红檵木及其中小型桩景速成制作技艺综述

为开发利用湖南乡土红檵木树种资源，本文从种质资源与观赏习性、桩材来源、造型制作技术、养护与管理等5个方面，全面论述了红檵木中小型树桩盆景生产制作现状，探讨了一些值得关注的实际问题．     

漓江流域岩溶区檵木群落不同恢复阶段物种组成及多样性变化

以空间代替时间的方法选取典型样地,采用常规群落学调查方法对漓江流域岩溶区立地条件基本一致的檵木(Loropetalum chinense)群落不同恢复阶段的植物物种组成及其多样性变化进行研究。结果表明,(1)在所调查的样方中,共记录维管束植物78种,隶属于45科70属。乔木层的建群种檵木随着群落的恢复其重要值有降低的趋势,而在灌木层则相反。檵木群落不同恢复阶段乔木层和灌木层主要优势种为檵木、小巴豆(Croton xiaopadou)、龙须藤(Bauhinia championii)、红背山麻杆(Alchornea trewioides)和紫凌木(Decaspermum esquirolii),草本层主要优势种为狭穗薹草(Carex ischnostachya)、庐山香科科(Teucrium pernyi)和蔓生莠竹(Microstegium fasciculatum)。(2)随着檵木群落的恢复,群落总体、乔木层和灌木层物种丰富度呈现增大的趋势,草本层则相反;Shannon指数和均匀度指数具有一致的变化趋势,乔木层Shannon指数和均匀度指数随檵木群落的恢复呈现增大的趋势,而灌木层、草本层和群落总体则相反。檵木群落不同恢复阶段灌木层Shannon指数均高于乔木层和草本层,而草本层均匀度指数均高于乔木层和灌木层;Simpson指数随檵木群落恢复的变化趋势与Shannon指数和均匀度指数相反。(3)在檵木群落的灌木阶段、乔灌阶段和乔林阶段这3个恢复阶段中,乔灌阶段与乔林阶段之间的乔木层、灌木层、草本层和群落总体的Bray-Curtis指数最大。     

下山桩过渡栽培技术的研究

为了保证下山桩能够成活、提高其成活率并形成树桩的骨架,从素材选择、采掘、过渡栽培3方面研究了新掘树桩的过渡栽培技术。     

SO_2和NO_2胁迫对红花荷等植物光合生理影响及抗性评价

为探讨红花荷（Rhodoleia championii）等12种园林植物抗SO2和NO2污染能力,以1～2年生实生苗为材料,通过人工气候室的盆栽实验,研究不同SO2和NO2混合气体胁迫对园林植物苗木光合参数和相对叶绿素含量的影响,并利用隶属函数法及系统聚类分析法对其抗SO2和NO2污染能力进行了综合评价。结果表明,植物叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和相对叶绿素含量基本上随着SO2和NO2胁迫的加剧而逐渐降低,但水分利用效率受净光合速率和蒸腾速率变化的影响规律不明显。综合隶属函数和聚类分析可知,红花荷和红千层（Callistemon rigidus）抗污染能力强,杜鹃红山茶（Camellia azalea）和粉红羊蹄甲（Bauhinia blakeana）抗污染能力较强,红花银桦（Grevillea robusta）和无忧树（Saraca divespierre）抗污染能力中等,大叶紫薇（Lagerstroemia speciosa）、金花风铃木（Tabebuia chrysantha）和腊肠树（Cassia fistula）抗污染能力较弱,而本地火焰木（Spathodea nilotica）、复羽叶栾树（Koelreuteria bipinnata）和樱花（Prunus serrulata）抗污染能力弱。研究结果为火电厂、陶瓷厂、钢铁厂、石化厂等重度酸污染地区植物选择提供参考。     

甘蒙柽柳与沙棘抗旱性研究

在野外条件下，应用ＰＶ技术研究了中龄的甘蒙柽柳和沙棘的水分参数［ｐｓ（ｓａｔ）、ｐｓ（ｔｌｐ）］及其生理生态学意义、季节变化规律．探讨了水分胁迫条件下树木的适应性．结果表明，水分参数具有一定的的季节变化规律．干旱胁迫条件下树木具有一定的渗透调节能力，其幅度大小随季节而发生变化；嫩枝生长时期，树木的抗旱性和渗透调节能力都很弱，随着枝条的木质化和叶子的革质化程度的增强，树木的抗旱性逐渐增强．     

