电镀污泥中重金属酸浸条件试验

酸浸条件的选择是资源化利用和安全处置电镀污泥中重金属元素的关键。以盐城市某企业含铜镍电镀污泥为研究对象,考察了酸浸条件对重金属铜镍的浸出率的影响。结果发现:硫酸浸出效果优于盐酸和硝酸,其最佳浓度为1.5 mol/L;污泥粒径越小,其重金属浸出率越高;升高浸取温度可以显著提高浸出率。正交实验结果表明:固液比为1∶15及45℃条件下,1.5 mol/L的硫酸溶液对粒径为100目的电镀污泥中铜、镍2 h后的浸出率分别达到97.59%和91.60%。     

硫代硫酸钠法添加Cu~(2+)浸取废弃电子线路板中的金

对废弃电子线路板进行了硫代硫酸钠法添加Cu2+的浸取条件优化研究,当固液比为1∶5,pH=10,浸取温度50℃,反应时间3 h,硫代硫酸钠浓度0.4 mol/L,Cu2+浓度0.03 mol/L,氨浓度0.45 mol/L,添加0.2%的SO32-,空气进气速率11mol/min时,金的浸出率能超过85%。     

废旧碱性二氧化锰电池特点和湿法再资源化研究

讨论了废旧碱性二氧化锰电池粉末的成分和用硫酸浸取粉末中锌的适宜条件。将废旧电池破解后,用X-射线衍射仪和原子吸收分光光度计测定其粉末。结果表明,粉末中锰(以MnO2计)的含量为44.2%,锌(以ZnO计)为25.6%,铁为1.4(%以Fe2O3计),钾为5.5%,并有少量的铅、镉和汞等。用硫酸浸取粉末中的锌的适宜条件为:硫酸浓度为0.25mol/L,浸取时间为3h,温度为50℃,固液比(固体样品质量/浸取液质量)为1/6,浸取锌时约30%的锰被溶解。废旧碱性电池再资源化研究对消除环境污染和保护资源意义重大。     

用盐酸/正丁胺/硫酸铜法浸出废线路板中的铜

采用盐酸-正丁胺-硫酸铜混合体系,以铜为目标模拟物,通过改变盐酸浓度、正丁胺浓度、硫酸铜质量、温度等条件,建立并优化了废旧线路板中铜的浸出方法.结果表明,在盐酸浓度为1.75 mol/L、正丁胺浓度为0.25 mol/L、硫酸铜质量为0.96 g、温度为50℃的条件下,8 h后0.25 g铜可以完全被浸出.在此条件下,9 h后1 g废旧线路板样品中铜的浸出率可以达到95.31%.该体系对铜有较好的浸取效果,有反应条件温和、浸出液可以再利用等优点.     

氯化钙焙烧法提取粉煤灰中的氧化铝

研究了以CaCl2为配料对粉煤灰进行焙烧活化,焙烧熟料水洗后,用硫酸溶液浸取以回收粉煤灰中氧化铝的方法,并考察了焙烧温度和时间、CaCl2加量、硫酸浓度和浸取时间等因素对氧化铝回收率的影响.采用添加CaCl2焙烧的方法,可高效率破坏粉煤灰中的刚玉和莫来石,生成能被无机酸分解的物相,如钙铝黄长石、硅铝酸钙等.结果表明,按CaCl2:粉煤灰=0.8的比例加入CaCl2,于900℃焙烧30min,熟料经水洗涤后,按照每g粉煤灰~30mmol硫酸的量加入1~4mol/L的硫酸溶液,常温浸取30min,氧化铝浸出率可达95%以上.     

二丁基卡必醇萃取废线路板中金的性能研究

采用二丁基卡比醇(DBC)从印刷电路板废料中萃取金。考察了萃取剂浓度、氯离子浓度、氢离子浓度、反萃取剂浓度对反应的影响。实验结果表明:DBC萃取剂在盐酸介质中萃取浸取液中[Au3+]=0.307mg/L的最佳萃取条件为:[H+]=2.00mol/L,[Cl-]=1.00mol/l,O/A=1∶1,萃取时间=90s,DBC=50%(体积比)。在此条件下一级萃取率可达97.33%。选用亚硫酸钠作为反萃剂。通过实验总结出用该反萃剂从负载[Au3+]=0.272mg/L的DBC萃取剂中反萃金的最佳反萃条件为:亚硫酸钠浓度=5%,反萃时间=90s,O/A=5∶2。在此条件下,一级反萃率为95.04%。     

废印刷线路板中贵金属金的浸取研究

采用盐酸和氯酸钠作为反应试剂,从印刷电路板废料中回收金。考察了盐酸浓度、氯酸钠用量、固液比、浸取时间条件对反应的影响。实验结果表明:酸度过高或过低对金的收率都不利;对于5g废料、以固液比1:8,4g氯酸钠,3mol/L盐酸,搅拌1h进行反应,金的回收率可达90%以上。所用试剂廉价易得,设备简单,操作方便:反应过程中无有害物产生,实现了贵重资源的再生利用。     

拜耳法赤泥中钪的两步盐酸浸出工艺

通过计算赤泥中所含金属氧化物与盐酸反应的吉布斯自由能,论证了两步盐酸酸浸提钪工艺的可行性。为使钪离子有高浸出率,同时与其他金属有较高的分离率,在二次酸浸中采用2.5 mol/L左右的低浓度盐酸开展了正交实验。使用Design-Expert 8.0软件对试验数据进行了分析,讨论了温度、时间、液固比、盐酸浓度对赤泥中各主要金属离子浸出的影响,建立了相应的多项式关联模型。确定的二次酸浸的最佳操作条件组合为:浸出温度为70℃,浸出时间为70 min,液固比为6,盐酸浓度为2.5 mol/L,在此条件下钪浸出率超过80%,铁、锆、钛等主要杂质离子浸出率维持在较低水平。     

以炼铝灰渣为原料制备絮凝剂及其应用

通过正交实验确定:10g一次铝灰渣和100mL浓度为4mol/L的盐酸在100℃搅拌浸取(转速为140r/min)2h,具有最佳的溶出效果,对制备的絮凝剂进行pH值调节可使之达到最佳的污水处理效果.     

从粉煤灰中提取多种微细氧化物的研究

将粉煤灰与Na2CO3按一定的比例混合后焙烧,采用酸碱联合法提取粉煤灰中氧化硅、氧化铝和氧化铁,分析了工艺条件对粉煤灰中氧化物提取率的影响。实验结果表明,从粉煤灰中提取氧化物的最佳条件是:碳酸钠与粉煤灰的比例0.6∶1.0,焙烧温度850℃、盐酸浓度4 mol/L,氢氧化钠浓度2.6 mol/L,浸取时间约6 h。在此条件下得出微细氧化硅、氧化铝、氧化铁的晶体,其平均粒度分别为氧化硅1.107μm,氧化铝1.334μm,氧化铁0.783μm。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.