安塞油田拦油、收油技术实践与探索

文章结合安塞油田在应对原油泄漏后针对不同河道、干沟及所处的地形、地貌特点开展应急抢险中拦油、收油处置的措施,总结了取得的经验及成效。同时介绍了自制、改良后的拦油和收油工具以及在抢险中的实用效果。     

水环境中有机污染物对藻类毒理性的探讨

近年来,环境中的有机污染物对生态环境的破坏日益加剧,并严重威胁到了人类的生存和发展。藻类作为初级生产者,是整个生态系统物质循环和能量流动的基础,因此研究水环境中有机污染物对藻类的毒理性,对于环境污染的监测具有深远的意义。就有机污染物对藻类的毒性机理、藻类对有机污染物的敏感度等问题的研究现状进行综述,并对藻类在环境监测方面的应用前景进行展望。     

原油长输管道环境风险分析与控制

原油长输管道沿线经过多种环境地貌,如果发生原油泄漏,会对地袁水、土壤、地下水和植被等造成严重污染或破坏。文章以某原油长输管道为研究对象,重点分析原油管道泄漏事故对地表水、土壤、地下水、植被的影响,并提出相应的风险防范和应急处置措施。     

去除淡水浮游藻类方法的研究进展

在春至秋季，由于环境污染的影响，我国许多湖泊和水库中经常发生水华现象。由于浮游藻类的存在以及在生长繁殖和死亡过程中所释放出的各种藻类毒素，对水生生物和人畜安全造成严重的影响。因此，必须采取科学的方法对浮游藻类予以去除。去除浮游藻类主要有物理除藻、化学除藻、生物除藻等方法。     

原油对草原植被的影响

为了定量说明落地原油对大庆地区草原植被的影响，选择了四种植物群落进行浇原油试验，浇油厚度为0．2、0．4、0．8cm，浇油时间为秋、春、夏。试验结果表明原油对植物个体的影响因原油量、季节和植物种类的不同而不同，随原油量的增加影响增大。     

培养藻类制取生物能源的研究

能源紧张和环境污染是全世界所面临的共同问题,用藻类替代传统作物生产生物能源是生物质能的重要发展方向之一。文章介绍了国内外对藻类培养条件、光生物反应器型式、藻类基因工程、藻细胞收集方法以及能源藻类生产系统的研究成果。研究认为,以藻类为原料生产生物燃料具有良好的发展前景,并指出了今后能源藻类生长的重点研究方向。     

原油储罐泄漏检测技术研究

原油储罐在复杂的内外部环境中最容易出现的失效形式是底板穿孔从而导致原油泄漏。文章介绍了声发射方法和漏磁扫描方法应用于储罐底板的泄漏检测。两种方法都可以评估与定位底部材料的损伤及底板材料的微泄漏。文章介绍了原油储罐泄漏检测原理,分析了现场检测过程,对同一具原油储罐进行声发射和漏磁扫描检测后,对两种方法的检测结果进行分析与经济性对比,进而给出该储罐的完整性评估,并提出储罐的检修意见。     

温度对吸油毡吸油性影响试验研究

分别利用低温和高温环境试验箱严格模拟环境温度,在不同温度环境下测试四种常用吸油毡对三种渤海原油的吸油性。试验同时测定三种原油的凝点,用于探索油品凝点对吸油毡吸油性的影响。试验结果表明:被测试的十二组吸油过程均属于物理过程,提出的关于吸油毡表面黏附和渗透作用的数学模式能较好描述这些过程;对于这三种原油而言,渗透吸油作用在冬季只适合于绥中原油;另外,吸油毡对三种原油,即使在夏秋季也无法达到最大吸油性;黏附和渗透吸油倍数同原油凝点以及吸油毡类型有关。四种吸油毡中,MXU1000系列的吸油性最好,羊毛毡的吸油性最低。     

