快速溶剂萃取/气相色谱-质谱联用法测定土壤中15种邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂

建立了测定土壤中15种邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂的快速溶剂萃取/气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)分析方法.样品用快速溶剂萃取仪(ASE)提取,样液经NH2粉净化,4000 r·min-1离心5 min,取上清液氮吹浓缩定容后,采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)测定,外标法定量.在0.05—5.00μg·m L-1范围内,相关系数R20.992,样品在0.10—2.00 mg·kg-1范围内加标,平均回收率在64.5%—119.4%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.1%—11.8%,检出限(LOD)在0.02—0.05 mg·kg-1之间,定量限(LOQ)在0.06—0.15 mg·kg-1.采用该方法对7个土壤样品进行测定,结果表明该法简便、快速、结果准确可靠、灵敏度高、对人体毒害性小,能够满足土壤中15种邻苯二甲酸酯增塑剂检测需求.     

超快速液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱快速筛查淀粉中的224种农药残留

建立了超快速液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱对淀粉中224种农药残留的快速分析方法.淀粉样品加水后经含1%冰醋酸的乙腈溶液提取,无需净化直接取提取液进行分析.以C18柱作为色谱柱分离,静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱采集数据.检测数据表明,224种农药在0.5—50μg·L-1范围内线性关系良好,线性相关系数(R2)均大于0.99.检出限(LOD,S/N≥3)达到1μg·kg-1的农药种类为208种,定量限(LOQ,S/N≥10)均小于或等于10μg·kg-1,添加回收试验的回收率范围为60%—114%.相对标准偏差范围分别为0.3%—29.4%.经实际样品验证,可满足淀粉中多种农药快速筛查和确证检测的要求.     

分子印迹固相萃取-气相色谱/质谱联用法测定污泥中多环芳烃

本研究建立了检测污泥中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的气相色谱-质谱测定方法,对该介质中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的提取、净化和色谱质谱条件进行了优化.采用100 m L正己烷∶丙酮(V∶V,50∶50)混合溶剂索式提取样品中的待测组分,经分子印迹固相萃取柱(MIPs/SPE)净化,内标法定量.结果表明,分子印迹固相萃取柱(MIPs/SPE)对PAHs单体专一吸附效果显著,对中环、高环PAHs的吸附明显,并且基质效应减弱.16种多环芳烃的线性范围为10—5000 ng·m L~(-1),相关系数(R2)不低于0.9978,加标水平为50、250、500 ng·m L~(-1)时,基质平均加标回收率分别为60%—105%,58%—121%和63%—115%,相对标准偏差(RSDs,n=6)为3.8%—9.4%.该方法快速、准确、灵敏度高、重现性好.     

凝胶渗透色谱净化-气相色谱/质谱法同时测定食用油脂中16种多环芳烃

建立了食用油脂中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)净化-气相色谱/质谱(GC-MS)分析方法.样品以环己烷-乙酸乙酯(1∶1,V/V)提取后,经GPC净化,有效地除去了样品中的脂质类物质所带来的基质干扰,净化液进行GC-MS分析,内标法定量.加标水平为1、2、10μg·kg~(-1)时,PAHs的回收率为80.6%—106.7%,相对标准偏差为1.3%—13.4%.16种PAHs的检测限为0.11—1.1μg·kg~(-1),在1.0—50.0μg·L~(-1)范围内线性关系良好(r0.999).     

加速溶剂萃取(ASE)-固相萃取(SPE)-高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定土壤中青霉素钠

建立了一种加速溶剂萃取(ASE)-固相萃取(SPE)-高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定土壤中青霉素钠的简单、快速的方法.样品以超纯水为提取溶剂,50℃提取温度为ASE提取条件参数;HLB型固相萃取柱富集净化:6.0mL 5%甲醇淋洗、4.0mL乙腈-甲醇(1∶1)洗脱;高效液相色谱-紫外检测器(HPLC-PDA)测定,检测波长λ=191.1nm,柱温30℃,流动相为乙腈-0.1%甲酸/水(1∶1),采用等梯度洗脱程序,取得较好的检测分离效果.对0.5、2.0、8.0mg·kg-1等3个不同添加浓度水平的青霉素钠平均加标回收率范围为73.1%—89.7%,回收率相对标准偏差RSD范围为1.1%—2.9%(n=5),检出限可达235.0μg·L-1.结果表明,该方法操作简单,快速,准确度和精密度均符合质量控制要求,能够满足环境土壤样本中痕量青霉素钠检测分析的要求.     

气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定有机肥中邻苯二甲酸酯

建立了气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱测定有机肥中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的方法.采用超声提取,以正己烷提取样品中的PAEs,提取液经0.45μm滤膜过滤后进仪器测定.实验表明,8种PAEs的平均回收率为78.1%—104.8%,相对标准偏差(n=6)为2.2%—4.8%,方法检出限为10—40μg·kg~(-1).该方法简便、快速、灵敏度高,可用于有机肥中增塑剂的测定.     