庐山植物园11种植物的根际土壤氮磷有效性和酶活性

通过比较不同种源植物的土壤理化性质与生物学活性的差异及根际效应,探讨不同种源植物对庐山酸性山地土壤的环境适应性。在庐山植物园内选择引种多年的11种不同种源的常绿树种,在生长季节中采集根际土和非根际土,测定有机碳含量、碱解氮及有效磷含量、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性,并分析各树种根际土壤氮磷养分及酶活性的根际效应。结果表明,（1）不同树种之间的根际土壤酸性磷酸酶（P〈0.01）、有效磷（P〈0.05）和碱解氮（P〈0.01）存在明显差异,而脲酶没有差异。（2）根际与非根际土壤氮磷有效性和酶活性表现出不同的特征,大部分树种根际土壤有效磷及酸性磷酸酶存在一定的根际效应（R/S〉1）,例如红花木莲Manglietia insignis、桂南木莲Manglietia chingii及云南拟单性木兰Parakmeria yunnanensis的根际与非根际土壤有效磷含量存在显著差异（P〈0.05）,红花木莲、桂南木莲、巴东木莲Manglietia patungensis、红茴香Illicium henryi及红皮糙果茶Camellia crapnelliana与乡土树种云锦杜鹃Rhododendron fortunei根际与非根际土壤酸性磷酸酶存在显著差异（P〈0.05）。但是,根际与非根际土壤碱解氮和脲酶差异不明显,有的甚至出现脲酶的根际负效应（R/S〈1）,如巴东木莲和红花木莲等树种根际土壤低于非根际土壤（P〈0.05）。（3）不同种源树种影响下的土壤有效磷和酸性磷酸酶的根际效应（R/S比值）明显,原产西南地区的树种如桂南木莲、云南拟单性木兰和巴东木莲与华南地区的红花木莲、红茴香等土壤有效磷的根际效应（R/S〉1.5）比原产华东亚热带地区的深山含笑Michelia maudiae和云锦杜鹃更明显,相应的酸性磷酸酶的根际效应也较高。土壤脲酶和碱解氮的根际效应却不明显。（4）土壤有机碳与碱解氮、有效磷和酸性磷酸酶存在显著正相关关系（P〈0.01）,土壤碱解氮与有效磷（P〈0.01）和酸性磷酸酶（P〈0.05）具显著正相关关系,酸性磷酸酶与pH值（P〈0.05）显著负相关,说明根际土壤有机物质的积累对根际微区的理化环境及根际土壤养分活性具有重要影响。     

红花荷天然林群落结构特征的研究

对从化石门国家森林公园的红花荷天然林群落进行了样地群落调查，测定了该群落的11种树种的重要值，并对群落的结构和动态进行了分析。结果表明，红花荷在群落中处于主要地位，红花荷群落稳定，天然更新良好，处于旺盛生长阶段。     

南岳衡山悬钩子属植物种质资源的调查

调查发现，南岳衡山悬钩子属(Rubus L.)植物有19种，其中山莓(R．corchorifolius)、粉枝莓(R．biflorus)、大红泡(R.eustephonos)、山挂牌条(R．flosculosus)、木莓(R．swinhoei)、灰白毛莓(R．tephrodes)为优势种，Rubus属植物主要分布在海拔200～800m的范围内，该属植物的果实和叶片中都含有丰富的营养成分，既可食用也可药用，开发前景十分广阔．     

三相鼓泡塔生物反应器培养黄孢原毛平革菌合成木素过氧化物酶系

利用三相鼓泡塔反应器固定化培养黄孢原毛平革菌，可以高效地合成木素过氧化物酶系，固定化载体为聚氨酯泡沫塑料．实验表明，合成木素过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶的最佳通气量均是1．0vvm。在此通气量下，最大木素过氧化物酶的酶活达367U/L，最大锰过氧化物酶的酶活达4．72U／mL。在使用相同的培养基和固定化载体单位体积用量条件下，与摇瓶培养相比，酶活分别增大1倍和1．2倍．一定条件下，在三相鼓泡塔中可以进行重复间歇培养生产木素过氧化物酶，连续进行了5批培养，每批最大木素过氧化物酶的活力均在250U／L以上，最高酶活出现在第二批为480U／L，总培养时间达22d．图9参15     

