基于小波分解和SVM的大气污染物浓度预测模型研究

针对大气污染物浓度的精准预测问题,运用小波分解将污染物浓度一维序列分解为高维信息,结合气象及污染物浓度数据,构建了基于小波分解的支持向量机预测模型.最后将模型应用于长沙市2018年PM_2.5和O_{3-8 h}的浓度预测.结果表明：①在其他参数不变的条件下,该模型在平均绝对误差（MAE）、平均绝对百分比误差（MAPE）、均方根误差（RMSE）、一致性水平（IA）和相关系数（R）指标上均优于未经小波分解的预测模型;②在考虑其他污染物对PM_2.5浓度的影响后,预测模型评价指标MAE、MAPE和RMSE分别减少了5.57%、9.91%和3.44%,有着更小的误差;③在考虑气象因素对O_{3-8 h}浓度的影响后,预测模型评价指标MAE、MAPE和RMSE分别减少了1.59%、3.54%和0.82%,同样也有更小的误差.由此可以看出,本文所提模型能够有效预测大气污染物浓度,为相关研究提供了方法参考.     

长江与黄河源丰水期地表水中汞的分布特征、赋存形态及来源解析

在全球变暖的背景下,探明青藏高原地表水中汞的形态、分布和来源特征对认识高寒地区汞的生物地球化学循环过程具有重要意义.为探讨汞在高寒地区地表水中的分布特征和潜在来源,以青藏高原长江源和黄河源流域地表水为研究对象,测定丰水期地表水中总汞（THg）、颗粒态汞（PHg）和溶解态汞（DHg）的浓度,分析其空间分布特征及其影响因素,并利用PMF模型定量解析地表水中汞的来源.结果表明,长江源和黄河源流域地表水中ρ（DHg）均值分别为（2.96±1.26） ng ·L^-1和（2.47±0.83） ng ·L^-1,二者无显著差异;而长江源流域地表水中ρ（THg）［（10.69±11.14） ng ·L^-1］和ρ（PHg）［（8.46±11.41） ng ·L^-1］显著高于黄河源流域地表水中的ρ（THg）［（3.37±2.03） ng ·L^-1］和ρ（PHg）［（1.13±1.02） ng ·L^-1）］（P<0.05）.此外,考虑到较低的汞浓度水平和甲基化程度,研究区内汞的生态威胁较弱.相关性分析结果显示,长江源流域地表水中汞以PHg为主要形态,其浓度变化主要受冰川融水输入、土壤侵蚀和降水等因素影响;DHg作为黄河源流域地表水中汞的主要形态,其分布格局主要受制于汞和溶解性有机质（DOC）的结合作用.空间分布上,河道坡降和土壤侵蚀强度的空间差异可能是导致长江源流域地表水中THg和PHg浓度随水流方向总体呈下降趋势的关键因素.PMF模型解析结果表明,长江源和黄河源区地表水中51.4%的汞来源于大气沉降,38.8%的汞来源于水流对土壤岩层或沉积物的侵蚀作用,而9.7%的汞来源于土壤径流或渗流的输入.     

不同水化学因素对砷在河砂上的吸附影响研究

河岸带作为一种常见的地下水和地表水相互作用带,砷在其主要含水层介质中的行为特征及其影响因素较少有研究报道.基于此,采集河岸带河砂开展室内实验,查明砷在河砂上的吸附动力学和等温吸附特征,重点探究不同pH、氧化还原条件和共存离子对砷与河砂相互作用的影响.结果发现：As（Ⅲ）和As（V）在河砂上的吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,均能很好地用Langmuir和Freundlich模型拟合（R²>0.99）;随着pH值（3~11）的增大,河砂对As（Ⅲ）和As（V）的平衡吸附量（q_e）逐渐减小;相对于有氧环境,缺氧环境下q_e较低且随着初始S^2-含量的增加而逐渐减小;整体上,共存阴离子对河砂吸附砷存在抑制作用,顺序为：PO₄^3- > SiO₃^2- > S^2->HCO₃^- > SO₄^2- > NO₃^-,共存阳离子对河砂吸附砷具有促进作用,顺序为：Fe³⁺>Fe²⁺.     

