纳滤处理含Cr（Ⅵ）废水的试验研究

采用纳滤对含Cr(Ⅵ)废水进行试验研究，讨论了初始浓度、pH、浓差极化、共存离子对处理效果的影响。试验结果表明，NF90膜对含Cr(Ⅵ)废水有良好的处理效果，去除率超过了98％，出水Cr(Ⅵ)浓度低于0．5mg／L，可以达标排放或回用于镀件漂洗。     

废铁屑-改性粉煤灰联用处理铬渣渗滤液

针对铬渣严重污染环境问题,以"以废治废"为研究目标,采用室内静态实验方法,进行废铁屑-改性粉煤灰联用处理铬渣渗滤液中Cr(Ⅵ)和总铬实验研究。实验结果表明,废铁屑与聚合氯化铝改性粉煤灰联用处理Cr(Ⅵ)和总铬效果优于单独采用其中一种物质;处理Cr(Ⅵ)浓度208 mg/L、总铬浓度260 mg/L的200 m L高浓度含铬废水最佳反应条件为:反应时间30 min,总投加量40 g,配比为1∶1,pH值4.1,对应Cr(Ⅵ)去除率99.93%,总铬去除率99.72%。处理后水质满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)要求。     

柱生物曝气法吸附处理含铬废水

利用复合生物吸附剂FY01与活性污泥作为吸附材料，探讨了柱式生物曝气法对高浓度含铬电镀废水的生物吸附效果。研究结果表明，FY01性能稳定，耐进水pH冲击能力较强。当进水pH=2—5、流速为500mL／h时，10gFY01和5g活性污泥联合处理60．4mg／L含铬电镀废水2h后，铬的去除率达78％以上；在4℃冰箱和23—28℃实验室保存50d的FY01对铬的去除分别在78％～83％和77％-84％之间。柱式生物曝气吸附法对含铬废水的处理效果理想，运行稳定。串联处理2000mL总Cr、Cu^2＋和COD浓度分别为60．4、4．51和48．2mg／L的电镀废水2h后，去除率分别高达92．1％、99．2％和71．4％。     

纳米天然黄铁矿对土壤和地下水中铬的原位固定技术

采用机械球磨活化方法制备了纳米级黄铁矿,将其作为可渗透反应屏障中的介质材料,用于原位固定土壤和地下水中的Cr(Ⅵ),通过柱实验研究了黄铁矿对Cr(Ⅵ)动态反应(吸附)和解吸附的性能,并结合高分辨率透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)等对黄铁矿材料进行了表征,同时对反应机理进行了探讨。结果表明:在纳米天然黄铁矿填充的PRB反应器中,FeS_2能够有效地处理含铬废水并将Cr(Ⅵ)原位固定在土壤中;在反应过程中,1 g黄铁矿可处理50 mg·L~(-1)的含铬废水1 854.4 mL,2 g的纳米级天然黄铁矿介质固定了约69.458 mg的Cr(Ⅵ);当铬溶液到达穿透点时,Cr(Ⅵ)去除率达到了99.9%。本研究成果可为纳米级天然黄铁矿处理土壤和地下水中Cr(Ⅵ)以及原位固定其他的重金属提供参考。     

氧化-解胶联合法分离含铬铝型材污泥中的铬铝金属

以广东某铝型材厂产生的含铬铝型材污泥为研究对象,在不影响污泥含铝量的前提下,采用次氯酸钠氧化-硫酸钠解胶联合法单独分离污泥中的Cr(Ⅲ)。结果表明:通过次氯酸钠氧化Cr(Ⅲ)并浸出Cr(Ⅵ),在最佳条件下,铬浸出率为46.47%;然后水洗1次滤渣,去除残留的可溶性Cr(Ⅵ),再以硫酸钠为解胶剂去除被滤渣吸附的酸溶性Cr(Ⅵ),在最佳条件下,水洗-解胶除铬率为63.64%;经联合法处理后,污泥含铬量为0.80 mg·g-1,总除铬率为80.50%,含铝量损失率仅为1.08%。氧化后的含Cr(Ⅵ)废水经氯化钡处理后可在工艺中回用。利用联合法处理含铬铝型材污泥所需成本比HW17危险废物的处置费用低。     

