较好耐火、阻隔作用,对液体危化品的泄漏围堵具有积极实践意义。     

变坡度条件下正丁醇定常流淌火非稳态燃烧行为研究*

为探究流淌火在变坡度地面的蔓延特性,丰富火灾研究理论,推进流淌火预防和风险评估的发展,采用1套自制矩形小尺度油槽系统,研究正丁醇变坡度、变泄漏速率情况下溢油定常流淌火的蔓延特性。结果表明:当泄漏速率相同时,坡度越大,正丁醇的加速过程越明显,当坡度从1°上升到4°,正丁醇扩散速率增大了40.8%;不同坡度下,正丁醇的平均火焰高度随泄漏速率的变化均呈现“上升-下降-稳定”趋势;流淌火蔓延过程中脉动方式分为2种:“跳跃-爬行”和“跳跃-爬行-回缩”;当泄漏速率较小时,流淌火蔓延过程中的脉动频率随油槽坡度的增大而增大,当泄漏速率较大时,脉动频率不再随油槽坡度的改变而发生明显趋势变化。     

庚烷池火多火源燃烧特性的实验研究

多火源燃烧是森林火灾和城市群发性火灾中重要而又特殊的火灾现象,相关研究很少。通过恒定控制液面高度的实验系统,对直径0.1m、0.2m和0.4m的庚烷池火在单个火源、两火源燃烧和三火源线性排列时的火焰高度、火焰体积和燃烧速率等特性进行了实验研究。研究发现,三火源燃烧时中间火源的火焰高度、火焰体积和燃烧速率明显高于两火源燃烧和单火源燃烧,三火源燃烧时边上火源与两火源的燃烧状况难以区分。这些燃烧特性随着火源间距的减小,呈现增大趋势。热量反馈增强和空气卷吸受限这两种火源相互作用机制相互耦合,且随着火源间距的减小而增强,在S/D（S为火源间距,D为油池直径）为2～4时,两种机制强烈竞争,在其他参数范围内热量反馈增强效应占主导作用。研究还发现火焰体积与热释放速率有较好的线性相关关系,单位火焰体积的热释放速率约为1614kW/m3。     

高原乙醇油池火燃烧特性实验研究

为研究低压条件下油品燃烧特性,以乙醇油池火为研究对象,搭建高原油池火实验平台,研究不同油盘直径下乙醇油池火燃烧规律,分析燃烧速率、火焰高度和火焰脉动等参数随时间的变化规律。研究结果表明：低压条件下的乙醇油池火,燃烧速率小于同等尺度常压条件下的油池火燃烧速率;乙醇油池火的燃烧速率随油盘直径增加变化不明显;火焰高度随油池直径增加呈现显著上升趋势,并拟合推导出适用于低压乙醇池火的火焰高度公式;火焰脉动频率随油池直径增大而减小,并给出火焰脉动与油池直径的经验公式。研究结果可丰富低压乙醇燃烧的油池火实验数据,为低压乙醇油池火的风险评估提供参考。     

基于燃烧相互作用的PMMA相向火蔓延特性实验研究

为探究耦合燃烧作用对固体可燃物火蔓延的影响,开展基于燃烧相互作用的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(polymethyl methacrylate, PMMA)相向火蔓延特性实验研究。通过对不同宽度PMMA板进行相向火蔓延实验,获取火焰图像、温度场、质量损失速率等燃烧特性参数,分析相向火蔓延的过程特点与燃烧机理。研究结果表明：相向火蔓延过程中存在4个典型阶段,即快速发展阶段、相对稳定阶段、相互作用阶段、融合燃尽阶段;PMMA板宽度对相向火蔓延燃烧特性的影响较为显著,体现在热解区长度、相对稳定状态维持时间、质量损失速率等参数变化上。研究结果可为建筑物保温材料的火灾预防抑制提供参考。     

