武汉冬季大气PM2.5小时分辨率源贡献识别及潜在影响域分析

冬季是我国大气细颗粒物(PM_2.5)污染较为严重的时段,武汉市PM_2.5受到明显的区域传输影响.本研究基于小时分辨率PM_2.5组分观测数据,采用受体模型,解析武汉冬季大气PM_2.5各类源的实时贡献.结合轨迹聚类和浓度权重,识别影响各类源的传输路径和潜在源区.武汉冬季大气平均ρ(PM_2.5)为（75.1±29.2）μg·m^-3.观测期间共有两次污染过程,第一次污染过程主要受西北方向气团影响,水溶性离子升高是PM_2.5呈现高值的主要原因,ρ（NH⁺₄）、ρ（NO^-₃）和ρ（SO■）分别是清洁时段的1.6、 1.7和2.1倍;第二次污染过程则以正东方向气团为主,二次有机组分有明显的生成.对武汉冬季大气PM_2.5贡献最大的是二次源（34.1%）,其次是机动车尾气（23.7%）、燃煤（11.5%）、道路尘（10.9%）、钢铁冶炼（8.7...     

2020年天津市两次重污染天气污染特征分析

为了解2020年天津市两次重污染天气污染特征,基于2020年1～2月高时间分辨率的在线监测数据,对天津市2020年1月16～18日(重污染过程Ⅰ)和2020年2月9～10日(重污染过程Ⅱ)进行分析,结果表明,两次重污染过程均呈现前期区域输送和后期本地不利气象条件叠加双重影响的特点,重污染过程期间平均风速均较低,平均相对湿度接近70%,部分时段接近饱和,边界层高度低于300 m,水平和垂直扩散条件均较差.与重污染过程Ⅰ相比,重污染过程Ⅱ主要污染物浓度和污染程度均降低,尤其是NO₂浓度下降明显,重污染过程Ⅱ北部地区PM_2.5和CO浓度较高.两次重污染过程PM_2.5中化学组分浓度和占比发生明显变化,重污染过程Ⅰ二次无机离子(SO₄^2-、 NO^-₃和NH⁺₄)、 EC和Ca²⁺平均浓度较高,OC和Cl^-平均浓度略低于重污染过程Ⅱ,K⁺...     

长三角城郊冬夏PM2.5中铵盐的形成过程及来源解析

气溶胶铵盐(p-NH⁺₄)作为大气气溶胶细颗粒物(PM_2.5)中主要的二次无机气溶胶(SIAs)污染物，在灰霾形成过程中起重要作用.然而对于大气中NH_x(p-NH⁺₄和NH₃)各潜在来源的贡献仍存在争议.分别于2015年冬季和夏季在苏州东山半岛采集了3 h高频大气气溶胶PM_2.5样品，测定总氮(TN)和p-NH⁺₄的质量浓度及其δ¹⁵N同位素比值，并结合贝叶斯模型(SIAR)模拟，定量解析了PM_2.5中铵盐的生成过程和来源.结果表明，在冬夏两季SO₄^2-、 NO^-₃和NH⁺₄均为主要的水溶性离子，占比总和超过70%.PM_2.5、 TN和p-NH⁺     

阳泉市秋冬季PM2.5化学组分及来源分析

采集了阳泉市城区2017年10月15日～2018年1月23日PM_2.5样品,分析了优良天和污染天PM_2.5及其化学组分特征,并利用富集因子分析法(EF)和正定矩阵因子分析法(PMF)对PM_2.5进行来源分析.结果表明,采样期间污染天二次无机离子(SO₄^2-、 NO^-₃和NH⁺₄)在PM_2.5中的比例为23.83%,是优良天的2.43倍,污染天二次无机污染严重,污染天人为源相关的元素Cd、 Sb、 Sn、 Cu、 Pb、 Zn和As富集程度大于优良天;主要的污染源对PM_2.5的贡献分别是燃煤29.26%、扬尘23.83%、机动车19.34%、二次源16.01%和工业源11.57%,其中,污染天机动车排放对PM_2.5的贡献20.57%,高于优良天时17.82%,而燃煤源的贡献23.04%明显低于优良天时33.75%,静稳天气时机动...     

COVID-19管控前后不同污染阶段PM2.5中二次无机离子变化特征

为探讨新冠肺炎疫情(COVID-19)管控前后不同污染阶段PM_2.5中二次无机离子变化特征,使用高分辨率(1 h)在线仪器对2019年12月15日至2020年2月15日郑州冬季气象、污染气体浓度和PM_2.5中水溶性离子水平进行在线监测,分析此次COVID-19管控前后霾过程的成因、大气污染物的日变化特征和在霾不同阶段下大气污染物的分布特征.结果表明,郑州主要受到高压脊控制,天气形势稳定,有利于大气污染物累积,二次无机气溶胶(SNA,包括SO₄^2-、NO^-₃和NH⁺₄)是水溶性离子的主要组分,占比高达90%以上,COVID-19期间居家隔离措施对霾不同阶段下大气污染物的分布特征产生不同的影响,COVID-19期间PM_2.5在干净、发生和消散阶段的浓度比COVID-19前有所提高,但是发展阶段明显降低,居家隔离明显使PM_2.5高值降低了;NO₂、SO<...     

