基于熵权的改进密切值法在地面水水质评价中的应用

为了简化传统密切值法运算,更能全面客观地反映出各样本的优劣情况,尝试采用目标差值率法进行初始矩阵的规范化处理,引入熵权法确定各评价指标的权重,对传统密切值法进行了改进.通过将两种不同密切值法对某区域水体水质的评价结果进行对比表明: 两种密切值法评价水质得出了一致的水质优劣排序,但改进后的密切值法可以有效地消除各评价指标在量纲、数量级及指标优劣等方面的差异,计算更简便; 改进后的密切值法利用熵权法确定各评价指标的权重,更客观; 改进后的密切值法评价结果中各样本的差异性放大了,对比更为明显.     

基于改进熵权的灰色关联模型在湿地水质综合评价中的应用

湿地是自然界生物多样性较为丰富的生态系统,具有很大的生态功能及生态学价值,湿地水质评价需要综合考虑各指标的属性.介绍了基于改进熵权的灰色关联模型在湿地水质综合评价中的应用.以黑龙江省扎龙国家级自然保护区湿地调查采样数据为例,通过构建灰色关联决策矩阵,同时采用改进熵值法确定权重,再由计算各样本的灰色关联度来确定其所属级别,进而对保护区水质采样点的水质进行综合评价.基于改进熵权的灰色关联度模型,为湿地生态系统水质综合评价提供了新的思路.     

模糊综合评价法的改进及其在水库水质评价中的应用

为了克服传统模糊综合评价法中权重赋值的片面性及最大隶属度原则导致评价结果不合理的弊端,提出了基于层次分析法和熵权法的主客观组合权重,并结合相乘相加算子及加权平均原则,建立了改进的模糊综合评价法.选取TP、TN、DO、NH3-N、CODMn和BOD5为评价指标,用改进的模糊综合评价法对重庆某水库2012年7-12月的水质进行了综合评价.结果表明:TN为主要的污染物;水质最差时段为8月,评价结果为2.655,水质属于Ⅱ级,略偏于Ⅲ级.评价结果与人工神经网络模型所得结果基本一致.     

基于评分法和模糊模式识别模型的大连市地下水质评价

在系统分析评分法和模糊模式识别理论模型优缺点的基础上,提出将两种评价方法结合起来对大连市地下水环境质量进行综合评价.首先应用加附注的评分法对大连市内5区239眼枯水期和236眼丰水期地下水井的水质监测数据进行分析和评价,初步划分各地下水样所属质量级别,并给出主要超标项目;然后将主要超标项目作为重点评价指标,应用模糊模式识别理论模型对上述评价中的1级和2级地下水质量进行精确评价,计算各地下水井水质的级别特征值.结果表明,大连市2004年的枯水期地下水质远好于丰水期的地下水质;市内5区中,中山区的地下水质最好,沙河口区和西岗区地下水质居中,甘井子区和旅顺口区地下水质最差.研究表明,加附注的评分法与模糊模式识别模型相结合对地下水质进行评价,既节省了评价工作的时间,又提高了评价结果的准确率和精确度.     

基于熵权法和灰靶理论的突出危险性评价方法及其应用

煤与瓦斯突出灾害是当前威胁矿井安全生产的最为严重的动力灾害之一。以当前瓦斯突出预警指标众多、危险程度评价标准不同这一现象为背景,基于熵权法、灰靶决策理论研究和现场实践,通过优选确立突出危险性评价因子,对灰靶决策理论进行了改进,提出了利用熵权法确立评价因子权重的改进灰靶决策方法,并构建了相应的突出危险程度评价模型。同时,提出以灰靶环数对评价结果进行优劣排序,增强了评价结果的可信度和直观性。以贵州若干矿井为例,对上述方法进行了应用实践和现场验证。结果表明,改进多指标决策理论能较准确地评价煤与瓦斯突出危险程度,应用结果验证了所建模型的合理性和可行性。     

改进TOPSIS法在航空公司安全评估的运用研究

在复杂系统的评价中,为避免传统TOPSIS法由主观判断确定指标权重方法的不确定性和随意性,本文提出了一种改进的熵权法, 对指标权重系数进行客观的确定.在确定权重的基础上,提出三种综合评价指标的计算方法,并对三种评估方法的特性进行比较分析.将改进TOPSIS法用于航空公司安全评估,取得较为满意的结果.     