不同边沿高度油池火燃烧行为的实验和数值模拟研究

采用实验和FDS数值模拟相结合的方法,探讨了边沿高度对油池火燃烧特性的影响。在实验部分,研究了燃烧速率和表观火焰高度随边沿高度的变化趋势,并分别分析了各个阶段的热反馈机制。在实验获得不同尺度、边沿高度正庚烷油池火燃烧速率的前提下,建立相应尺度的不同边沿高度油池火的Fire Dynamics Simulator(FDS)计算模型以针对火焰高度进行了数值模拟研究,分析了实际火焰高度、火焰下探高度随边沿高度的变化趋势,并提出了相关的无量纲拟合式。     

天然气管道泄漏喷射火燃烧特性研究

针对天然气管道泄漏发生喷射火事故,采用动态火灾软件FDS进行天然气管道泄漏喷射火数值仿真,结合固体火焰模型分析了火焰几何特性、温度与热辐射空间分布等关键参数,依据温度与热辐射伤害准则确定了危险区域范围;并对比不同风速和泄漏孔径下火灾事故的危险范围,研究风速和泄漏孔径对火灾事故的影响程度。结果表明:热辐射是火灾后果的主导因素,25.4 mm泄漏孔径喷射火灾充分燃烧时,其火焰最高温度为1 200℃,喷射口25 m以内为危险区域,随风速增大,温度伤害范围略有增大,热辐射伤害范围显著增大;泄漏孔径变化对喷射火事故后果的影响与风速变化的影响相同,但泄漏孔径对事故后果的影响更为显著,泄漏孔径从6.35 mm增大至25.4 mm和101.6 mm,人员温度伤害半径分别增大2.71倍和10.42倍。最后,结合仿真结果,提出了具有针对性的喷射火应急防控措施。     

正方形煤油池火燃烧特性研究

实验研究了无风条件下正方形煤油池火的燃烧特性,包括燃烧速率、火焰高度和火焰脉动频率等。正方形油池边长分别为0．2m,0．4m,0．6m,0．8m,油池壁面高度均为0．13m。利用图像处理技术分析了油池火火焰高度,并在此基础上建立了获取火焰脉动频率的两种方法。研究发现,油池壁面高度的存在使油池火的燃烧速率低于理论值;燃烧速率实验值与油池特征尺寸（d／L）呈单调递减关系;较小尺度油池的平均火焰高度与理论预测值比较接近,但较大尺度油池的平均火焰高度明显低于理论预测值;油池壁面的存在使油池火脉动频率低于理论值;随特征尺度（d／L）的增加火焰的脉动频率范围加大,脉动不稳定加剧。     

垫水层对油池火燃烧特性影响的试验研究

研究垫水层对小尺度油池火燃烧特性的影响.分别测量在有、无垫水层情况下,正庚烷和航空煤油(RP-5)池火燃烧过程中质量损失速率及温度分布随时间的变化特征,同时通过摄像机记录油池燃烧过程中发生的现象.结果表明,垫水层对不同沸点燃料池火的燃烧发展过程及质量损失速率的影响截然不同.当无垫水层时,由于池壁温度超过燃料沸点,庚烷池火发生沸腾燃烧现象;而航空煤油沸点较高,燃烧过程中没有发生沸腾现象.当有垫水层存在时,由于油水界面温度超过水的沸点,沸点较高的航空煤油池火发生薄层喷溅现象;由于庚烷沸点低于水,庚烷垫水池火燃烧过程比较平稳,只发生了局部溅射现象.     

An experimental study on the burning rate of a continuously released n-heptane spill fire on an open water surface

Spill fires are common during oil product storage and transportation after a loss of containment. Since the burning fuel is moving and the fuel depth is quite shallow, the burning rate in a spill fire is different from that of a pool fire with a static burning zone. Unlike pool fires, which have been studied for decades and have well-established correlations for burning rate, research on spill fires is inadequate. In this paper, continuously released n-heptane spill fire experiments were conducted on open water surfaces with varying fuel discharge rates. The pool diameters were measured, and the spill fire burning rates were estimated based on a dynamic balance between fuel supply and combustion. The burning rates in n-heptane pool fires from the literature were reviewed and compared with the estimated burning rates in spill fires of the same dimension. The spill fire burning rate was found to be close to that in a pool fire during the initial burning phase but lower than that in a bulk burning pool fire and that in a “fuel-level-controlled” pool fire. The distinction between the burning rates of spill fires and pool fires is explained by the heat balance analysis of the fuel layer. A model for the spill fire burning rate was proposed accordingly. The results calculated with the presented model are closer to the measured data than those calculated with pool fire models.     