成都夏冬季PM2.5中水溶性无机离子污染特征

利用大气细颗粒物水溶性组分及气态前体物在线监测设备(GAC-IC)对成都市2017年夏、冬两季大气PM_2.5中水溶性无机离子(WSIIs)及气态前体物进行了连续观测,对其污染特征及冬季一次典型污染过程进行了深入分析.结果表明,成都冬季PM_2.5质量浓度为100.2μg·m^-3,显著高于夏季(34.0μg·m^-3).WSIIs是PM_2.5的重要组成,对夏、冬季PM_2.5的贡献分别可达52.9%和53.3%.夏、冬季的二次离子(SNA)占WSIIs的比例分别为73.2%和87.6%,其中,SO₄^2-和NO^-₃分别是夏、冬季SNA的主导组分,对SNA的贡献分别为37.7%和59.7%.冬季NO^-₃/SO₄^2-比值(2.7)显著高于夏季(0.8),体现了移动源(尤其是机动车源)对该季节PM<...     

成都市冬季3次灰霾污染过程特征及成因分析

基于成都市大气环境超级观测站气态污染物和PM_2.5中组分在线监测数据,对2019～2020年成都市3次灰霾污染过程气象要素和组分特征进行分析,采用CMB模型模拟获得研究期间PM_2.5污染来源及变化趋势,剖析各污染过程成因.结果表明:(1) 3次污染过程均发生在相对湿度和温度持续上升,风速和边界层高度持续降低的不利气象条件下,日均相对湿度均大于70%,日均温度均大于8℃,日均风速均低于0.8 m·s^-1,日均边界层高度均低于650 m;(2) 3次污染过程中主要组分均为NO^-₃、 OC、 NH⁺₄和SO₄ ^2-,其中NO^-₃质量浓度和占比污染时段较清洁时段增长倍数均高于其他组分,分别增加了1.47～2.09倍和0.22～0.35倍,NO^-₃是成都市冬季PM_2.5污染的关键组分;(3) ...     

十堰市城区冬季PM2.5污染特征与来源解析

为探讨内陆山区城市湖北省十堰市冬季PM_2.5污染特征及来源构成,于2016年1月12日—2月4日在4个采样点位同步采集PM_2.5样品,分析了无机元素、水溶性离子、有机碳和元素碳的质量浓度.并采集了十堰市主城区城市扬尘、裸露山体尘、建筑水泥尘、燃煤源、机动车尾气、工业源及餐饮油烟源等7类污染源,初步建立十堰市本地的污染源成分谱库,利用统计学方法研究冬季PM_2.5的污染特征,并采用CMB受体模型及“二重源解析技术”分析其来源构成.结果表明:冬季采样期间,十堰市ρ（PM_2.5）平均值达到110.65 μg/m3,超过GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准24 h浓度限值,并且随空气RH（相对湿度）增加污染加重.城区3个采样点PM_2.5化学组成及特征的空间差异不明显.PM_2.5中ρ（TC）最高,其次是ρ（NO₃-）和ρ（SO₄2-）,与二次反应、机动车尾气、煤燃烧等密切相关.ρ（NO₃-）/ρ（SO₄2-）为1.22,说明机动车尾气的影响较大.二次粒子、燃煤源和机动车尾气是十堰市城区冬季大气PM_2.5的主要来源,贡献率分别为51.2%、10.9%和10.1%.研究显示,十堰市城区冬季ρ（PM_2.5）超过GB 3095—2012二级标准,PM_2.5的污染控制应以二次粒子、燃煤和机动车为主,采取多源控制原则.      

2019年元旦前后石家庄市重污染过程PM2.5污染特征及来源解析

2018年12月30日至2019年1月15日石家庄市发生了连续的灰霾天气,出现12个重污染天,首要污染物均为PM_2.5.本文从污染演变、时空分布、组分分析、污染来源和气象因素等多方面展开分析探讨污染成因.结果表明,PM_2.5主要成分为二次无机离子(65. 4%),主要来源为燃煤(24. 4%)和工业工艺源(23. 7%).随污染加剧SO₄^2-占比和二次无机源贡献均大幅增加.先后受来自偏南-东南和偏西-西南方向低空气团及特殊地形、静稳高湿、近地逆温等不利气象条件影响,燃煤、工业和机动车尾气等一次源产生的污染物在太行山前快速积累,气态污染物二次转化和颗粒物吸湿增长推高PM_2.5,硫酸盐暴发式增长加剧污染发生.建议重污染应急响应期间在确保各项减排措施落实到位情况下,加强二次无机组分前体物SO₂、NO_x及NH₃排放源的管控,并重点关注SO₂排放源(散煤等),同时加强市区东北方向新乐、无极、深泽、晋州...     

烟台市大气PM_(2.5)在线源解析监测研究

本文采用在线源解析质谱监测的方式,对烟台市大气中PM_(2.5)的污染水平、成分及其来源与贡献进行了研究分析,结果表明,烟台市2017年全年颗粒物首要污染源为燃煤(23.5%),其他污染源有机动车尾气(23.1%)、生物质燃烧源(14.3%)、二次无机源(13.0%)、工业工艺源(11.4%)等。在线源解析方式操作简单,使用方便,时间分辨率高,可以为政府部门大气污染防治和重污染天气应对提供及时高效的数据支撑。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.