粗糙集和熵权计算法在多因素指标评价中的应用

为了提高分析多因素指标评价中核心因素选取和权重计算的准确性,根据粗糙集处理数据的特点,以及熵权法计算权重的客观性,提出将粗糙集和熵权计算法结合进行核心因素选取和指标权重的计算。以土壤腐蚀多因素指标评价为例,针对其粗糙集应用中离散化数据时的失值问题,以及熵权计算法中无量纲化处理时标准的不统一,提出了土壤腐蚀等级的分类离散化方法和熵权计算法中无量纲化的同级变换公式,结果得到了2种方法计算数值的相互验证,增加了针对指标权重分析的应用性和可靠性。     

基于超标倍数赋权法的模糊物元在湿地水质评价中的应用

湿地水质的研究是保护湿地生物多样性工作的基础.鉴于水质评价中各指标的不确定性和模糊性,将超标倍数法与模糊物元建模相结合,应用于水质综合评价,建立了基于超标倍数赋权法的模糊物元模型.运用此模型对洪河湿地水质进行评价与分析,评价结果与熵权系数法的评价结果一致,证明所建立的新模型是科学合理的,其结果更加客观.目前,洪河湿地的水质污染较严重,主要是湿地周边的农场大量使用农药和化肥造成的.因此,提出了建立湿地过滤带的方法,可以有效阻止水质恶化.     

沈阳市地下水水质综合评价

针对单一评价方法的局限性,以沈阳市4个自来水厂16例监测井为对象,采用单项水质指数法、国标F值法和灰色关联评价法对沈阳市2010年枯水期地下水水质进行综合评价。选择氨氮、硝酸盐、硫酸盐、p H值、总硬度、总铁、锰7项指标作为评价因子。结果表明,3种方法联合使用更能真实地反映水质状况。国标F值法得出,评价结果中Ⅳ类为43.75%,Ⅱ类为37.5%,Ⅴ类为12.5%,Ⅰ类为6.25%,评价结果为水质较差;灰色关联评价法得出,Ⅰ类为62.5%,Ⅱ类为18.75%,Ⅲ类为12.5%,Ⅳ类为6.25%,评价结果为水质较好。由此得出,灰色关联评价法评价结果较差,则水质状况较差;国标F值法的评价结果较好,则水质状况较好;当灰色关联评价法评价结果较好,而国标F值法的评价结果较差时,则水质状况有恶化的趋势。根据单项水质指数法评价结果,能清晰地看出水质指标的超标情况。根据评价结果,沈阳市二水厂4个监测井的水质均较好,一水厂和八水厂有1个监测井水质较差,四水厂有两个监测井水质较差。除氨氮、总铁和锰等指标严重超标外,其他水质指标状况较好。     

基于熵权物元可拓理论的隧道塌方风险评估

为了准确评价隧道塌方风险等级,降低隧道施工过程中塌方事故的风险,基于熵权物元可拓理论建立了隧道塌方风险分级的评估模型。在统计及综合分析隧道塌方影响因素的基础上,选取围岩级别、跨度、偏压角度、埋深、地下水影响、断层破碎带、施工管理与技术水平7个主要因素作为隧道塌方等级评价指标。借鉴可拓学原理,将熵权法引入可拓学理论中,建立了熵权物元可拓评估模型,对隧道塌方风险进行评估。在熵权物元可拓评估模型中,对定性的指标进行量化,并对各指标进行归一化处理,构建隧道塌方等级评估的经典域、节域和待评物元;为客观、合理地确定指标权重,提出用熵权法计算指标权重;对隧道塌方风险进行关联函数值和关联度分析,确定隧道塌方风险等级及其变量特征值。在工程应用中,对某隧道1#横洞的数据进行统计分析,通过构建的熵权物元可拓评估模型得到某隧道1#横洞的待评物元,从而应用熵权物元可拓理论对某隧道1#横洞进行隧道塌方风险评估,评估结果与实际开挖中毛开挖面围岩不稳定、且时有掉块现象发生的情况一致。研究表明,将熵权物元可拓理论应用于山岭隧道塌方风险评估是可行的,应用该模型得到的隧道塌方等级与实际开挖情况相吻合,很好地预测了隧道施工的安全状态。     

Gender differences in DUI offenders in treatment in Texas

OBJECTIVE: This is a study of 8,464 adult women and 21,155 adult males who entered substance abuse treatment in Texas between 2000 and 2005. Participants were either on probation for driving under the influence (DUI), were referred to treatment by DUI probation, or had been arrested for DUI in the past year. METHODS: The female and male clients were compared on demographic characteristics, substance use patterns, DSM-IV diagnoses, and levels of impairment. T tests and chi square tests were used to determine significance and multivariate logistic regression identified predictors of completing treatment and being abstinent at follow-up. RESULTS: The proportion of females who were sent to treatment as a result of DUI increased from 27% in 2000 to 32% in 2005. Females were significantly more likely than males to be White (73% vs. 56%), to have used substances a shorter period of time (17 vs. 19 years), to be seeking custody to regain their children (11% vs. 2%), to meet the DSM criteria for drug dependence (32% vs. 23%), to have injected drugs (31% vs. 23%), to have used substances daily (42% vs. 40%), to have a depressive disorder (16% vs. 7%) or bipolar disorder (12% vs. 5%), and to be have been in treatment before (60% vs. 49%). In contrast, males were more likely to be alcohol dependent (49% vs. 44%). Females were less likely to complete treatment (67% vs. 72%) and reported significantly more days of problems on the 6 domains of the ASI at both admission and at 60-day follow-up. Furthermore, at follow-up, they were more likely to be living with someone who abused alcohol or used drugs (9% vs.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Although females comprised only 29% of the DUI treatment admissions, they were more impaired and experienced more problems than their male counterparts. The findings indicate that additional resources, including treatment for co-occurring mental health problems and living in sober households, may be keys to helping these women achieve abstinence and prevent additional DUI episodes.     