油池边沿高度对池火燃烧特性影响的实验研究

研究了油池边沿高度(h)对池火燃烧特性的影响,开展了内径(d)为10 cm的不同h和不同油盘材料(石英、不锈钢、铝和铜)的正庚烷池火实验。结果表明,正庚烷池火的燃烧速率、火焰高度和脉动频率均随着边沿高度的增大而减小,且随着油盘材料的热导率增大,边沿高度的影响逐渐减弱。基于量纲分析分别修正了火焰高度和脉动频率模型,结果能够较好地符合实验值。     

轻质油品罐区流淌火灾发展特征和危害研究

为了研究罐区储运过程中发生泄漏导致的流淌火事故,设计并搭建了流淌火燃烧试验平台。采用流淌火燃烧试验平台和CFD数值计算2种方法研究了汽油流淌燃烧特性,对比分析表明,流淌火实体试验与CFD数值计算的结果误差在可接受范围内。基于上述结论,以防火堤内储存汽油的4个2 000 m3汽油储罐罐组为研究对象,模拟计算输油管道泄漏至防火堤内引发流淌性火灾的危害特性,得到了流淌火灾蔓延发展过程以及流淌面积、温度场等特征参数的变化规律。研究结果表明:泄漏速率保持不变时,流淌面积逐渐增大直至趋于稳定,其增长速率不断减小;流淌火发展至稳定燃烧阶段时,临近储罐被火焰包围,其中高度为5 m处的罐壁温度和辐射强度最大,温度在1 300 ℃左右波动,辐射强度稳定在500 kW/m2左右。     

多种气压条件下甲醇池火燃烧特性的实验研究

通过自行研制的低氧低压模拟试验箱开展了小尺寸甲醇油池火燃烧实验,研究了在多种气压条件(40kpa、45kpa、55kpa、65kpa、75kpa、85kpa、100kpa)下的油池火燃烧特性参数的差异。实验发现,一定情况下,甲醇燃烧速率随着气压的升高而升高,呈现幂函数关系;火焰高度和火焰面积从低压开始先随着气压值的升高而升高,当达到一定的气压值后就会随着气压值的升高而降低;随着气压升高,羽流中心温度下降的幅度变缓。     

An experimental and modeling study of continuous liquid fuel spill fires on water

The spread of burning fuel spilled from oil product containers during offshore storage and transportation may cause large damage and trigger further accidents. Some analytical models already exist to predict the spread and burning behavior of liquid fuel spill fires, however, few experimental studies have been conducted to verify the model results. In this paper, continuous n-heptane spill fire experiments were conducted in a rectangular trench covered with water. The burning area, fuel spread rate, and thermal flux with different discharge flow rates and ignition delay times were investigated by both experimental and modeling means. The spill fire burning area, with 5 typical phases during burning, has a quasi-steady value which is directly proportional to the discharge rate but irrelevant to the ignition delay times. The steady burning rate, as the ratio of discharge rate over burning area, was estimated. A spread model was modified to simulate the spread of continuous liquid fuel spill fires in a one-dimensional channel, based on the balance between gravity and viscous forces. A cuboid solid flame model was used to compute the thermal flux from spill fires. The burning fuel spread and the heat flux calculated by the models agree with the experimental results.     

火源位置对腔室火流动特性影响的实验研究

腔室火流动特性是影响腔室火灾蔓延与通风状况的重要因素。通过一系列小尺度腔室火实验,研究了火源位置变化对腔室火流动特性的影响。实验结果表明,随着火源沿腔室底部从壁面向开口方向移动,在开口中性面以上,同一高度处压差与流速增大,中性面高度和烟气层高度均降低,并导致开口质量流率增大。与火源强度相比,火源位置变化对烟气层高度的影响更为显著。火源位置对中性面高度及烟气层高度的影响在壁面处及开口处更为显著,腔室中部位置变化的影响相对较小。火源由壁面向开口移动,会造成火焰高度降低和水平伸长量增加。基于实验数据,给出了考虑耦合火源位置的腔室内火焰水平伸长量的表达式。研究结果可为相关场景下的腔室火灾理论模型提供实验结果支撑。     

