固城湖及出入湖河道表层水体、沉积物和鱼体中有机氯农药分布及风险评估

为研究固城湖环境中有机氯农药(organochlorine pesticides,OCPs)时空分布、来源与生态风险,采用GC-μECD定性定量分析了固城湖及其出入湖河道12个监测点夏、冬两季水体、沉积物和鱼类体内19种OCPs的含量.结果表明,固城湖表层水、沉积物和鱼类中(以干重计)有机氯农药总量范围分别是26.74～48.12 ng·L^-1、 9.01～35.34 ng·g^-1和13.39～124.29 ng·g^-1.水中有机氯农药污染特征表现为夏季含量高于冬季,出入湖河道高于养殖塘和湖区;沉积物中季节性污染特征不明显.从组成特征上看,夏、冬两季水体、沉积物和生物体内19种OCPs均有不同程度地检出,均呈现以HCHs和DDTs为主的污染特征,其中,夏冬两季各监测点表层水和沉积物中HCHs以α-HCH为主,占HCHs总含量的21%～42%;表层水中DDTs以p,p′-DDD为主,占DDTs总含量的30%～76%,沉积物中以p,p′-DDT为主,占DDTs总含量的68%～93%.分析固城湖环境中OCPs来源,根据异构体比...     

辽河和太湖沉积物中PAHs和OCPs的分布特征及风险评估

于2009年6月分别采集辽河和太湖表层沉积物样品,测定了多环芳烃(PAHs)和有机氯农药(OCPs)的含量.结果表明,辽河表层沉积物中∑PAHs含量(干重)为120.8~22120ng/g,平均值为3281ng/g,处于较高的水平;太湖∑PAHs的含量为256.6~1709ng/g,平均值为829.0ng/g,处于中等水平.两采样区的PAHs以4环和5~6环为主,荧蒽含量最高,PAHs主要因热解产生.辽河和太湖表层沉积物中OCPs的含量均处于较低水平,且均以β-HCH为主.利用相平衡分配法建立了15种PAHs和8种OCPs的沉积物基准值,对沉积物中PAHs和OCPs进行了生态风险评估,结果显示辽河流域的浑河段均有∑PAHs、∑DDTs和∑HCHs超标点位,具有较大的生态风险;太湖流域未发现超标点位,沉积物中各类污染物中含量均未超过基准值,生态风险较小.     

松花江表层沉积物PAEs分布特征及生态风险评价

为揭示松花江干支流表层沉积物中邻苯二甲酸酯类(phthalate esters,PAEs)的空间分布特征及其生态风险状况本文利用气相色谱三重四级杆质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对松花江干支流表层沉积物中6种PAEs的含量分布和组成特征进行了分析,并采用商值法和环境风险水平(ERL)法对其生态风险状况进行评价.结果表明:①松花江干支流沉积物6种邻苯二甲酸酯(∑₆PAEs)含量范围(以干重计)为6 832.5～36 298.9ng·g^-1(平均值为18388.6ng·g^-1),邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)为主要组分,干流点位∑₆PAEs含量(6 832.5～36 298.9 ng·g^-1,平均值为18 616.9ng·g^-1)与支流点位∑₆PAEs(10 367.6～26 593.3ng·g^-1,平均值为18 264.1ng·g^-1)差异不显著(P>0.0...     

长江沉积物中多环芳烃的污染特征、来源解析及生态风险评价

多环芳烃(Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)具有“三致”效应,其在环境中的污染特征及行为倍受关注.长江作为我国经济发展的重要纽带,其PAHs污染特征及来源亟需明晰.本研究以长江干流(攀枝花至南京)及主要支流为研究区域,分析了表层沉积物中19种PAHs的污染特征和来源,评估了PAHs类污染物的生态风险.结果表明,长江上游、中下游及主要支流江段沉积物中Σ19PAHs浓度分别为55.2～406.4ng·g^-1(均值(216.3±139.2) ng·g^-1)、48.0～500.4 ng·g^-1(均值(337.1±197.0) ng·g^-1)、90.1～429.8 ng·g^-1(均值(268.0±129.0) ng·g^-1).其中4环、5～6环类PAHs浓度范围分别占38.9%和39.9%.以三峡大坝为界,上游越靠近大坝沉积物中PAHs浓度越高,中下游越靠近长江口沉积物中PAHs浓度越高;近20年来长江干流沉积物中PAHs浓...     

