污泥余热干化技术及其经济性分析

我国污水处理厂每年都会产生大量的污泥,其复杂的成分及高含水率制约污泥的有效利用,如何降低污泥的含水率是其资源化利用的关键.首先调研了污泥产生及成分,从污泥干化的典型工艺及设备、干化过程的环境污染与控制、污泥干化过程的尾气处理和污泥干化经济性分析4个方面对污泥干化技术进行阐述,指出污泥余热干化是污泥实现节能、经济及环保的有效处置方式.     

城市污泥太阳能光热干化技术研究进展

污泥干化是城市污泥无害化处置和资源化利用的前提和关键工序,需要消耗大量能源。将太阳能应用于城市污泥干化,可大幅度减少污泥干化过程对常规能源的依赖,经济高效地实现污泥的稳定化、减量化及资源化。对国内外城市污泥的处理处置和太阳能污泥干化技术的研究现状进行综述。     

含油污泥热解过程模拟和质能平衡分析

钢铁行业对钢材冷却时会产生大量含油污泥,对环境造成了严重污染。对含油污泥的热解过程进行了实验和仿真模拟研究,并对实验中分离出的热解油进行组分分析。轻质油中脂肪族化合物、杂环化合物和芳香族化合物分别占97.8%、1.85%和0.35%。重质油中脂肪族化合物和杂环化合物分别占93.27%和6.73%。另外通过Aspen Plus建立模型,并根据模型数据对热解过程的收支平衡进行分析。研究表明热解产物携带能量从大到小依次为热解油、残渣、热解气和水。含油污泥产出的挥发分质量占比为69.4%,能够有效利用的化学能较多。     

污泥深度脱水干化/焚烧技术分析及其经济性评估

全面分析了我国污泥的产生现状,对比分析了目前主要的污泥干化处理处置技术。污泥干化处理技术能够有效对污泥进行深度脱水,并且不改变污泥热值,是一种具有前景的污泥处理工艺。详细介绍了该技术的收集、预处理、深度干化及返混、焚烧发电等步骤,分析了其主要污染物及控制技术。借助示范工程实例中污泥深度脱水干化/焚烧一体化技术工艺的运行状况,对污泥深度脱水干化/焚烧技术进行经济性评估。     

浅谈污泥资源化利用技术水平及研究进展

污泥作为一种污水处理的产物,常被认为是一种固体废弃物,最常用的处理方式是经过简单脱水后进行填埋处理。随着污泥蕴含的价值逐渐被社会所认知,污泥作为一种资源被逐渐利用。通过对污泥的资源化深入研究与分析,总结出污泥资源化的几种方式,并对污泥各种资源化技术的TRL(技术就绪水平)进行系统分析,结果表明,在商业化应用上,厌氧消化制沼气技术已经趋于成熟,陶粒制备技术具备较高的应用化前景,其他资源化技术尚存在或多或少的技术难点,仍处于理论或实验阶段,需要做大量研究工作。     

小城市生活垃圾焚烧发电技术的选取及市场分析

针对城镇常住人口30万人以下的小城市面临的生活垃圾污染问题,对比分析了3种垃圾焚烧发电技术,得出热解气化焚烧发电技术更适合小城市生活垃圾处理,并对小城市生活垃圾焚烧发电市场进行分析,为行业内或有意进入该行业的相关企业提供参考。     

电镀污泥资源化利用的研究进展

阐述了电镀污泥的特点及危害,对近年来国内外电镀污泥资源化利用方法的研究进展进行了综述,包括有价金属的回收技术、材料化技术等。系统地总结了各种资源化方法的优势及存在的问题,并对主要资源化技术的应用前景进行了分析。     

污泥热水解技术研究进展

热水解可以改善污泥的生物降解性能和脱水性能,提高后续厌氧消化系统中有机物的去除率。本文阐述了热水解对污泥物理特性主要包括流变特性和脱水行为的影响;分析了热水解对污泥中氨氮浓度及对厌氧消化的作用;同时介绍了热水解技术对整个污泥处理系统能量需求的影响。指出：热水解改善了污泥的厌氧消化性能,提高了沼气等再生资源的产量,且厌氧消化产生的沼气量与热水解技术所需的能量基本平衡。     