On the determination of the laminar burning velocity from closed vessel gas explosions

A methodology to determine the laminar burning velocity from closed vessel gas explosions is explored. Unlike other methods which have been used to measure burning velocities from closed vessel explosions, this approach belongs to the category which does not involve observation of a rapidly moving flame front. Only the pressure–time curve is required as experimental input. To verify the methodology, initially quiescent methane–air mixtures were ignited in a 20-l explosion sphere and the equivalence ratio was varied from 0.67 to 1.36. The behavior of the pressure in the vessel was measured as a function of time and two integral balance models, namely, the thin-flame and the three-zone model, were fitted to determine the laminar burning velocity. Data on the laminar burning velocity as a function of equivalence ratio, pressure and temperature, measured by a variety of other methods have been collected from the literature to enable a comparison. Empirical correlations for the effect of pressure and temperature on the laminar burning velocity have been reviewed and two were selected to be used in conjunction with the thin-flame model. For the three-zone model, a set of coupled correlations has been derived to describe the effect of pressure and temperature on the laminar burning velocity and the laminar flame thickness. Our laminar burning velocities are seen to fall within the band of data from the period 1953–2003. A comparison with recent data from the period 1994–2003 shows that our results are 5–10% higher than the laminar burning velocities which are currently believed to be the correct ones for methane–air mixtures. Based on this observation it is concluded that the methodology described in this work should only be used under circumstances where more accurate methods can not be applied.     

基于FERC模型的油品流淌火灾定量风险评估方法研究

为了评价油品储运过程中的流淌火灾风险,提出1种基于FERC模型的油品流淌火灾定量风险评估方法。以某汽油管道为例,分析大孔泄漏、中孔泄漏、小孔泄漏３种模式下流淌火各参数的动态变化过程,计算管道周边不同位置处的个人风险值。研究结果表明:流淌火燃烧面积的最大值随泄漏速率的增加而增大,对于给定的算例条件,大孔泄漏情景下的最大燃烧半径较小孔泄漏增大了18.4倍;相较小孔泄漏,大孔泄漏下安全距离增大了6.7倍;在距离泄漏点100 m的位置,小孔泄漏、中孔泄漏和大孔泄漏条件下的辐射热流密度值分别为0.13,1.34,8.02 kW/m2;距离泄漏点34 m处时,大孔泄漏已经占总个人风险的99%;在开展风险评价时,应着重分析大孔泄漏的情景。     

火源长宽比对隧道内矩形火燃烧特性的影响研究

开展了一系列小尺寸实验研究隧道内不同火源受限情况下的火焰形态和顶棚射流火焰长度。实验中采用四个长宽比范围1~8的矩形气体燃烧器作为火源,并通过改变火源的摆放位置和贴壁方向(长边贴壁和短边贴壁)来改变火源的受限程度。结果表明:当火源置于开放空间非受限场景时,随着火源长宽比的增大,火源卷吸空气周长增大,导致火焰高度不断减小。对于贴壁火当矩形火源的长边贴壁时,随着长宽比的增大,其火焰高度同样不断减小;由于卷吸不对称,火焰贴着墙壁向上方蔓延,其火焰高度明显高于开放空间条件下的值。当火源短边贴壁时,火焰高度虽然仍随长宽比的增大而减小,但其火焰高度与开放空间相近,明显小于长边贴壁的情况,说明此时空气卷吸受限程度不大,火焰蔓延没有受到墙壁明显的影响。在前人对轴对称火源(方形和圆形火源)研究的基础上,本文对矩形火源位于隧道纵向中心线和紧贴隧道侧壁的火焰形态和火源长度进行了实验研究,定义了一个修正的无量纲火源功率?Q *mod,并引入了考虑矩形火源长宽比的无量纲特征参量(n+1)/n,建立了综合考虑火源功率、火源尺寸和贴壁方向的矩形贴壁火的火焰长度关系式。