河流溢油事故流域环境风险量化模型研究

为进一步丰富河流溢油事故风险评价技术，分级分区制定溢油流域应急处置方案，通过分析国内外关于河流溢油事故演化与环境风险评价研究现状，对河流溢油事故环境风险量化模型进行构建与优化。以溢油轨迹判断目标流域受溢油污染的可能性，以区域环境敏感性指数(Environmental Sensitivity Index, ESI)衡量环境受溢油污染的严重程度，构建包含5个一级指标及17个二级指标的河流溢油事故流域环境风险评价指标体系，并得到人类利用资源、岸线资源以及生物资源的ESI分级标准和量化模型。基于该模型，选取嫩江某河流段跨越管线进行实例研究，得出流域环境敏感性与风险等级分布，以期给出科学合理的应急决策建议。     

海上溢油风险的数值模型预警

随着我国海洋开发规模的不断扩大,高密度的海上工程作业和进出施工船舶使周围海域面临很大的溢油环境风险。由于海上作业的特殊性,一旦发生溢油事故,必将给沿岸经济和海洋生态环境带来极大的危害。因此加强溢油风险管理,最大限度地预防溢油事故的发生并采取及时有效的防控措施是十分必要的。基于东海大桥风电二期工程,假设施工船舶发生碰撞溢油事故,利用MIKE21模型系统就溢油风险进行分析,介绍溢油模型预测海上溢油的计算过程。     

基于CFD的深水钻井溢油事故定量风险评估

针对深水钻井作业过程中的井喷溢油问题,基于计算流体力学(CFD)方法,通过UDF函数给定海流流剖面、波浪入口边界条件和海水静压分布情况,结合标准k-ε方程,采用VOF模型实现对油、气、水三相自由面的追踪,建立了溢油扩散事故数值仿真模型,评估深水条件下溢油扩散危害区域,研究海流流速、溢油量对原油扩散的影响。结果表明,海流流速和溢油量是原油扩散行为和危害区域分布范围的重要影响因素。     

海上溢油事故双目标应急物资调度模型

为满足海上溢油事故发生后的应急物资需求,最大程度减少事故带来的损失,根据海上溢油应急物资调度的特点,构建基于应急物资需求量和调度时间模糊不确定下应急成本最小和延误时间最少的双目标调度模型。引入三角模糊函数描述应急物资调度中物资需求量和调度时间的不确定性,构建模糊环境下溢油事故点对应急物资应急成本最小和应急延误时间最少的双目标模型,利用遗传算法求解,并通过算例分析证明了该方法的有效性。结果表明,三角模糊数能很好地表征调度中物资需求量和时间的不确定性及模糊属性,确定的调度方案能为海上溢油事故发生时应急物资调度提供决策依据。     

自航式海上溢油回收装置研究

对当前国内外常用的海上溢油回收装置进行了总结和分析,传统的海上溢油回收装置在开放海域大型溢油事故的处理中有着较好的效果,但在处理近岸海域的溢油时,由于受近岸海洋环境因素的影响,其效果不甚理想。提出了一种小型自航式海上溢油回收装置,通过定位信号的引导,能够应用于近岸区域溢油的自动回收。介绍了该装置的主要结构和工作原理,分析了装置的适用性。     

考虑漏孔方向的河道穿越管道溢油扩散规律研究

为了掌握河道穿越管道泄漏后,溢油在漏孔方向和河流速度影响下的迁移扩散规律,建立穿越河道输油管道泄漏扩散的CFD(计算流体动力学)数值模型,利用FLUENT建模并模拟了管道漏孔方向与水平方向夹角呈30°、60°、90°、120°和150°时,不同河流速度条件下溢油在河流中的扩散过程。结果表明,溢油到达水面的时间和水平迁移距离与漏孔角度变化影响不大,而与河流速度关系为正相关,无量纲分析进一步证实了此结论。在此基础上,采用高斯非线性拟合得到了溢油上升时间和水平迁移距离与河流速度和漏孔角度的关系式,其中拟合确定系数大于0.99。结果可为河道穿越管道溢油风险评价和事故应急策略的制定提供一定的理论指导。     

珠江口典型溢油事故河口岸线污染数值模拟研究

岸线污染是评估河口海洋溢油事故环境影响的重要方面。针对目前溢油模型对油膜岸边黏附与冲刷过程研究不足的问题,在传统“油粒子”溢油轨迹预测模型的基础上,增加了不同类型的岸边介质对油膜饱和吸附与冲刷的算法,进一步改进和完善河口海洋溢油岸边黏附与再释放过程。应用改进的溢油模型,对1999年3月24日珠江口一次典型溢油事故中油膜的漂移运动轨迹及河口区陆地岸线污染过程进行模拟预测。结果显示,改进后的溢油模型能较好地反映水面油膜与陆地边界的“黏附-冲刷”交互过程,模拟的油膜运动轨迹、抵岸时间与污染岸线长度等主要指标与实际观测结果基本一致。此外,溢油对不同类型河口岸线的影响程度与陆地岸线性质息息相关。陆地岸线不仅决定了油膜在陆地上的黏附总量,还决定了油膜在岸边的滞留时间与污染程度。沙滩具有较大的表面黏附厚度及下渗深度,因此对上岸油膜的滞纳容量最大,占溢油总量约40%;植物滩对溢油滞留周期最长,衰减过程最慢。改进后的溢油模型可为未来珠江口及其他河口海洋溢油事故水面浮油及岸线污染提供有利的定量模拟分析手段。     