SO2和NO2胁迫对红花荷等植物光合生理影响及抗性评价

为探讨红花荷(Rhodoleia championii)等12种园林植物抗SO2和NO2污染能力,以1～2年生实生苗为材料,通过人工气候室的盆栽实验,研究不同SO2和NO2混合气体胁迫对园林植物苗木光合参数和相对叶绿素含量的影响,并利用隶属函数法及系统聚类分析法对其抗SO2和NO2污染能力进行了综合评价。结果表明,植物叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和相对叶绿素含量基本上随着SO2和NO2胁迫的加剧而逐渐降低,但水分利用效率受净光合速率和蒸腾速率变化的影响规律不明显。综合隶属函数和聚类分析可知,红花荷和红千层(Callistemon rigidus)抗污染能力强,杜鹃红山茶(Camellia azalea)和粉红羊蹄甲(Bauhinia blakeana)抗污染能力较强,红花银桦(Grevillea robusta)和无忧树(Saraca divespierre)抗污染能力中等,大叶紫薇(Lagerstroemia speciosa)、金花风铃木(Tabebuia chrysantha)和腊肠树(Cassia fistula)抗污染能力较弱,而本地火焰木(Spathodea nilotica)、复羽叶栾树(Koelreuteria bipinnata)和樱花(Prunus serrulata)抗污染能力弱。研究结果为火电厂、陶瓷厂、钢铁厂、石化厂等重度酸污染地区植物选择提供参考。     

Modelling coupled peach tree-aphid population dynamics and their control by winter pruning and nitrogen fertilization

Nitrogen fertilization and winter pruning are commonly used to control crop production in peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] orchards. They are also known to affect the dynamics of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) aphid populations via bottom-up regulation processes. Interactions between crops and pests can cause complex system behaviour in response to management practices. An integrated approach will therefore improve the understanding of the effects of these two cultural practices on aphid and peach performances.We developed a simulation model that describes the cultural control of interacting peach tree and aphid population dynamics. It uses the principles of common trophic models while gathering available knowledge and explicit assumptions on peach and aphid functioning and the effects of cultural practices.The model was able to qualitatively reproduce the system behaviour observed in the field. It accounted for actions and feedback such as stimulation of foliar growth by winter pruning, consecutive aphid population increase, subsequent damage to foliage, and partial compensatory growth of foliage. The model also reproduced low losses in fruit production due to aphid infestations. However, it called for further integration of ‘long-term’ effects. Analysis of the model showed the complexity of peach tree and aphid responses to leaf N × winter pruning interactions. Simulations indicated that fruit production losses remained low within a range of realistic values of leaf N and pruning intensity, whereas manipulating peach and aphid dynamics, their interactions and their relationships to practices could result in higher losses.The model is useful to evaluate the relevance of cultural practices for a bottom-up regulation of aphid dynamics in crop-pest management. After considering other control methods and fruit quality, it can be used to find a combination of practices that optimises trade-offs between fruit production and environmental conservation goals. A modelling approach that links crop growth and pest population dynamics and integrates management practice effects has strong potential for improving crop-pest management in an integrated crop production context.     

Steps towards the evaluation of coral reef restoration by using small branch fragments

“Gardening” of denuded coral reef habitats is a novel restoration approach in which sexual and asexual recruits are used. The present study aimed at the evaluation of the potentiality for restoration use of different types of small fragments subcloned from the Red Sea coral species Stylophora pistillata. In situ short-term (24 h, ⁴⁵Ca method) and long-term (1 year, alizarin Red S vital staining) experiments revealed high variation (up to 70%) in growth rates between up-growing branches of a specific genet, and that tip ratios in dichotomous branches (n = 880) differ significantly between newly formed and older branches, further emphasizing the within-colony genetic background for spatial configuration. Small, isolated branches (<4 cm) revealed high survivorship (up to 90%, 1 year) and up to 20–30% (1 year, single- vs. dichotomous-tip branches, respectively) growth, showing that small-sized branches are suitable for restoration purposes. Results differed significantly between genets. Total length added for dichotomous-tip branches was in general at least twice that recorded for single tips of a specific genet. Restoration protocols may be applied either by sacrificing whole large colonies via pruning high numbers of small fragments or, by pruning only a few small branches from each one of many genets. An in situ “nursery period” of approximately 8 years is predicted for S. pistillata small fragments. Received: 17 August 1999 / Accepted: 15 February 2000     