我国非煤矿山安全生产的差距

从我国非煤矿山安全生产立法、安全生产管理体制、监察执法、群众监督、宣传教育、科研、矿山企业等方面与国外矿业进行了对比分析，分析了我国非煤矿山存在的问题以及与国外的差距，最后分析了产生问题与差距的原因。     

Trends in chemical hazards in Japan

In the past, the chemical industry in Japan has been the cause of a number of major industrial accidents. Subsequent to each accident, specific lessons have been learned. These lessons learned have been implemented in terms of safety education of the employees and/or safety measures of the equipment and facilities resulting in a rapid decrease of corresponding accident frequencies. In this paper, we summarized both recent and past major accidents caused by chemical substances in fixed installations in Japan. Case studies show that runaway reactions are among the main causes of major accident occurrences in the chemical process industry in Japan. A recent fatal poisoning accident caused by H₂S gas generated during maintenance work again highlights the necessity of adequate safety management in a chemical factory. Therefore, even if hazard evaluation of chemical substances and chemical processes is necessary to prevent runaway reactions, human error is also an important factor contributing to reaction hazards [Wakakura, M. (1997) Human factor in chemical accidents, J. Safety Eng. High Press. Gas. Safety Inst. Japan, 34, 846].     

Violence in the workplaces in Finland

The aim of this study was to describe violence in Finnish workplaces by comparing it with leisure-time violence. The data were derived from 13,762 interviews made from a representative sample of the Finnish population in 1988. The subjects were asked to report all the violent incidents they had encountered during the previous 12 months. There were 394 victims of violence in workplaces, that is, 40.6 victims per 1,000 workers. The rate of occupational violence was almost identical for males (40.6) and females (40.5). The most hazardous occupations were prison guard, police officer, and mental health nurse. The main reasons for violence at work were related to refusal of an authority's order to go away or to the relationship between doctor or nurse and patient. A typical assailant was an unaccompanied man who was under the influence of alcohol.     

Trends in occupational hygiene in Finland

The aim of this work is to evaluate and describe the current status of, and prospects for, the future of occupational hygiene in Finland. The main sources of information include a seminar held in the annual meeting of Finnish Occupational Hygiene Society and interviews with different stakeholders. Nanotechnology and other new materials, changing work environments, circular economy including green jobs, new medical methods and advances of construction methods were recognized as future challenges. Future work opportunities for occupational hygiene experts included exposure assessments in indoor air surveys, private consulting and entrepreneurship in general, international activities and product safety issues. Unclear topics needing more attention in the future were thought to be in new exposures, sensitive persons, combined effects, skin exposures and applicability of personal protective equipment. Occupational hygiene should broaden its view; occupational hygienists should have to cooperate with other specialists and grasp new challenges.     

九月北京，国际盛会

第二届中国国际安全生产论坛于9月2日在人民大会堂开幕,国务委员、国务院秘书长华建敏,国家局局长王显政,国际劳工组织东亚地区局局长克里斯廷等领导参加开幕式     

在回顾中思考 在创新中发展

2008年,是中国的奥运之年,也是中国林科院建院50周年、哈尔滨林机所建所50周年、<林业劳动安全>杂志创刊20周年. <林业劳动安全>的诞生,为林业安全文化建设开辟了一片广袤的园地,为加强学术交流打开了一洞明亮的牕牖,为行业安全的发展提供了一块方正的铺路石……     

WTO与中国安全生产

新世纪之始,中国将要迈进世界贸易组织（ＷＴＯ）。在入世的过程中,与美国为首的发达国家之间始终存在着阻挠与反阻挠、限制与反限制的斗争,目前虽已告一段落,但远未结束。可以预见,中国加入ＷＴＯ之后,斗争非但不会停止,甚至可能会更复杂、更激烈。这场经济、贸易斗争实际上还有着深刻的政治与社会背景。最近几年,发达国家一直在努力使社会条款纳入世界经济贸易体系之中,在“关注发展中国家人权状况”的旗号下,反复提出“劳工标准”问题,即把本国安全生产问题与国际贸易挂钧。实际上这是“涂上绿色’”的贸易保护主义。中国是一…