基于模糊Bow-tie模型的油轮靠港装卸作业溢油风险分析

为了全面分析油轮靠港装卸作业溢油事故风险,在风险定量分析中引入了模糊Bow-tie模型,基于事故树方法分析油轮靠港装卸作业发生溢油事故的原因,采用事件树方法分析溢油事故可能导致的后果,利用模糊集理论与专家评价相结合的方法分析油轮靠港装卸作业溢油的模糊可能值,采用层次分析法确定作业溢油后果因素的权重值,采用矩阵乘法计算溢油后果风险值。分析结果表明:油轮靠港装卸作业过程中一旦发生溢油,发生火灾+污染、爆炸+污染的概率较高。基于以上风险分析提出了油轮靠港装卸作业风险的防控措施,可为油轮靠港装卸作业安全风险管理提供参考。     

汽油槽车溢油着火FTA分析及对策

本文运用事故树分析方法,对汽油装车站的汽车槽车,因超装引起溢油发生火灾进行定性分析,并找出防范对策.     

水上溢油事故中监测工作的探讨

随着水上交通运输和海上石油勘探,开发的不断发展,水上溢油事故的发生也呈上升的趋势。水上溢油事故主要包括船舶溢油,井喷冒油,平台溢油等,严重的溢油事故给水体带来极大的污染和危害,导致水域内各种生物大量死亡,致使生态环境严重恶化。 环境监测工作是溢油事故处置中的一个重要环节。通过掌握溢油确切的物理化学特性,溢油量,溢     

轻质油品罐区流淌火灾发展特征和危害研究

为了研究罐区储运过程中发生泄漏导致的流淌火事故,设计并搭建了流淌火燃烧试验平台。采用流淌火燃烧试验平台和CFD数值计算2种方法研究了汽油流淌燃烧特性,对比分析表明,流淌火实体试验与CFD数值计算的结果误差在可接受范围内。基于上述结论,以防火堤内储存汽油的4个2 000 m3汽油储罐罐组为研究对象,模拟计算输油管道泄漏至防火堤内引发流淌性火灾的危害特性,得到了流淌火灾蔓延发展过程以及流淌面积、温度场等特征参数的变化规律。研究结果表明:泄漏速率保持不变时,流淌面积逐渐增大直至趋于稳定,其增长速率不断减小;流淌火发展至稳定燃烧阶段时,临近储罐被火焰包围,其中高度为5 m处的罐壁温度和辐射强度最大,温度在1 300 ℃左右波动,辐射强度稳定在500 kW/m2左右。     

海上溢油应急物资调度双目标规划模型

为最大程度降低溢油事故造成的不利影响,提出充分考虑海上油膜漂移特性及溢油点和漂移点对救援物资需求不确定等特点,基于鲁棒优化思想,建立救援应急成本最小、应急时间最短的双目标规划模型,并基于NSGA-Ⅱ算法设计求解方法.结果 表明:决策者可根据自身对溢油事故规模的判断,得到不同应急物资调度方案,为应急出救点的选择和物资调度...     

基于FERC模型的油品流淌火灾定量风险评估方法研究

为了评价油品储运过程中的流淌火灾风险,提出1种基于FERC模型的油品流淌火灾定量风险评估方法。以某汽油管道为例,分析大孔泄漏、中孔泄漏、小孔泄漏３种模式下流淌火各参数的动态变化过程,计算管道周边不同位置处的个人风险值。研究结果表明:流淌火燃烧面积的最大值随泄漏速率的增加而增大,对于给定的算例条件,大孔泄漏情景下的最大燃烧半径较小孔泄漏增大了18.4倍;相较小孔泄漏,大孔泄漏下安全距离增大了6.7倍;在距离泄漏点100 m的位置,小孔泄漏、中孔泄漏和大孔泄漏条件下的辐射热流密度值分别为0.13,1.34,8.02 kW/m2;距离泄漏点34 m处时,大孔泄漏已经占总个人风险的99%;在开展风险评价时,应着重分析大孔泄漏的情景。     

Dynamic risk assessment of oil spill scenario for Three Gorges Reservoir in China based on numerical simulation

A novel method for dynamic risk assessment of oil spill accidents based on numerical simulation was presented in this paper. The dynamic risk assessment model was developed consisting of a comprehensive list of caused consequences like environmental damage, asset loss, health impact and social effect as well as emergency actions preventing these losses. Contributing events in the Mater Logic Diagram (MLD) of the dynamic risk assessment model were valued based on the simulated evolvement of oil contaminants under spill scenario on quasi-static fluid, which was obtained by coupling an oil spill model with hydrodynamic module in Jialing river of Three Gorges Reservoir in China after the impoundment of the reservoir to 175 m water level in 2010. Calculated result of dynamic risk as grade IV indicated that the assessed oil spill was not as catastrophic as we thought because of the slow transport of oil fractions on water surface and absence of dispersed oil in water body due to the quasi-static fluid, very gentle wind and effective emergency actions, as well as by the reason that rare agriculture or industrial crops exist in spill adjacent area.     

