基于Elman神经网络的我国入境游客量动态预测

为了更好地拟合我国入境游客量系统动态和时变特性,对我国入境旅游游客量进行科学准确的预测,将Elman网络引入我国入境游客量预测,提出基于Elman神经网络的入境游客量预测模型。以国家统计局公布的最近30个月我国入境旅游游客量月度数据为研究对象,前27个月数据用于建立训练网络,后3个月数据用于检验模型,模型预测最大误差为2.928%,最小误差为1.492%,平均误差为2.19%,模型预测效果与实际非常接近。结果表明:模型能更好地反应我国入境游客量系统的非线性、动态性、时变性等特征,为我国入境旅游游客量预测提供了一种较可靠的途径。     

基于时间序列修正算法的我国入境旅游人数预测

为了对我国入境旅游游客量进行准确预测,提出一种将ARIMA模型与RBF神经网络相结合的算法。以我国2009年1月到2014年4月我国入境旅游游客量月度数据为研究对象,利用该模型对我国入境旅游游客量进行初步预测,计算残差,再利用RBF神经网络对残差进行拟合预测,并对ARIMA预测结果进行修正。结果表明:利用RBF神经网络对ARIMA模型进行修正,将线性拟合算法和非线性拟合算法结合起来用于我国入境旅游游客量预测是一种较可靠的算法。     

中国主要客源地进出口贸易与入境旅游发展关系的研究

基于1995—2008年统计数据,从洲际和客源国两个层面入手,分析客源地进出口贸易总额和入境客流总量的关系,选取1995—2008年我国同各洲(国)的进出口贸易和入境客流量的案板数据,建立入境客流量和进出口贸易总额的统计方程,分析两者间的相互关系。同时,分析了贸易市场占有率和客源市场占有率的关系,选取1995—2008年对外贸易和入境旅游的相关数据,计算出各洲(国)贸易和客源的市场占有率,分析其变化规律。     

大数据视角下城市客源市场空间结构动态研究——以南京市为例

空闲时间是影响居民出行的重要因素。以南京市为例,使用南京智慧旅游大数据平台获取数据,研究工作日、周末、3天小长假、"十一"期间来宁游客客源情况,基于集聚性差异、距离衰减、SPSS多元回归和空间吸引力研究不同时段来宁客源市场的空间结构动态变化。结果表明:(1)居民出游行为遵循距离衰减规律,且受到空闲时长的影响,时间越长,地理集中指数、基尼系数、首位度越小,客源吸引半径越大;(2)不同时段,人口、距离、人均GDP不再是最主要因素,而是更多地取决于空闲时长和居民出游意愿;(3)"十一"期间来宁游客量与以省为单位游客量相匹敌,空间阻尼系数β约是工作日期间的1/3,且在不同时段和空间吸引力值表现出不同的空间层次与动态变化。     

金融危机对华入境旅游业的影响及对策研究

入境旅游业发展容易受到负面事件的影响,对影响结果进行分析有助于我们认清旅游业的发展形势,以便采取更有效的应对措施。根据权威统计资料,通过总体分析和对比分析的方法,从全国和区域两个角度分析了金融危机对我国入境旅游业产生的影响,并对入境旅游业走势进行了初步预测,最后提出在新形势下促进我国旅游业恢复发展的对策。     

万盛大气污染特征分析及污染预报模型的建立

利用2017年4月1日~2019年3月31日万盛经开区万东北路站点的空气质量日均值监测数据进行分析发现,万盛大气污染具有很强的季节变化特征,冬半年主要污染物为PM 2.5,夏半年主要污染物为O 3,冬半年污染重于夏半年,颗粒物污染重于O 3污染。万盛污染以轻度污染为主,仅有冬季会出现中度以上污染天气,其首要污染物均为PM 2.5。利用多元回归模型和差分自回归移动平均模型(ARIMA)建立了万盛PM 2.5、PM 10与O 3的预报模型。通过对模型得出的预报值与实况值的比较来看,预报与实况的变化趋势基本一致,均可以较好的指示未来AQI的变化趋势。多元回归预报模型中,O 3的预报效果要远好于PM 2.5和PM 10;而ARIMA预报模型三者预报效果接近。总体来说,ARIMA(p,d,q)预报模型对颗粒物污染的预报效果要远好于多元回归预报模型,而O 3则两种模型预报效果接近。     

云南省入境旅游客源市场特征与影响因素研究

入境旅游是推动区域旅游业发展的重要组成部分。以云南省2006—2015年数据为基础,运用亲景度、吸引力模型、年际波动指数和多元回归模型分别分析了云南省入境旅游客源市场的特征和影响因素。结果发现:(1)时间序列上,2006—2015年新加坡、泰国、英国、法国、德国和意大利属强亲景度类型;空间序列上,2006—2008年和2008—2015年两个时期的波动表现为日本、澳大利亚、新加坡由前期的亲滇度类型后期转入低一层级类型。位次变动呈现出高层级亲滇度类型向低层级类型的跨类型转变,而低层级类型向高层级类型的转入是类型内部位序调整的特点。(2)2006—2011年云南省吸引力逐年上升,说明客源国的偏好增强;2011—2015年云南对客源国的吸引力呈"弓形"态势。(3)通过相关性和多元回归分析可知,进出口贸易总额、人均GDP、旅游产品品位度对入境游客规模具有正相促进关系,旅游距离呈现负向作用。     

基于典型省份对比的我国入境游客流量时间分布集中性计算与差异分析

客流量的时间分布集中性对旅游企业经营管理的季节性调整方略具有重要影响.选取了代表我国东部、西部、北部、南部、中部的5个典型省份的入境游客时间分布数据,分析了游客流量的时间集中性指数和高峰指数的内涵和变化状况,并对集中性指数的差异进行了简要的区域对比分析,为旅游企业季节性对策的确定提供参考.研究表明,客流量月强度指数Rm和中值月高峰指数Pmid较好地反映了客流量时间分布集中性.就区域而言,我国东部游客量的时间分布集中性小于西部,南部小于北部,沿海小于内陆.     

多元回归和BP人工神经网络模型对混合厌氧消化产气量的预测研究

在中温且控制pH值条件下,对脂肪类单基质和城市污水厂剩余污泥进行混合厌氧消化试验。基于多元回归原理和BP人工神经网络原理,对其建立产气量预测模型。由实验数据计算得出:两个阶段多元回归模型的预测平均准确率分别为75.69%和79.29%;BP神经网络模型的预测平均准确率为79.05%。通过对比两种模型的预测结果可知,两种模型都有较高的预测准确率,但BP模型的预测准确率更高,更适用于混合厌氧消化产气量预测。     

金沙江对硫酸的缓冲性能分析

本文分析了金沙江对硫酸的缓冲特征，建立了江水的缓冲曲线方程，并且验证了此方程的有效性，证明用此方程预测硫酸进入金沙江后江水pH值的变化情况，其预测准确度在0.2个pH单位内。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling

The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.