电絮凝-膜分离反应器还原-絮凝-超滤一体化处理六价铬废水

采用电絮凝-膜分离反应器(electrocoagulation membrane reactor,ECMR)对含铬废水进行研究。讨论了电化学参数和水质条件对Cr(Ⅵ)去除的影响,对比了ECMR和EC-UF抑制膜污染的作用机制。结果表明,在电流密度J=55 A·m~(-2)、初始浓度C(Cr~(6+))=40 mg·L~(-1)、初始pH=3、电解时间60 min、水力停留时间20 min条件下,ECMR出水总Cr去除率达到99.2%,废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率达到99.4%。同时发现ECMR膜通量优于EC-UF,通量高出近15%,ECMR装置不但能够充分利用电絮凝中的电场和气浮作用,进一步强化减缓膜污染,而且可以使装置系统更加紧凑,节省占地空间。     

TiO2/石墨烯应用于Cr (Ⅵ) 和苯酚复合体系的光催化研究

以溶胶凝胶法制备的TiO_2/石墨烯复合材料为光催化剂,对Cr(Ⅵ)和苯酚的复合体系进行光催化实验。考察了污染物浓度、反应气态氛围、光照时间等因素对光催化效果的影响。结果表明,Cr(Ⅵ)和苯酚的去除率均随光照时间的延长而提高。苯酚质量浓度为0～150mg/L时,Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率随着苯酚浓度的增大而升高,当苯酚质量浓度为150mg/L时,Cr(Ⅵ)的最终去除率可达到100.0%;而Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度为0～50mg/L时,苯酚的光催化氧化去除率随Cr(Ⅵ)浓度的增大先升高后降低,当Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度为15mg/L时,苯酚的最终去除率最高,为92.2%。综合考虑,空气为最佳气态氛围。Cr(Ⅵ)和苯酚的光催化去除反应均符合一级反应动力学规律。Cr(Ⅵ)和苯酚的光催化协同去除机理为:在光照射下,TiO_2被激发产生光生电子和光生空穴,Cr(Ⅵ)被光生电子还原成Cr(Ⅲ),苯酚主要被光生空穴氧化,光生电子和光生空穴的复合被阻止起到了协同促进作用。     

还原沉淀法对含铬重金属废水的处理研究

采用还原沉淀法处理含铬(Cr)重金属废水,研究了单质Fe、FeSO4、NaHSO3、Na2SO3等4种常用还原剂对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原效果,中性及弱碱性条件下FeSO4对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原以及重金属离子沉淀的最佳pH。结果表明:对于酸性含Cr重金属废水,NaHSO3是Cr(Ⅵ)还原的优选还原剂;对于中性及弱碱性废水,采用FeSO4对Cr(Ⅵ)进行还原,可以避免反复调节pH,简化工艺,降低成本;对于本试验用含Cr重金属废水,沉淀重金属离子最适宜的pH为10.0。     

碳羟基磷灰石对水中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能研究

利用废弃蛋壳为原材料,水热法合成碳羟基磷灰石(CHAP),并利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、能谱分析手段对其结构进行了表征.将CHAP作为含铬废水的吸附剂,考察了pH、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度、吸附时间等对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附行为的影响.结果表明,初始质量浓度为50 mg/L的Cr(Ⅵ)溶液,在常温(22±2) ℃、溶液pH为3.0、CHAP用量为5 g/L时,30 min基本达到吸附平衡,Cr(Ⅵ)去除率为98.3%,饱和吸附容量达29.85 mg/g.CHAP对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附行为符合Langmuir吸附等温式和Freundlich吸附等温式,相关系数分别为0.998 4和0.922 6.通过10%(体积分数)H2SO4对吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的CHAP进行再生,再生率最高达95.8%.     