Growth of Acropora pulchra

Transplantation experiments were carried out on the branching hermatypic coral Acropora pulchra (Brook) from October 1980 to March 1982 in the northern Philippines. Primary objectives were to determine the effects on the coral of the stresses associated with transplantation, relocation, and the use of different artificial substrates such as flagstones and tires, and to determine possible effects of sedimentation on survival and growth of the transslants. Results of transplantation at different times of the year were also assessed. Comparisons of the responses of transplants with those of undisturbed, control colonies indicated possible significant effects of transplantation tending to retard growth. Sedimentation likewise appeared to suppress growth of the transplants. Growth and survival of the transplants may have been further inhibited by transplantation during the warmer times of the year, and by setting them in prone positions on tires. Effects of relocation at varying distances from source colonies appeared to be negligible.     

华重楼内生菌Iun35的分离及其抗菌蛋白的性质

从华重楼(Paris polyphylla Smith var.chinensis)块茎中分离纯化得到一株具有较强抑菌活性的内生细菌Iun35,经形态特征、生理生化特性及16S rDNA鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis).将分离得到的Iun35菌株发酵培养,培养液上清经硫酸铵分级沉淀、Sephadex G-75凝胶柱层析和DEAE-32纤维素柱层析分离纯化出一种抗菌蛋白UD35.用该蛋白对多种植物病原菌进行拮抗测定,结果显示,UD35对玉米纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani Kuha)、小麦赤霉病菌[Gibberelle zeae(Schw.)]等多种菌有强烈抑制作用.测定其相对分子质量约为55 000,氨基酸分析结果表明其由17种氨基酸组成.图3表4参16     

Arsenic accumulation in root and shoot vis-a-vis its effects on growth and level of phytochelatins in seedlings of Cicer arietinum L

Arsenic (As) contamination of water and soil has become a subject of prime interest due to its direct effect on human health through drinking water and food. In present study two varieties (CSG-8962 and C-235) of chickpea, Cicer arietinum L., which is a major supplementary food in many parts of India and a valuable source of protein, has been selected to estimate the level of arsenate in root and shoot of five day old seedlings vis-à-vis effect of arsenate on seedling growth and induction of thiols including glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatins (PCs) and their homologues. Both varieties accumulated arsenate to similar levels and most of the metalloid was confined to roots, only about 2.5% was translocated to shoot. Plant growth was also not affected significantly in both the varieties. Arsenate exposure significantly induced the levels of thiols including PCs and homophytochelatins (hPCs). The induction of thiols was much higher in roots than shoots and was greater in var C-235 between the two tested ones. Thus, both varieties tolerated and detoxified arsenic through chelation with GSH, PCs and hPCs, primarily in roots, however var C-235 performed better     

Food ingestion and growth of the diatom-feeding nematode Chromadorita tenuis

Feeding rates and growth of the free-living brackish water nematode Chromadorita tenuis (G. Schneider, 1906) was studied throughout its life cycle. Populations were fed with the pennate diatom Nitzschia palea var debilis (Kütz.) Grunow in the laboratory at 18°C in agar plates based on seawater of 6 S. On the average, during the first day after hatching they ingest 1 g of cell contents, equal to 20 times the body weight, and the body weight increased from 3.6 to 6.9 ng C. During the entire 12.5 d of juvenile life the weight increased 40 times, whereas the weight only doubled during adult life, which is almost entirely devoted to reproduction. Adult virgins are larger than mated females. The large size of adult virgins indicates that about 50% of the gonad energy might be transferred to somatic growth. The size-frequency distribution of adult body lengths of a laboratory grown population as compared to four wild populations shows that the food offered to the laboratory population was of a poor quality.     