NaCl胁迫对油莎豆块茎萌发与幼苗生长的影响

采用沙培法,研究不同浓度的NaCl胁迫对三种油莎豆品系块茎萌发和幼苗生长的影响,以探讨油莎豆的抗盐性。结果表明:油莎豆块茎发芽率随着NaCl胁迫浓度升高呈逐渐降低趋势,500mmol/L时发芽率为0;油莎豆幼苗叶片中叶绿素含量随着NaCl胁迫浓度的升高而降低,而蛋白质和脯氨酸含量随着NaCl胁迫浓度的增加而升高,说明NaCl胁迫对油莎豆块茎萌发和幼苗生长具有严重的抑制作用。该研究结果为油莎豆在盐碱地的种植、栽培提供了重要的参考资料。     

石化企业装置泄漏对地下水污染趋势研究

为研究石化企业不同装置、不同污染物的泄漏对地下水的污染趋势,选取某石化厂区为代表,建立地下水流场模型和污染物运移模型,对不同情形下发生泄漏时污染物对地下水环境的污染趋势进行模拟分析,分析了地下水污染物的产生、入渗途径、扩散方式以及污染趋势。正常工况无防渗情景:原油的渗漏,在厂区:渗漏发生5 a后,潜水含水层原油影响范围0.194 km~2,超标范围为0.080 km~2,最大运移距离为0.348 km;苯的渗漏,模拟结果显示:泄漏的苯在潜水含水层中13 a后扩散出厂区,厂区下游地下水苯均未超标;二甲苯的渗漏,模拟结果显示:泄漏的二甲苯在潜水含水层中18 a后扩散出厂区,但不超标。     

CuSO4 treatment of nuisance algal blooms in drinking water reservoirs

Since the turn of the century, copper sulfate has been used extensively as an algicide to control nuisance algal blooms in drinking water reservoirs Recent experimental results have shown that the toxicity of copper to algae is determined by the activity of ionic copper, and not the total copper concentration The sensitivity of algae to ionic copper has been found to vary considerably for different algal species Chemical processes such as precipitation, complexation by dissolved organic substances, and adsorption by suspended material can be important in controlling the chemical speciation of copper added to drinking water reservoirs The copper sulfate dosage required for effective treatment of a reservoir is shown to depend on water chemistry and the copper sensitivity of nuisance algal species By evaluating copper chemistry and copper sensitivity of nuisance algal species it may be possible to obtain effective treatment with lower copper sulfate dosages in some reservoirs     

Environmental Exposure of Aquatic and Terrestrial Biota to Triclosan and Triclocarban1

Abstract: The synthetic biocides triclosan (5‐chloro‐2‐(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)phenol) and triclocarban (3,4,4′‐trichlorocarbanilide) are routinely added to a wide array of antimicrobial personal care products and consumer articles. Both compounds can persist in the environment and exhibit toxicity toward a number of biological receptors. Recent reports of toxicological effects in wildlife, human cell cultures, and laboratory animals have heightened the interest in the occurrence of these biocide and related toxic effects. The present study aimed to summarize published environmental concentrations of biocides and contrast them with toxicity threshold values of susceptible organisms. Environmental occurrences and toxicity threshold values span more than six orders of magnitude in concentration. The highest biocide levels, measured in the mid parts‐per‐million range, were determined to occur in aquatic sediments and in municipal biosolids destined for land application. Crustacea and algae were identified as the most sensitive species, susceptible to adverse effects from biocide exposures in the parts‐per‐trillion range. An overlap of environmental concentrations and toxicity threshold values was noted for these more sensitive organisms, suggesting potential adverse ecological effects in aquatic environments. Affirmative evidence for this is lacking, however, since studies examining environmental occurrences of biocides vis‐à‐vis the health and diversity of aquatic species have not yet been conducted.     