基于注意力机制优化的BiLSTM珠江口水质预测模型

为提高珠江口水质预测精度和稳定性,提出了基于时间和特征双注意力机制优化的BiLSTM水质预测模型,引入特征注意力机制强化模型捕获参数重要特征能力,加入时间注意力机制提高对时间序列相关性信息及水质波动细节信息的挖掘能力.将新模型应用于珠江8个入海口水质预测,开展预测性能试验、泛化能力试验和特征参数扩展性试验.结果表明:①新模型在珠海大桥水质预测取得了较高的预测精度,预测值与实测值的均方根误差RMSE为0.004 1 mg·L^-1,决定系数R²为98.3 %.与Multi-BiLSTM、Multi-LSTM、BiLSTM和LSTM对比,表明新模型预测精度最高,验证了模型的精准性.②训练样本数量和预测步数均对模型预测精度产生影响,模型预测精度随着训练样本的增加而提升,海珠大桥断面总磷预测时,240组以上训练样本可获得较高预测精度;增加预测步数,会使模型预测精度迅速下降,预测步数大于5步时无法保障模型预测的可靠性.③将新模型应用于珠江8个入海口不同水质指标预测,预测结果均取得较高精度,模型具有较强的泛化能力;输入对象断面预测指标相关联的上游来水、降雨量等特征参数,能够提高模型预测精度.通过多方面多次试验,结果表明新模型能够较好地满足珠江口水质预测精度、适用性和扩展性要求,为复杂水动力环境水体水质高精度预测进行了新的探索.     

浑河流域地表水地下水水质耦合模拟

以浑河流域为研究区,在现场调查、动态监测和资料分析的基础上,根据浑河流域的具体实际条件,包括水文和水文地质条件,分别建立了浑河流域地表水地下水水流耦合模拟模型及水质耦合模拟模型.模拟对象包括地表水、包气带水和饱水带水.运用HydroGeoSphere（HGS）技术系统对地表水和地下水进行联立并行同步求解.根据浑河流域地表水地下水同步动态监测资料,分别对地表水地下水水流和水质耦合模拟模型进行了校正和检验.之后,根据设定的情景方案,应用所建立的模拟模型对浑河流域地表水地下水未来的水质污染状况进行了预报.结果表明：基于HGS技术系统的地表水地下水水流和水质耦合模拟模型能够刻画流域地表水地下水各自的运动规律以及二者之间的水力联系与相互转换关系.若地表水受到污染（如农田施肥）,不仅会影响到地表水,也会对地下水造成影响,反之亦然.     

基于OLCI数据的福建近海悬浮物浓度遥感反演

悬浮物（TSM）是评估水质的重要指标,也是水色遥感反演的核心参数之一.海陆色度仪（OLCI）是新一代海洋水色传感器,具有良好的光谱及时空分辨率.为有效监测福建近海悬浮物浓度的时空变化,本文结合OLCI遥感数据和现场实测悬浮物浓度数据,使用CatBoost、随机森林和多元回归方法,分别构建悬浮物浓度反演模型,最后使用验证集对比分析不同模型的反演精度.结果表明,CatBoost模型估算精度最高,均方根误差（RMSE）为2.76 mg·L^-1,平均绝对百分比误差（MAPE）为23.67%,决定系数R²为0.89.使用CatBoost模型对2017—2018年多时相OLCI影像进行TSM浓度遥感反演,结果发现,福建近海TSM浓度变化显著,但总体呈现近岸高于远岸、北部高于南部、江河入海口和港湾处高于周围其他海域、春季高于夏季的时空分布特征.本研究可为福建近海的悬浮物浓度监测提供一种有效的方法,也进一步证明了OLCI影像良好的水色反演能力,可作为水质监测的有效遥感数据源.     