发酵麸皮对酸性含铬废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附与解吸研究

以发酵行业产生的发酵麸皮废弃物为生物吸附剂处理酸性含铬废水中的Cr(Ⅵ),研究了pH、吸附时间、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度、发酵麸皮投加量对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附效果的影响,确定发酵麸皮吸附去除Cr(Ⅵ)的适宜条件。分别以NaOH、HCl、NaCl为解吸剂处理吸附饱和的发酵麸皮,利用正交实验研究解吸剂种类、解吸时间、解吸剂浓度、发酵麸皮投加量等因素对Cr(Ⅵ)解吸效果的影响。结果表明,在强酸条件下发酵麸皮对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附效果最好,发酵麸皮吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的适宜条件为pH=1,吸附时间90min,Cr(Ⅵ)初始质量浓度20mg/L,发酵麸皮投加量0.35g。发酵麸皮解吸Cr(Ⅵ)的正交实验结果表明,最佳解吸条件为以0.20mol/L NaOH为解吸剂,发酵麸皮投加量0.50g,解吸时间60min。各因素对Cr(Ⅵ)解吸效果的影响程度排序为解吸剂种类解吸时间解吸剂摩尔浓度发酵麸皮投加量。吸附饱和后的发酵麸皮可以通过解吸再生,但再生第4次已经失去了重复利用的价值。     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

底泥修复中温度对微生物活性和污染物释放的影响

通过分析底泥中微生物的酶活性以及污染物的释放规律,探讨了温度对河道底泥生物修复的影响.结果表明,底泥中微生物的脱氢酶、脲酶和磷酸酶的活性随着温度的升高而显著增大,但温度对纤维素酶的活性影响较小.4 ℃和10 ℃时底泥中污染物的释放量和微生物的酶活性均较低,水质较稳定;20～37 ℃时底泥中污染物的释放量明显增加,微生物的新陈代谢能力有较大提高,水体的自净能力较强.在各种因素的综合作用下,20～30 ℃是进行底泥生物修复的适宜环境温度.此外,当pH为9.0以及添加葡萄糖时,底泥中微生物均表现出较高的脱氢酶活性.     

How the loss of forest fauna undermines the achievement of the SDGs

The human-driven loss of biodiversity has numerous ecological, social, and economic impacts at the local and global levels, threatening important ecological functions and jeopardizing human well-being. In this perspective, we present an overview of how tropical defaunation—defined as the disappearance of fauna as a result of anthropogenic drivers such as hunting and habitat alteration in tropical forest ecosystems—is interlinked with four selected Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We discuss tropical defaunation related to nutrition and zero hunger (SDG 2), good health and well-being (SDG 3), climate action (SDG 13), and life on land (SDG 15). We propose a range of options on how to study defaunation in future research and how to address the ongoing tropical defaunation crisis, including but not limited to recent insights from policy, conservation management, and development practice.     

Industrial plastic on the southern beaches of the Arabian Gulf and the western beaches of the Gulf of Oman

The increasing production and use of plastic in the Arabian Gulf combined with shipping and waste disposal practices, have increased the concentration of plastic particles on the sea's surface and beaches. The objective of this investigation was to provide an assessment of the abundance, distribution, potential sources and significance of industrial plastic on the western beaches of the United Arab Emirates on the Arabian Gulf and on the eastern beaches on the Gulf of Oman. The abundance of stranded plastic pellets was highly uneven. By early 1992 alarming levels of fresh plastic pellets were noticed on the Arabian Gulf beaches of the UAE. Large numbers of 25 kg sacks of white plastic spherules manufactured by (SABIC) in Jubail, Saudi Arabia were washed ashore. When compared to the west coast on the Arabian Gulf, the east coast on the Gulf of Oman exhibited much lower levels of plastic pellets. When compared to other parts of the world, the beaches of the UAE on the Arabian Gulf are considered to be heavily polluted with industrial plastic.     

The Governance of the Mitigation of the Baltic Sea Eutrophication: Exploring the Challenges of the Formal Governing System

This article focuses on the governing system of the mitigation of eutrophication in the Baltic Sea. Policies and measures of the Baltic Sea coastal countries, the macro--regional (HELCOM) level, and the level of the European Union are described and governance challenges explicated. We found that the main challenges at different governance levels include: differences between coastal countries in terms of environmental conditions including environmental awareness, overlaps of policies between different levels, the lack of adequate spatial and temporal specification of policies, and the lack of policy integration. To help to meet these challenges, we suggest closer involvement of stakeholders and the public, the improvement of the interplay of institutions, and the introduction of a “primus motor” for the governance of the mitigation of eutrophication in the Baltic Sea.     