Growth response of an early successional assemblage of coralline algae and benthic diatoms to ocean acidification

The sustained absorption of anthropogenically released atmospheric CO₂ by the oceans is modifying seawater carbonate chemistry, a process termed ocean acidification (OA). By the year 2100, the worst case scenario is a decline in the average oceanic surface seawater pH by 0.3 units to 7.75. The changing seawater carbonate chemistry is predicted to negatively affect many marine species, particularly calcifying organisms such as coralline algae, while species such as diatoms and fleshy seaweed are predicted to be little affected or may even benefit from OA. It has been hypothesized in previous work that the direct negative effects imposed on coralline algae, and the direct positive effects on fleshy seaweeds and diatoms under a future high CO₂ ocean could result in a reduced ability of corallines to compete with diatoms and fleshy seaweed for space in the future. In a 6-week laboratory experiment, we examined the effect of pH 7.60 (pH predicted to occur due to ocean acidification just beyond the year 2100) compared to pH 8.05 (present day) on the lateral growth rates of an early successional, cold-temperate species assemblage dominated by crustose coralline algae and benthic diatoms. Crustose coralline algae and benthic diatoms maintained positive growth rates in both pH treatments. The growth rates of coralline algae were three times lower at pH 7.60, and a non-significant decline in diatom growth meant that proportions of the two functional groups remained similar over the course of the experiment. Our results do not support our hypothesis that benthic diatoms will outcompete crustose coralline algae under future pH conditions. However, while crustose coralline algae were able to maintain their presence in this benthic rocky reef species assemblage, the reduced growth rates suggest that they will be less capable of recolonizing after disturbance events, which could result in reduced coralline cover under OA conditions.     

Canopy and leaf composition drive patterns of nutrient release from pruning residues in a coffee agroforest

In a coffee agroforest, the crop is cultivated under the shade of fruit-bearing and nitrogen (N)-fixing trees. These trees are periodically pruned to promote flowering and fruiting as well as to make nutrients stored in tree biomass available to plants. We investigated the effect of canopy composition and substrate quality on decomposition rates and patterns of nutrient release from pruning residues in a coffee agroforest located in Costa Rica's Central Valley. Initial phosphorus (P) release was enhanced under a canopy composed solely of N-fixing, Erythrina poeppigiana compared to a mixed canopy of Erythrina and Musa acuminata (banana). Both initial and final N release were similar under the two canopy types. However, after five months of decomposition, a higher proportion of initial N had been released under the single canopy. Although patterns of decomposition and nutrient release were not predicted by initial substrate quality, mass loss in leaf mixtures rates were well predicted by mean mass loss of their component species. This study identifies specific pruning regimes that may regulate N and P release during crucial growth periods, and it suggests that strategic pruning can enhance nutrient availability. For example, during the onset of rapid fruit growth, a two-species mixture may release more P than a three-species mixture. However, by the time of the harvest, the two- and three-species mixtures have released roughly the same amount of N and P. These nutrients do not always follow the same pattern, as N release can be maximized in single-species substrates, while P release is often facilitated in species mixtures. Our study indicates the importance of management practices in mediating patterns of nutrient release. Future research should investigate how canopy composition and farm management can also mediate on-farm nutrient losses.     

Growth performance and range shift of the subalpine fir (Abies fargesii) in the Qinling Mountains,China

Trees in the subalpine environment, a particularly vulnerable area being the first to reflect climate changes, are most likely to show strong effects of climate variability. The aim of this study was to identify growth responses of subalpine fir (Abies fargesii) to climate variability, and investigate range shifts along an altitudinal gradient in the subalpine region of the Qinling Mountains, China. Standard correlation functional analysis showed different growth responses of fir trees to climatic variables between north and south aspects. In the north aspect, radial growth was significantly positively correlated with temperatures in early spring (February–April) and summer (July) of the current year, while radial growth was significantly positively correlated with temperatures in November and December of the previous year and early spring (February–April) of the current year in the south aspect. Analysis of age structure distribution displayed a decrease in number of mature fir trees and an increase in number of saplings along the altitudinal gradient on both aspects. Fir saplings/seedlings only occur in the treeline environment, and this fir population was significantly younger than that at lower elevations. Thus, fir trees show different radial growth patterns in response to climatic variability between north and south aspects, and age-class distributions along the altitudinal gradient imply an upward shift in range in the subalpine region during the past century in the Qinling Mountains of China.