污水厂污泥湿式空气氧化的研究进展

湿式空气氧化是一种具有较大发展潜力的污水厂污泥处理技术.该技术在高温高压条件下利用自由基反应氧化乃至矿化污泥中的有机质,处理后的污泥脱水性能好且泥饼趋于无机化.本文总结了该技术的原理、主要工艺和最新研究进展,并归纳了该领域面临的现实问题.指出,完善工艺流程、开发新型催化剂、实现产物综合利用是未来污泥湿式空气氧化发展的主...     

高含水含油污泥水热处理技术研究进展

高含水含油污泥含有大量的自由水、结合水和乳化水，其脱水干化是后续处理处置的瓶颈。近年来水热处理技术被引入石油石化工业用于高含水含油污泥的脱水干化和回收油。本文介绍了高含水含油污泥的来源、成分、分类、特点和处理难点，概述了高含水含油污泥调质脱稳技术现状，总结了高含水含油污泥水热处理技术取得的主要进展，分析了水热处理技术的处理机理、技术特点、优点和缺点，并展望了该技术的发展方向。     

Comparative assessment of municipal sewage sludge incineration,gasification and pyrolysis for a sustainable sludge-to-energy management in Greece

For a sustainable municipal sewage sludge management, not only the available technology, but also other parameters, such as policy regulations and socio-economic issues should be taken in account. In this study, the current status of both European and Greek Legislation on waste management, with a special insight in municipal sewage sludge, is presented. A SWOT analysis was further developed for comparison of pyrolysis with incineration and gasification and results are presented. Pyrolysis seems to be the optimal thermochemical treatment option compared to incineration and gasification. Sewage sludge pyrolysis is favorable for energy savings, material recovery and high added materials production, providing a ‘zero waste’ solution. Finally, identification of challenges and barriers for sewage sludge pyrolysis deployment in Greece was investigated.     

Gasification and its emission characteristics for dried sewage sludge utilizing a fluidized bed gasifier

Various research has attempted to determine the proper treatment of sewage sludge, including thermal technologies. Efficient thermal technologies have been focused on because of their energy saving/energy recovery. Gasification technology can be considered one of these approaches. In this study, the characteristics of gasification reactions were investigated with the aim of finding fundamental data for utilizing sewage sludge as an energy source. For the experiments on sewage sludge gasification reaction characteristics, a laboratory-scale experimental apparatus was set up with a fluidizing bed reactor of 70-mm inner diameter and 600-mm total height using an electric muffle furnace. The experimental materials were prepared from a sewage treatment plant located in Seoul. The reaction temperature was varied from 630 to 860°C, and the equivalence ratio from 0.1 to 0.3. The gas yields, compositions of product gas, and cold gas efficiencies of product gas were analyzed by GC/TCD and GC/FID installed with a carboxen-1000 column. The experimental results indicated that 800°C, ER 0.2 was an optimum condition for sewage sludge gasification. The maximum yield of product gas was about 44%. Producer gas from experiments was mainly composed of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and methane. The cold gas efficiency of sewage sludge gasification was about 68%. The H₂/CO ratio and CO/CO₂ ratio were about 1.1 and 1.4, respectively, in optimum reaction conditions. Gaseous pollutants such as SO₂, HCl, NH₃, H₂S, and NO₂ were also analyzed at various gasification/combustion conditions, and their gaseous products were compared, showing significantly different oxidized product distributions.     