Microwave-assisted preparation of two-dimensional amphiphilic nanoplate herding surfactants for offshore oil spill treatment

Oil spills are the uncontrolled release of liquid hydrocarbon by ruptured pipelines and tanker hulls, or blowouts and leaks from offshore storage facilities and drilling rigs, either by faulty human behaviors or inevitable natural aging processes. Spills cause disastrous environmental and economic consequences, with the effects of marine habitat damage for lasting decades, necessitating a critical need for efficient oil spill mitigation and leakage treatment. In this study, we develop a two-dimensional (2D) amphiphilic nanoplate as the herding surfactant for retracting spilled oil offshore on the seawater surface with various temperature and saline concentrations. Applying 2D nanoplate herding surfactant causes areas of thin oil slick floating on water to largely shrink and form a thick bulk layer. This transformation lays the foundation for the next-step oil treatment and recovery. Microwave-assisted synthesis method was used to fabricate the surface-modified zirconium phosphate (ZrP) nanoplates as the oil herder, which has an amphiphilic characteristic, containing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. The 2D nanoplate surfactants decrease the air-water surface tension to facilitate the oil herding process efficiently. Using this herding procedure, we propose a biocompatible, high herding efficiency and cost-effective 2D herding surfactant fabrication method and offer a new direction for oil treatment in the offshore process safety field.     

Critical aspects for collision induced oil spill response and recovery system in ice conditions: A model-based analysis

The recovery effectiveness for oil spills in ice conditions depends on a complex system and has not been studied in depth, especially not from a system risk control perspective. This paper aims to identify the critical aspects in the oil spill system to enable effective oil spill recovery. First, a method is developed to identify critical elements in a Bayesian Network model, based on an uncertainty-based risk perspective. The method accounts for sensitivity and the strength of evidence, which are assessed for the different Bayesian Network model features. Then, a Bayesian Network model for the mechanical oil spill recovery system is developed for the Finnish oil spill response fleet, contextualized for representative collision accident scenarios. This model combines information about representative sea ice conditions, ship-ship collisions and their associated oil outflow, the oil dispersion and spreading in the ice conditions, and the oil spill response and recovery of the fleet. Finally, the critical factors are identified by applying the proposed method to the developed oil spill response system model. The identified most critical system factors relates collision aspect: Forcing Representative Scenario, Representative Accident Location, Impact Speed, Impact Location, Impact Angle and response aspect: Response Vessel Operability.     

An experimental and modeling study of continuous liquid fuel spill fires on water

The spread of burning fuel spilled from oil product containers during offshore storage and transportation may cause large damage and trigger further accidents. Some analytical models already exist to predict the spread and burning behavior of liquid fuel spill fires, however, few experimental studies have been conducted to verify the model results. In this paper, continuous n-heptane spill fire experiments were conducted in a rectangular trench covered with water. The burning area, fuel spread rate, and thermal flux with different discharge flow rates and ignition delay times were investigated by both experimental and modeling means. The spill fire burning area, with 5 typical phases during burning, has a quasi-steady value which is directly proportional to the discharge rate but irrelevant to the ignition delay times. The steady burning rate, as the ratio of discharge rate over burning area, was estimated. A spread model was modified to simulate the spread of continuous liquid fuel spill fires in a one-dimensional channel, based on the balance between gravity and viscous forces. A cuboid solid flame model was used to compute the thermal flux from spill fires. The burning fuel spread and the heat flux calculated by the models agree with the experimental results.     

城镇油气管道事故应急疏散决策优化

为实现油气管道事故中城镇大规模应急疏散的智慧决策,构建基于改进的自适应蚁群算法的应急疏散路径优化模型,开发基于油气管道典型事故后果分析的城镇大规模应急疏散决策优化系统平台(LSSED)。LSSED在地理信息系统平台上,针对油气管道泄漏引起的扩散、喷射火、池火、BLEVE、蒸气云爆炸等典型事故进行事故后果分析,对疏散通道当量长度和疏散时间成本函数进行定量评价,实现大规模应急疏散方案的智慧决策和避难方案的全局优化。案例分析表明,LSSED平台实现了基于地理信息系统的典型事故时变环境信息和应急疏散路径优化算法的数据传递及系统集成,实现了基于事故后果分析的城镇大规模人群疏散路径和避难方案优化,可为城镇安全规划和应急管理提供参考和借鉴。