沱江沉积物中有机氯农药分布特征及其与藻类有机质的关系和生态风险评估

使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析了长江支流沱江流域48个表层沉积物中有机氯农药(organochlorine pesticides, OCPs)的残留水平,探讨了其分布和组成特征及其与总有机碳(total organic carbon, TOC)、藻类有机质之间的关系,以及评估其生态风险.结果表明沱江流域表层沉积物中OCPs的总含量为3.17～127 ng·g^-1,其中六六六(hexachlorocyclohexane, HCHs)类农药的含量为2.83～86.0 ng·g^-1,滴滴涕(dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, DDTs)类农药的含量为0.340～40.9 ng·g^-1.OCPs空间分布特点为:上游<中游<下游<支流.HCHs和DDTs的组成成分分析表明,沱江流域存在林丹输入的现象,主要来自于历史残留,这与绝大多数流域的DDTs的输入状况相似.OCPs含量与TOC、藻类有机质含量之间存在着极显著的正相关性关系,表明藻类有机质在TOC对沉积物中的OCPs分配中起更为重要...     

广州南沙红树林湿地水体和沉积物中有机氯农药的残留特征

红树林湿地对保护海岸生态环境起着重要作用,为研究有机氯农药(OCPs)在广州南沙红树林湿地水体和沉积物中的残留水平、来源和生态风险,于2015年3月采集该地区10个表层水体样品和7个表层沉积物样品,并采用GC-ECD测定其中OCPs的含量.结果表明,水体中OCPs含量为1.89~90.19 ng·L~(-1),平均值为30.16 ng·L~(-1);沉积物中OCPs含量为3.10~16.02 ng·g~(-1),平均值为8.58 ng·g~(-1).与其他河口、海湾地区相比,研究区有机氯农药污染处于中等水平.研究区水体和沉积物间HCHs和DDTs的分配系数平均值分别为857和368;在分配系数较高的区域,沉积物成为水体二次污染源的潜力较大.来源分析表明,研究区水体和沉积物中近期仍存在HCHs和DDTs输入,HCHs主要来源于林丹的使用,DDTs来源于三氯杀螨醇与工业DDT的混合输入;与水体相比,沉积物中的OCPs可能包含更多历史残留组分.风险评价结果显示,水体中OCPs的生态风险较小,但沉积物中OCPs存在较高的生态风险,可能危害红树林生态系统.     

黄土高原北洛河表层沉积物中有机氯农药的分布、来源及生态风险评估

为探明有机氯农药(OCPs)在沉积物中的空间分布、来源及生态风险,以黄土高原典型河流北洛河为研究对象,于2021年6月采集了17个表层沉积物样品,利用气相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱仪(GC-MS/MS)对OCPs浓度进行测定。在此基础上,通过同分异构体比值法揭示OCPs的来源,并利用熵值法对OCPs生态风险进行评估。结果表明：北洛河表层沉积物中25种OCPs均有不同程度检出,∑OCPs含量范围为0.53～61.68 ng/g(干重,下同),平均含量为8.68 ng/g。其中,DDTs的平均含量最高,占∑OCPs的50.11%,其次为DRINs,占∑OCPs的23.01%。与国内其他流域相比,北洛河表层沉积物中OCPs处于中等偏低水平。表层沉积物中HCHs污染主要来自农业用品林丹的使用,以及农业用品林丹与工业HCHs的混合输入;DDTs主要在好氧环境下降解为DDE,其污染主要来自工业DDTs的使用,以及工业DDTs与三氯杀螨醇的混合输入,且OCPs主要为环境中的历史残留,近期输入的OCPs较少。生态风险评估结果显示,硫丹I和狄氏剂对北洛河流域所造成的生态风险较为严重,有关部门应给予足够的重...     