采用安捷伦5977B GC-MS测定土壤中有机氯农药含量

本文采用安捷伦7890B_5977B GC-MS测定土壤样品中的有机氯农药含量.本文中所涉及的样品前处理方法以及仪器分析方法完全参考环境标准《土壤和沉积物有机氯农药的测定气相色谱-质谱法》环境报批稿以及土壤样品前处理标准HJ783-2016规定的样品前处理要求和仪器分析条件.采用加压快速溶剂萃取的提取方法,结合弗罗里硅土净化法,对土壤样品进行提取与净化,建立了详细的前处理标准操作步骤和方法分析流程.此方法成功应用于土壤中26种有机氯农药的分析测定,样品加标回收率达到了73.0%—116.2%(标准要求40%—150%),仪器最低检出限为0.07—0.39μg·kg~(-1)(标准0.02—0.09 mg·kg~(-1)),方法检出限为0.01—0.08μg·kg~(-1)(标准0.08—0.36 mg·kg~(-1)).     

固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定养猪废水中11种抗生素残留

建立了养猪废水中11种抗生素多残留的液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)分析方法.样品以乙腈为提取溶剂,经振荡旋混方式提取,提取液以HLB固相萃取为净化手段,有效降低样品中复杂基质所带来的背景干扰,采用HPLC-MS/MS定性分析、外标法定量.方法的相关系数r0.999,最小检出限为0.048—4.5μg·L~(-1).在加标水平为10.0、20.0、50.0μg·L~(-1)时,11种抗生素的平均回收率为57%—104%,相对标准偏差小于14%(n=6).实验证明,本方法是一种快速、准确、灵敏度高的检测养猪废水样品中11种抗生素残留量的检测方法.     

采用Agilent 5977B单四极杆气质联用系统测定土壤中的多氯联苯含量

本文采用Agilent 7890B气相色谱/5977B单四极杆气质联用系统测定土壤样品中的多氯联苯(PCB)含量.文中所述样品前处理及仪器分析方法完全参照国家环境保护标准《土壤和沉积物多氯联苯的测定气相色谱-质谱法》(HJ 743—2015).利用微波消解和加压快速溶剂萃取两种不同的提取方法,结合磺化净化法和弗罗里硅土净化法,对土壤样品进行提取与净化.该方法应用于土壤中18种PCB化合物的分析测定,样品加标回收率和方法检测限分别为67%—97%和0.25—0.58μg·kg~(-1),满足HJ 743—2015规定的60%—130%和0.4—0.6μg·kg~(-1)的要求.     

加压流体萃取-硅酸镁柱净化-气相色谱质谱法同时测定土壤中有机氯农药和多环芳烃

本研究通过对仪器定性定量、样品萃取和萃取液净化等环节的条件优化实验,建立了同时测定土壤中8种有机氯农药和15种多环芳烃的加压流体萃取-硅酸镁柱净化-气相色谱质谱分析方法.化合物方法检出限在0.4—3.2μg·kg~(-1)之间,测定下限在1.6—12.8μg·kg~(-1)之间;对化合物含量为0.1 mg·kg~(-1)和0.5 mg·kg~(-1)的土壤加标样品分别进行6次平行分析,回收率在61%—119%之间,测定结果的RSD在2.8%—21%之间;对相关土壤标准物质进行分析,测定结果均在化合物认定值与不确定度范围内.与其他方法相比,本法减少了萃取环节共萃物、降低了净化环节对干扰物的洗脱、有效排除了假阳性,且显著提高了工作效率.     

香芋高产、优质栽培技术与产品分级及加工

香芋是多年生宿根草本植物,属天南星科(Araceae)一年生栽培,是我省重要的特种蔬菜之一,随着农业结构调整步伐的加快,香芋的种植面积也在不断扩大,为了提高香芋的产量和品质,达到绿色蔬菜的标准,该文提出了香芋高产、优质栽培技术与产品分级及加工.表3,参5.     

市场经济与土肥科技

土肥的基础地位是不随社会性质或社会经济类型的变化而变化的，它既具重要性，又具长久性．市场经济是仍然需要土肥科技的．土肥科技的教学、科研和推广的力度必须加大，局面必须改观，且宜快不宜迟．土肥科技工作者一定要将培肥地力作为中心工作．根据广东的实际，增施有机肥是培肥地力的主要措施，因而抓秸秆还田和发展冬绿肥是我们工作的重点．     

基因污染与生态环境安全

论述了基因污染可能对生态环境安全造成的影响。转基因作物有可能污染天然物种的基因库；有可能破坏传统农作物品种的遗传多样性，加速作物种植品种的单一化及基因资源的流失；使抗除草剂作物的基因向野生或半野生植物漂移的可能性加大，有可能创造出“超级杂草”；带有病毒型转基因作物的基因重组，有可能创造出新的植物病毒，导致新的病害；BT转基因抗虫作物分泌的毒素，在食物链中传递，很难加以控制，对非目标生物造成危害，并最终破坏自然生态系统的平衡。文章还从不同角度分析了基因污染的严重性。     