藻类在水体污染监测中的运用

利用藻类进行水体污染监测在水生生物监测中占有重要的地位。各种不同的水体污染对藻类的种类,数量,结构等产生相应的影响,在一定程度上表明了水质的某种变化。     

SIDE EFFECTS OF 58 YEARS OF COPPER SULFATE TREATMENT OF THE FAIRMONT LAKES,MINNESOTA1

The shallow Fairmont Lakes in southern Minnesota have been treated with copper sulfate for 58 years to reduce excessive algal growth. Copper sulfate was applied to five lakes at cumulative rates upo to 1647 kg/ha (1470 1b/acre), totaling 1.5 million kilograms. Data collected since treatment of the Fairmont Lakes began in 1921 provide alarming insights into lake responses to sustained chemical treatment with copper sulfate. Short-term and long-term effects have occurred. Short-term effects include: a) the intended temporary killing of algae, b) dissolved oxygen depletion by decomposition of dead algae, c) accelerated phosphorus recycling from the lake bed and recovery of the algal population within 7 to 21 days, and d) occasional fish kills due to oxygen depletion or copper toxicity or both. Long-term effects are shown to include: a) copper accumulation in the sediments, b) tolerance adjustments of certain species of algae to higher copper sulfate dosages, c) shift of species from green to blue-green algae and from game fish to rough fish, d) disappearance of macrophytes, and e) reductions in benthic macroinvertebrates. The conclusion is that while copper sulfate treatments enjoy great popularity because they kill and remove algae almost instantaneously, other immediate or cumulative side effects can be harmful to many other aquatic organisms.     

Estimation of “environmentally sensitive” dispersal ratios for chemical dispersants used in crude oil spill control

The toxicities of two dispersants (Biosolve and OSD 9460), Forcados light crude oil and their mixtures based on ratios 6:1, 9:1, and 12:1 (v/v) were evaluated against the juvenile stage of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, in laboratory bioassays. On the basis of the derived toxicity indices, Biosolve (96-h LC₅₀ = 0.211 μl/l) was found to be about 27,284 times more toxic than crude oil (96-h LC₅₀ = 5.757 ml/l) and 6,450 times more toxic than OSD 9460 (96-h LC₅₀ = 1.361 ml/l). OSD 9460 was also found to be four times more toxic than crude oil when acting alone against C. gariepinus. Toxicity evaluations of the mixtures of crude oil/dispersants mixtures varied, depending largely upon the proportion of addition of the mixture components. The interactions between mixture of crude oil and Biosolve at the test ratios of 6:1, 9:1, and 12:1 were found to conform with the model of synergism (SR = 7,655, 14,876, and 8,792, respectively), and the mixtures were therefore more toxic than the crude oil acting singly. Similarly, the interactions between mixture of crude oil and OSD 9460 at the test ratios of 6:1 and 9:1 also conformed to the model of synergism (SR = 2.2 and 1.84, respectively). Interactions between the dispersant OSD 9460 and the crude oil at test ratio 12:1, however, conformed to the model of antagonism (SR = 0.84), indicating that the mixture was less toxic than crude oil acting alone. The results of the emulsification potential of OSD 9460 and Biosolve [measured in terms of optical transmittance (%)] prepared at the dispersal ratios 6:1, 9:1, and 12:1 revealed that the dispersal ratio of 6:1 achieved the highest emulsification of the crude oil with optical transmittance value of 4% and 6%, respectively. Estimation of an “environmentally sensitive” dispersal ratio for OSD 9460 and Biosolve revealed the optimum dispersal ratio for OSD 9460 range between ratios 7.5:1 and 9:1, while for Biosolve such an optimum dispersal ratio was indeterminate within the range of test dispersal ratios. The implications of these results in setting manufacturer’s and regulatory dispersal ratios for chemical dispersants used for oil spill control were discussed.     

Identification of environmentally vulnerable areas with priority for prevention and management of pipeline crude oil spills

The oil industry is one of the main productive activities in Mexico and has a huge infrastructure, including a wide pipeline network that crosses urban, industrial, agricultural and natural areas. The threat of crude oil spills is greatest in those regions with a high concentration of oil extraction and refining activities, as in the case of the Coatzacoalcos and Tonalá Rivers Low Basin. This study ranked the geosystems of the basin in terms of vulnerability to pipeline crude oil spills. Very high vulnerability (level I) was assigned to the water bodies (lakes and rivers) and their margins of influence, including surfaces that flood during normal hydraulic load. High vulnerability areas (level II) comprised surfaces that can flood during extraordinary hydraulic load related with extreme hydrometeorological events. The remaining three vulnerability levels were defined for areas with low or negligible flooding potential, these were ranked according to physical (slope, relief and permeability), biological (richness, singularity and integrity) and socio-economic (social marginalization index and economic activities index) conditions. These results are presented on a map for better visualization and interpretation. This study will be useful to establish preventive and effective emergency management actions in order to reduce remediation costs and adverse effects on wild species. It also can help local and national authorities, oil industry and civil protection corps to better protect ecosystems, natural resources and human activities and goods.     