Clay-sewage sludge co-pyrolysis. A TG-MS and Py-GC study on potential advantages afforded by the presence of clay in the pyrolysis of wastewater sewage sludge

Wastewater sewage sludge was co-pyrolyzed with a well characterized clay sample, in order to evaluate possible advantages in the thermal disposal process of solid waste. Characterization of the co-pyrolysis process was carried out both by thermogravimetric-mass spectrometric (TG-MS) analysis, and by reactor tests, using a lab-scale batch reactor equipped with a gas chromatograph for analysis of the evolved gas phase (Py-GC).Due to the presence of clay, two main effects were observed in the instrumental characterization of the process. Firstly, the clay surface catalyzed the pyrolysis reaction of the sludge, and secondly, the release of water from the clay, at temperatures of approx. 450-500 °C, enhanced gasification of part of carbon residue of the organic component of sludge following pyrolysis.Moreover, the solid residue remaining after pyrolysis process, composed of the inorganic component of sludge blended with clay, is characterized by good features for possible disposal by vitrification, yielding a vitreous matrix that immobilizes the hazardous heavy metals present in the sludge.     

污泥热解催化剂的研究进展

污泥热解处理技术具有较好的应用价值和发展前景,催化剂的加入可提高反应效率,降低处理成本,提高目标产物品质。本文综述了添加不同种类污泥热解催化剂对反应条件、反应过程、反应产物的影响,分析了不同种类催化剂的优势与不足,并对该领域未来的研究方向提出了建议。指出:应深入探究催化剂的作用机理,开发高效、环保型催化剂;重点研发废弃物制备催化剂,实现废物资源化利用;开展污泥与其他废弃物共热解的研究。     

Effect of sewage sludge content on gas quality and solid residues produced by cogasification in an updraft gasifier

In the present work, the gasification with air of dehydrated sewage sludge (SS) with 20wt.% moisture mixed with conventional woody biomass was investigated using a pilot fixed-bed updraft gasifier. Attention was focused on the effect of the SS content on the gasification performance and on the environmental impact of the process. The results showed that it is possible to co-gasify SS with wood pellets (WPs) in updraft fixed-bed gasification installations. However, at high content of sewage sludge the gasification process can become instable because of the very high ash content and low ash fusion temperatures of SS. At an equivalent ratio of 0.25, compared with wood pellets gasification, the addition of sewage sludge led to a reduction of gas yield in favor of an increase of condensate production with consequent cold gas efficiency decrease. Low concentrations of dioxins/furans and PAHs were measured in the gas produced by SS gasification, well below the limiting values for the exhaust gaseous emissions. NH(3), HCl and HF contents were very low because most of these compounds were retained in the wet scrubber systems. On the other hand, high H(2)S levels were measured due to high sulfur content of SS. Heavy metals supplied with the feedstocks were mostly retained in gasification solid residues. The leachability tests performed according to European regulations showed that metals leachability was within the limits for landfilling inert residues. On the other hand, sulfate and chloride releases were found to comply with the limits for non-hazardous residues.     

Reduction of tar using cheap catalysts during sewage sludge gasification

Solid-fuel conversion or gasification study of sewage sludge and energy recovery has become increasingly important because energy recovery and climate change are emerging issues. Various types of catalysts, such as dolomite, steel slag and calcium oxide, were tested for tar reduction during the sewage sludge gasification process. For the experiments on sewage sludge gasification reactions and tar reduction using the catalysts, a fixed bed of laboratory-scale experimental apparatus was set up. The reactor was made of quartz glass using an electric muffle furnace. The sewage sludge samples used had moisture contents less than 6%. The experimental conditions were as follows: sample weight was 20 g and reaction time was 10 min, gasification reaction temperature was from 600 to 800°C, and the equivalence ratio was 0.2. The quantity of catalysts was 2–6 g, and temperatures of catalyst layers were 500–700°C. As the reaction temperature increased up to 800°C, the yields of gaseous products and liquid products increased, whereas char and tar products decreased, showing effects on gas product compositions. These results were considered to be due to the increase of the water-gas reaction and Boudouard reaction. In the case of experiments with catalysts, dolomite (4 g), steel slag (6 g) and calcium oxide (6 g) were used. When the temperature of catalysts increased, the weight of the tar produced decreased with different cracking performances by different catalysts. Reforming reactions were considered to occur on the surface of dolomite, steel slag and calcium oxide, causing cracking of the hydrocarbon structure, which eventually showed reduced tar generation.     