安徽涡河流域水化学与同位素特征及水体转化关系

以安徽涡河流域为研究区域,通过采集涡河地表水、浅层地下水和中深层地下水样品,运用Gibbs图、离子比例和MixSIAR模型等方法对各类水体的水化学参数和氢氧同位素进行分析,揭示并量化了各类水体之间的转化关系.结果表明,研究区地表水和地下水主要呈现中性至弱碱性,地表水的水化学类型以Cl·SO₄ ·HCO₃ -Na和Cl·SO₄ -Na型为主,浅层地下水以HCO₃ -Ca·Mg和HCO₃ -Mg·Na型为主,中深层地下水主要为Cl·HCO₃ -Na型.各类水体的水化学特征受到岩石风化、蒸发浓缩及正向阳离子交换等多重因素共同影响.地表水和地下水的δ¹⁸O和δ²H分布特征表明大气降水是该区域水体的主要补给来源,且地下水δ¹⁸O和δ²H值与K⁺、Na⁺、Cl^-、SO₄ ^2-和NO 3^-浓度存在显著相关性.根据MixSIAR模型分析结果,地表水接受大气降水和浅层地下水的贡献率分别为46.5 %和53.5 %;浅层地下水的补给来源分别为大气降水（57.4 %）和地表水（42.6 %）;中深层地下水的补给主要来自上游地下水的侧向径流补给.     

改进BFO优化BPNN的自来水混凝加药预测

本文给出一种量子粒子群（QPSO）算法、改进菌群觅食（IBFO）算法优化反向传播神经网络（BPNN）的混凝投药预测模型,利用量子粒子群的个体极值与群体极值更新细菌觅食算法趋化过程中细菌位置;通过细菌协同改进趋化算子提高优化精度,结合差分算法改进繁殖算子解决部分维度退化问题,加入轮盘赌方法作为选择机制改进迁移算子来克服优化过程中优秀解消失的缺陷;进而优化BP神经网络的权值、阈值以此预测混凝剂投药量.对云南某自来水厂的数据进行离线训练和模型测试,结果表明,所提算法预测结果的均方误差（MSE）达0.0116mg/L,平均绝对误差百分比（MAPE）达1.36%,在预测精度和稳定性上优于BFO-BPNN、PSO-BPNN等模型.     

支持向量机回归在臭氧预报中的应用

采用南京工业区2016年5月20日~8月15日这一高臭氧（O₃）期的O₃、O₃前体物和常规气象资料数据,利用支持向量机回归（SVMr）方法分别预报O₃的小时值、日最大值和最大8 h滑动平均值.结果表明,O₃小时值预报的相关系数（R²）为0.84,平均绝对误差（MAE）和平均绝对百分误差（MAPE）分别为3.44×10^-9和24.48,O₃前期浓度、紫外B波段辐射（UVB）和NO₂浓度是关键因子.O₃日最大值预报的主要因子是NO_x在07：00的浓度和UVB.预报O₃ 8 h时UVB和气温起重要作用.加入前体物项能够使O₃的预报精度提升10%~28%.与多元线性回归方法相比,SVMr对O₃浓度的预报有明显优势.     

湘西地区土壤重金属污染溯源分析及环境质量评价

为探究湘西地区土壤重金属污染状况及环境质量综合情况,选择凤凰县相关区域作为研究区,于2022年6~8月在研究区采集440件表层土壤样品,分析土壤中的As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn这8种重金属元素以及测定土壤pH值.采用PMF模型进行溯源分析,并结合GIS技术开展土壤环境质量地球化学评价.结果表明,研究区土壤以弱酸性为主,重金属ω（Zn）、ω（Cr）、ω（Pb）、ω（Ni）、ω（Cu）、ω（As）、ω（Cd）和ω（Hg）平均值依次为：81.02、64.67、31.63、29.27、25.52、9.93、0.28和0.13 mg·kg^-1,Cd和Hg元素相对全国土壤背景值较高,且呈高度变异,林地中的Hg和Cd元素含量高于其他土地利用.PMF模型结果表明,研究区土壤重金属污染来源贡献率依次为矿区开采源（37.4%）、大气沉降源（7.7%）、自然源（41.1%）和农业活动源（13.8%）,并根据4类污染源空间分布提供了污染管控措施建议,通过土壤环境地球化学综合评价将研究区分为3类地块,分别为无风险地区（94.27 km²）,占比为76.38%;风险可控区（27.45 km²）,占比为22.24%;风险较高区（1.7 km²）,占比为1.38%.为该研究区土地污染的防治措施和防治范围划区等提供数据支撑.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.