Nanosensors and nanobiosensors in food and agriculture

The food and agriculture sector controls the economic growth of a developing country. The food industries have practices of growing crops, raising livestock and sea foods, food processing and packaging, regulating production and distribution with quality and safety. The process control and monitoring quality are crucial steps. Here we review nanosensors and nanobiosensors as alternative of classical quantification methods. Nanoscale dimensions of metal nanoparticles, metal nanoclusters, metal oxide nanoparticles, metal and carbon quantum dots, graphene, carbon nanotubes, and nanocomposites expand the sensitivity by signal amplification and integrate several novel transduction principles such as enhanced electrochemical, optical, Raman, enhanced catalytic activity, and superparamagnetic properties into the nanosensors. The electrochemical nanosensors, optical nanosensors, electronic nose and electronic tongue, nanobarcode technology, and wireless nanosensors have revolutionized the sensing in food and agriculture sectors with multiplex and real-time sensing capabilities. Despite previous success stories of the remunerative health sector, the approaches are transferred subsequently to food and agriculture sector; with potential application in detection of food contaminants such as preservatives, antibiotics, heavy metal ions, toxins, microbial load, and pathogens along with the rapid monitoring of temperature, traceability, humidity, gas, and aroma of the food stuff.     

1株贫营养好氧反硝化菌的分离鉴定及其脱氮特性

从水库底泥样品中,以硝酸盐为唯一氮源进行驯化、分离筛选出1株能在贫营养及好氧条件下进行高效反硝化的菌株PY8,经过电镜形态学观察、生理生化和16S rDNA序列分析,并基于16SrDNA序列结果,构建了该菌株的系统发育树,最终确定菌株PY8为根瘤菌Rhizobiumsp.。考察了初始pH值、温度、C/N、初始硝酸钠质量浓度、投菌量对菌株PY8硝酸盐还原活性的影响,以及该菌株的异养硝化性能。结果表明,在pH6.0～10.0,温度25～30℃,C/N1.0～9.0,初始硝酸钠质量浓度0.01～0.50g·L-1,投菌量1%～15%时,菌株PY8培养72h后的硝氮去除率可达到95%以上。另外,该菌株具有同时硝化-反硝化作用,在培养过程中氨氮去除率可达到58%左右。实验结果表明,菌株PY8在微污染水体生物脱氮领域中具有很大的应用潜力。     

Indoor and outdoor air pollution and lung cancer in New Hampshire and Vermont

Indoor and outdoor air pollution is known to contribute to increased lung cancer incidence. This study is the first to address the contribution of home heating fuel and geographical course particulate matter (PM₁₀) concentrations to lung cancer rates in New Hampshire, USA. First, Pearson correlation analysis and geographically weighted regression were used to investigate spatial relationships between outdoor PM₁₀ and lung cancer rates. While the aforementioned analyses did not indicate a significant contribution of PM₁₀ to lung cancer in the state, there was a trend towards a significant association in the northern and southwestern regions of the state. Second, case-control data were used to estimate the contributions of indoor pollution and secondhand smoke to the risk of lung cancer with adjustment for confounders. Increased risk was found among those who used wood or coal to heat their homes for more than 10 winters before the age of 18, with a significant increase in risk per winter. Resulting data suggest that further investigation of the relationship between heating-related air pollution levels and lung cancer risk is needed.     

Characteristics of dispersions and water-soluble extracts of crude and refined oils and their toxicity to estuarine crustaceans and fish

The quantitative hydrocarbon composition and behavior in seawater of water-soluble fractions (WSF) and oil-in-water dispersions (OWD) of 4 oils was investigated. Two crude oils, South Louisiana crude and Kuwait crude, and two refined oils, No. 2 fuel oil and bunker C residual oil, were used in these investigations. The WSFs of the crude oils had higher total oil-hydrocarbon concentrations and were richer in light aliphatics and single-ring aromatics than were the WSFs of the refined oils. The WSFs of the refined oils contained significantly higher concentrations of naphthalenes than did those of the crudes. The hydrocarbon composition of the aqueous phase of OWDs closely resembled that of the parent oils. Gentle aeration of the OWDs resulted in a loss of 80 to 90% of the aqueous hydrocarbons in 24 h. Alkanes disappeared from the dispersions more rapidly than aromatics. The WSFs and OWDs of the refined oils were considerably more toxic to the 6 test species than were those of the crude oils. The test species can be ranked according to increasing sensitivity to oil as follows: Cyprinodon variegatus, Menidia beryllina, Fundulus similus, Penaeus aztecus postlarvae, Palaemonetes pugio and Mysidopsis almyra. The results of this investigation are discussed in relation to the potential impacts of oil spills on the marine and estuarine environments.