Fate of heavy metals and radioactive metals in gasification of sewage sludge

The fates of radioactive cadmium, strontium, cesium, cobalt, arsenic, mercury, zinc, and copper spiked into sewage sludge were determined when the sludge was gasified by a process that maximizes production of char from the sludge (ChemChar process). For the most part the metals were retained in the char product in the gasifier. Small, but measurable quantities of arsenic were mobilized by gasification and slightly more than 1% of the arsenic was detected in the effluent gas. Mercury was largely mobilized from the solids in the gasifier, but most of the mercury was retained in a filter composed of char prepared from the sludge. The small amounts of mercury leaving the gasification system were found to be associated with an aerosol product generated during gasification. The metals retained in the char product of gasification were only partially leachable with 50% concentrated nitric acid.     

Analysis of the combustion and pyrolysis of dried sewage sludge by TGA and MS

In this study, the combustion and pyrolysis processes of three sewage sludge were investigated. The sewage sludge came from three wastewater treatment plants.Proximate and ultimate analyses were performed. The thermal behaviour of studied sewage sludge was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis with mass spectrometry (TGA-MS). The samples were heated from ambient temperature to 800 °C at a constant rate 10 °C/min in air (combustion process) and argon flows (pyrolysis process). The thermal profiles presented in form of TG/DTG curves were comparable for studied sludges. All TG/DTG curves were divided into three stages. The main decomposition of sewage sludge during the combustion process took place in the range 180–580 °C with c.a. 70% mass loss. The pyrolysis process occurred in lower temperature but with less mass loss. The evolved gaseous products (H₂, CH₄, CO₂, H₂O) from the decomposition of sewage sludge were identified on-line.     

Energy recovery from sewage sludge by means of fluidised bed gasification

Because of its potential harmful impact on the environment, disposal of sewage sludge is becoming a major problem all over the world. Today the available disposal measures are at the crossroads. One alternative would be to continue its usage as fertiliser or to abandon it. Due to the discussions about soil contamination caused by sewage sludge, some countries have already prohibited its application in agriculture. In these countries, thermal treatment is now presenting the most common alternative. This report describes two suitable methods to directly convert sewage sludge into useful energy on-site at the wastewater treatment plant. Both processes consist mainly of four devices: dewatering and drying of the sewage sludge, gasification by means of fluidised bed technology (followed by a gas cleaning step) and production of useful energy via CHP units as the final step. The process described first (ETVS-Process) is using a high pressure technique for the initial dewatering and a fluidised bed technology utilising waste heat from the overall process for drying. In the second process (NTVS-Process) in addition to the waste heat, solar radiation is utilised. The subsequent measures--gasification, gas cleaning and electric and thermal power generation--are identical in both processes. The ETVS-Process and the NTVS-Process are self-sustaining in terms of energy use; actually a surplus of heat and electricity is generated in both processes.     

Characteristic of heavy metals in biochar derived from sewage sludge

This study investigates the characteristic of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, Ni and As) in biochar derived from sewage sludge at different pyrolysis temperatures (300, 400, 500, 600 and 700 °C). The heavy metal concentrations, chemical speciation distribution, leaching toxicity, and bio-available contents were investigated using ICP-OES after microwave digestion, a sequential extraction procedure recommended by the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR), an improved nitric acid–sulphuric acid method, and diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) extraction method, respectively. The results showed that a great percentage of the heavy metals remained in biochar, the concentrations of heavy metals in biochar (except Cd in B7) were higher than that in sludge, and the enrichment of the heavy metals in biochar enhanced with the pyrolysis temperature. Although the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the chemical speciation distribution, the leaching toxicity and the bio-available contents of heavy metals in biochar was inconsistent, the potential risk of biochar on soil and groundwater contamination was lower than sewage sludge.