衡水湖沉积物营养盐形态分布特征及污染评价

以衡水湖为研究对象,于2019年3月采集具有代表性的11个点位的表层沉积物,对衡水湖沉积物中碳、氮和磷营养盐进行形态分布特征分析.结果表明,衡水湖沉积物中有机质(TOC)含量为93.226 mg·g^-1,其含量较高,导致潜在氮源释放风险可能较高.总氮(TN)含量为1.850 mg·g^-1,属中度污染;氮形态含量及其占TN比依次为:残渣态氮(Res-N,0.973 mg·g^-1,52.57%)>弱酸可提取态氮(WAEF-N,0.531 mg·g^-1,28.69%)>强氧化剂可提取态氮(SOEF-N,0.208 mg·g^-1,11.23%)>离子交换态氮(IEF-N,0.088 mg·g^-1,4.77%)>强碱可提取态氮(SAEF-N,0.051 mg·g^-1,2.75%),进一步表明衡水湖沉积物氮释放风险相对较高.总磷(TP)含量为1.020 mg·g^-1,其中无机磷(IP)含量为0.839...     

北江汛期清远段多环芳烃的污染特征与风险评估

2016年7月于北江清远段采集21个水和表层沉积物样品,采用气相色谱质谱（GC-MS）法测定了样品中的PAHs（多环芳烃）含量,分析了北江水环境中PAHs的污染水平,并对其生态风险进行了评价.结果表明,水中ρ（∑PAHs）介于0.4~110.2 ng/L,表层沉积物中w（∑PAHs）（以干质量计,下同）在54.4~819.8 ng/g之间,平均值分别为41.7 ng/L和424.9 ng/g.与国内水体PAHs污染状况相比,北江清远段水中PAHs污染状况处于中低水平,而表层沉积物污染状况处于中等水平.运用特征比值法对PAHs来源进行分析表明,PAHs主要来源为石油泄漏、化石燃料燃烧.采用商值法对水中PAHs进行生态风险评价,∑PAHs和个别单体的最低风险浓度风险商值大于1.0而最高风险浓度风险商值小于1.0,处于中等污染水平;采用效应区间低、中值法对表层沉积物PAHs进行生态风险评价,仅个别点位表层沉积物中苊烯、蒽和二苯并[a,h]蒽超出生态效应低值,对生态环境潜在负面效应较小.研究显示,北江水和沉积物中PAHs潜在风险处于较低水平.      

淮河下游湖泊表层水和沉积物中PPCPs分布特征及风险评估

为了解淮河下游湖泊(洪泽湖和高邮湖)表层水和沉积物中药品及个人护理品(PPCPs)的赋存特征及生态风险,采集了23个采样点的43个表层水和沉积物样品,检测了样品中的61种PPCPs,分析了洪泽湖和高邮湖PPCPs的浓度水平空间分布,计算了典型PPCPs在研究区水/沉积物系统的分配系数,并利用商值法对目标PPCPs的生态风险进行评价.结果表明,洪泽湖和高邮湖表层水中∑PPCPs浓度分别是1.56～2 534.44 ng·L^-1和3.32～1 027.47 ng·L^-1,沉积物中∑PPCPs含量分别是1.7～926.7 ng·g^-1和1.02～289.37 ng·g^-1,其中表层水中林可霉素(LIN)浓度最高,沉积物中强力霉素(DOX)含量最高,都以抗生素类药物为主要组分;PPCPs空间分布呈现洪泽湖高、高邮湖低的特征;分配特征表明研究区域典型PPCPs更倾向停留在水相,lgK_oc和lgK_d之间具有显著相关性,表明沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)对典型PPCPs在水...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.