河蚬对太湖梅梁湾沉积物中HCHs和DDTs的生物富集

以采自清洁水体的河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)为实验生物,利用生物富集实验测试了河蚬对太湖梅梁湾水源地沉积物中HCHs和DDTs的生物富集.研究结果表明,将河蚬暴露于有机氯农药污染程度相似的太湖梅梁湾沉积物中(HCHs和DDTs浓度分别为1.5-1.8.S/S(以干重计)和1.1-1.7 as/g(以干重计))后,随着暴露时间的延长(24～168h),河蚬对有机氯农药的富集量随着暴露时间逐渐增加.试验结束时各样点中河蚬对HCHs和DDTs的富集量分别为(9.4±2.2)ng/g(以干重计)、(20.7±7.6)ng/g(以干重计).实验水体沉积物中HCHs和DDTs的生物沉积物富集因子(BSAF)分别为1.5±0.1和4.4±0.7.生物-沉积物富集因子(BSAF)与有机物的辛醇-水比值(Kow)存在显著正相关.     

海河干流、大沽排污河沉积物中有机氯农药的残留状况

调查了海河干流和大沽排污河沉积物中持久性有机氯杀虫剂(OCPs)的残留状况.在所选取的16个断面沉积物样品中均有大量HCHs、DDTs检出,表明海河和大沽排污河的DDT和HCH污染相当严重.海河沉积物中HCHs和DDTs总质量浓度分别为3.30～75.96、1.57～221.57 ng/g.大沽排污河沉积物中HCHs和DDTs的残留量分别为2.30～124.61、11.28～237.30ng/g.与国内外部分河流表层沉积物中HCHs、DDTs的含量相比,海河和大沽排污河沉积物中有机氯农药含量较高.最后根据两条河流沉积物中的OCPs的残留量,分析了其可能的污染源.     

渤海湾潮间带表层和柱状沉积物中有机氯农药的沉积记录

测定了渤海湾潮间带表层和柱状沉积物样品中有机氯农药(OCPs)浓度,探讨了OCPs的垂直分布特征,结合柱状沉积物测年结果,研究了该区域OCPs的污染历史。结果表明,潮间带表层沉积物样品中OCPs为78.51～172.10 ng/g(以干质量计,下同),平均值为112.92 ng/g;六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)、七氯的检出率和残留量均较高,其中HCHs为8.08～56.33 ng/g,平均值为26.35 ng/g;DDTs为5.18～45.02 ng/g,平均值为28.25 ng/g;七氯为10.15～77.16 ng/g,平均值为48.33 ng/g。该区域20世纪50年代开始使用OCPs,70年代达到最高峰。成分分析的结果表明,可能存在着DDTs类物质的输入。     

西溪湿地底泥中有机氯农药分布特征及风险评价

以西溪湿地为主要研究区域,采集了西溪湿地主要河口的表层和柱状底泥样品,以气相色谱(GC)/电子捕获检测器(ECD)定量测定样品中滴滴涕(DDTs)、六六六(HCHs)的含量,并对其进行生态风险评价.结果表明:(1)西溪湿地底泥样品中DDTs浓度明显比HCHs高.有机氯农药(OCPs)在研究区域内的底泥表层样品中残留呈现...     

冀中典型农业区农作物中有机氯农药的生物富集特征与健康风险评价

分析了冀中典型农业区土壤-农作物体系中有机氯农药(OCPs)残留与生物富集特征,探讨了该地区所产农作物的可食部分对人体健康产生的潜在风险。结果表明:11种OCPs以滴滴涕(DDTs)和六六六(HCHs)为主要残留物。土壤中DDTs和HCHs残留量总计达36.52~73.45ng/g,在各自的异构体中p,p’-DDT和γ-HCH所占比例最高,表明OCPs污染主要为近期输入所致。玉米和小麦各器官中,OCPs均在籽粒中最高,分别残留20.66~33.33、19.14~34.57ng/g。小麦和玉米对HCHs的富集能力均强于DDTs。研究显示,该地区玉米与小麦籽粒中OCPs含量虽未超过《农产品安全质量无公害蔬菜安全要求》(GB 18406.1—2001)和《食品安全国家标准食品中农药最大残留限量》(GB 2763—2012),但OCPs致癌总风险相对较高,玉米和小麦中均超过了1×10-6,小麦中OCPs的非致癌总风险和致癌总风险均大于玉米,因此该地区应该优先关注OCPs对小麦所造成的粮食安全问题。     

重庆典型岩溶区地下河表层沉积物OCPs初步研究

利用GC-ECD对重庆典型岩溶区地下河表层沉积物中19种有机氯农药进行分析,结果表明,研究区总有机氯农药浓度为4.73～286.03 ng/g,DDTs浓度为0.35～181.78 ng/g,HCHs浓度为nd～23.53 ng/g。与国内外其他河流表层沉积物有机氯农药相比为高,说明重庆典型岩溶区地下河已处于较高污染状态。统计DDE/DDD发现,除姜家溶洞外,其他取样点DDE/DDD均大于1,表明研究区DDT降解主要在好氧环境中进行。除靛水地下河,其他取样点表层沉积物(DDD+DDE)/DDT均大于0.5,表明这些地区近年来没有新的DDT类农药输入。     

生物活性炭法深度处理印染废水及其生物毒性的表征

采用负载经驯化后微生物的活性炭深度处理实际印染废水,研究生物活性炭系统中存在的生物相及其降解有机污染物的作用,并表征了处理后印染废水的生物毒性.结果表明,生物相中含有草履虫、轮虫及钟虫等原生动物.随着运行次数的增加,活性炭反应器在运行5次后出水的COD、NH3-N及色度去除率骤降,但是生物活性炭处理后出水的COD、NH3-N及色度去除率缓慢下降.生物活性炭能很好地降解印染废水中的苯酚类和稠环芳烃污染物.本研究中生物活性炭反应器对氨氮和COD的去除符合一级动力学方程,去除动力学常数分别为1.02和0.96.经过生物活性炭的处理可以将印染废水的生物毒性降到适于小球藻生长的水平.     

水体沉积物重金属生物有效性及评价方法

在研究以重金属为主要污染物的水体中,通常把沉积物视为探索环境重金属污染的工具。由于沉积物中重金属化学行为和生态效应的复杂性,对沉积物中重金属生物有效性的研究是当前学术界的热点研究课题。本文就沉积物中重金属的生物有效性及沉积物质量评价方法作了简要评述。包括沉积物对水生生物的作用机理,孔隙水重金属浓度的估算,沉积物质量评价方法,沉积物质量基准。     

水体重金属稳定性的问题

在天然水体中,重金属污染物大多以沉积物为其最终归宿.相对水相而言,底沉积物固相浓缩重金属的倍数可高达数千至数万倍. 已知存在于底沉积物或悬浮沉积物中的重金属污染物具有不同的结合形式,其生物可给性也具有明显的差别,如沉积物间隙水中溶解态重金属被认为是最迅速生物可给     

活性炭吸附-精馏提纯有机废气回收技术在循环经济中的应用

阐述了治理有机废气的重要性,重点介绍了活性炭吸附-精馏提纯有机废气的回收技术,通过案例分析和对比,显示了该技术的优越性,提出在工业行业中,推广应用活性炭吸附-精馏提纯的回收技术,是符合循环经济理念的,不仅能够减少资源消耗,而且可以降低废气的污染物排放,实现有机废气的资源化利用。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.