Effect of the pesticide lindane on the biomass of the microalgae Nannochloris oculata

This study assesses the growth of the microalgae Nannochloris oculata in the presence of lindane and the ability of N. oculata to remove lindane from media. Algal biomass increased with 0.1 and 0.5 mg L^?1 of lindane, and lindane concentrations in the media decreased. N. oculata removed 73% and 68.2% of lindane in the 0.1 and 0.5 mg L^?1 media concentrations, respectively. Algal biomass decreased to the level of the control at lindane concentrations greater than 2.5 mg L^?1, probably due to toxicity. N. oculata removed lindane from the media at concentrations lower than 1.0 mg L^?1. Thus, N. oculata may be useful for lindane bioremediation in contaminated aquatic systems.     

Influence of the application of sewage sludge on the degradation of pesticides in the soil

A study was made of the influence of the application of sewage sludge on the degradation of pesticides in the soil. Two kinds of sludge were used, with different characteristics, one from an urban treatment plant and one from a food processing plant. Three organophosphorus insecticides, fenitrothion, diazinon and dimethoate, were studied. The relative importance was determined of the chemical and biological degradation processes, which involved experiments on soil and sterile soil samples. A comparative study was also made of the degradation of pesticide residues and the evolution of the microbial population. The application of sludge seems to have a complex effect on the degradation of pesticides, determined by the bioavailability and biodegradability of their active ingredient. The biodegradation of pesticide residues brings about alterations in the microorganism population of the soil.     

Assessment of the effects of the carbamazepine on the endogenous endocrine system of Daphnia magna

In the present study, the endocrine activity of the antiepileptic pharmaceutical carbamazepine (CBZ) in the crustacean Daphnia magna was assessed. To assess the hormonal activity of the drug, we exposed maternal daphnids and embryos to environmental relevant concentrations of CBZ (ranging from 10 to 200 μg/L) and to mixtures of CBZ with fenoxycarb (FEN; 1 μg/L). Chronic exposure to CBZ significantly decreased the reproductive output and the number of molts of D. magna at 200 μg/L. This compound induced the production of male offspring (12?±?1.7 %), in a non-concentration-dependent manner, acting as a weak juvenile hormone analog. Results showed that this substance, at tested concentrations, did not antagonize the juvenoid action of FEN. Further, CBZ has shown to be toxic to daphnid embryos through maternal exposure interfering with their normal gastrulation and organogenesis stages but not producing direct embryo toxicity. These findings suggest that CBZ could act as an endocrine disruptor in D. magna as it decreases the reproductive output, interferes with sex determination, and causes development abnormality in offspring. Therefore, CBZ could directly affect the population sustainability.

     

Isolation of the stable fraction (the core) of the humic acid

Humic acid consists of a recalcitrant (unhydrolysed fraction) (the core) and labile (hydrolysable fraction) fraction. Core-humic acid (core-HA) isolation was performed by treating source material with apolar and polar solvents (organic solvents+acid hydrolysis) before alkaline extraction. Leonardite, soil Ah horizont and dry blood were chosen for this study because of their different origin and degree of humification. Chemical analysis (elemental analysis, total acidity, E(4):E(6)), spectroscopic analysis (DRIFT and (1)H NMR), and complete mass balance were used to investigate the effect of purifying humic acids. The results obtained showed that purification produced a slight modification of Leonardite humic acids as was expected for these highly humified organic matrices. On the other hand, about 500 g kg(-1) of soil humic acids were lost by purification. The fractions lost mainly consisted of carbohydrates. Dry blood showed the presence of humic acids that contrasted with its origin, thus indicating the limitations of the common analytical methods used for HA extraction. Nevertheless, in practice, purification caused the complete disappearance (914 g kg(-1) of HA was lost) of these HAs. The results obtained in this work suggest that the HA fraction isolated (named core-HA) effectively represents the HA structure proposed by the existing literature, since the purification proposed was able to eliminate the adsorbed organic molecules (interference materials) coating the HA structure.