河南油田提高稠油脱水技术的研究与应用

筛选高效破乳剂,采取更加合理有效的加药方式,提高脱水效果,降低生产成本至关重要。河南油田井楼油矿针对稠油筛选出高效破乳剂,通过管道破乳应用,得出:FS-21二代破乳剂脱水效果明显比一代有较大提高,原油含水率较低;并且在站外加药,脱水效果明显高于站内加药,药剂用量要比站内少;使用的160多天内FS-21二代破乳剂适用性良好。进一步提高了稠油整体脱水效果,取得了明显的经济效益。     

A BIO ASSAY LABORATORY BOAT WITH COMPARISONS OF CENTRAL VS. BOAT LABORATORY BIOASSAY EVALUATIONS1

ABSTRACT: A laboratory boat designed to investigate toxic effects on site and its use as a bioassay tool in the study of a refinery effluent discharged into the Schuylkill River, a tributary of the Delaware River, is described. Three-hundred thirty-six-hour continuous-flow bioassay s exposing the bluegill sunfish, the channel catfish, the tadpole snail, the grass shrimp, and the sheephead minnow to concentrations of refinery effluent in Schuylkill, Delaware River, and Delaware Bay water, with and without the addition of sediment were performed. Results indicated that the toxicity (lethality) of fresh samples tested aboard the boat (refinery effluent, dilution water, sediment) were considerably higher (i.e., refinery effluent at full strength was 2.2X as lethal to the bluegill, 1.4X as lethal to the channel catfish, 1.5X as lethal to the sheep-head minnow and 100X as lethal to the grass shrimp) than the same test material collected from the refinery outfall and brought to a central laboratory for testing. Chemical analysis and bioassay data is presented showing the effects of aging and irradiation upon the refinery effluent.     

USE OF SOIL MOISTURE PROBES TO ESTIMATE GROUND WATER RECHARGE AT AN OIL SPILL SITE1

Soil moisture data collected using an automated data logging system were used to estimate ground water recharge at a crude oil spill research site near Bemidji, Minnesota. Three different soil moisture probes were tested in the laboratory as well as the field conditions of limited power supply and extreme weather typical of northern Minnesota: a self‐contained reflectometer probe, and two time domain reflectometry (TDR) probes, 30 and 50 cm long. Recharge was estimated using an unsaturated zone water balance method. Recharge estimates for 1999 using the laboratory calibrations were 13 to 30 percent greater than estimates based on the factory calibrations. Recharge indicated by the self‐contained probes was 170 percent to 210 percent greater than the estimates for the TDR probes regardless of calibration method. Results indicate that the anomalously large recharge estimates for the self‐contained probes are not the result of inaccurate measurements of volumetric moisture content, but result from the presence of crude oil, or borehole leakage. Of the probes tested, the 50 cm long TDR probe yielded recharge estimates that compared most favorably to estimates based on a method utilizing water table fluctuations. Recharge rates for this probe represented 24 to 27 percent of 1999 precipitation. Recharge based on the 30 cm long horizontal TDR probes was 29 to 37 percent of 1999 precipitation. By comparison, recharge based on the water table fluctuation method represented about 29 percent of precipitation.     

石油污染生物修复技术研究

本文概述了影响石油污染物生物降解修复处理的多种因素，对石油污染生物处理技术的发展进行了展望。其中主要影响因素包括：菌种的影响，菌种在不同的环境中和对不同碳链长度的碳氢化合物表现出不同的降解效率；石油物质本身物理化学特性的影响，如石油物质在水体或土壤中的浓度以及石油的粘度、沸点、折射率等特性；生存环境条件的影响，在接种入高效率的降解菌或利用土著微生物进行降解时，降解率受到生存环境中各种条件的影响，如表面活性剂、光照条件、吸附剂的利用、营养盐、共代谢底物、氧气、温度、盐度等。