1997-2011年长江徐六泾江段流量与水质变化

将5-9月和10至次年4月分别作为汛期和非汛期,对1997-2011年长江徐六泾江段的流量与水质变化作趋势分析,探讨徐六泾江段水质污染的变化规律及主要原因.结果表明,徐六泾江段多年平均流量为(27 927±4 699) m3·s-1,最高值出现在1998年,最低值出现在2011年.徐六泾江段汛期流量显著高于非汛期,两者的比值为1.73～2.95.非汛期的COD浓度高于汛期,且其年均值与流量呈显著负相关;14 a中CODMn浓度呈整体下降趋势,且与流量呈显著正相关;BOD5浓度表现为非汛期高于汛期,14 a中汛期BOD5浓度呈下降趋势,但非汛期和年均值变化不明显;氨氮质量浓度范围为0.07～0.83 mg·L-1,一般表现为非汛期高于汛期,并在2002年出现最高值之后趋于平稳;总磷质量浓度范围为0.012～0.450 mg·L-1,其变化趋势同氨氮类似.氮和磷是长江徐六泾江段的主要污染因子.     

天津城区环境空气VOCs浓度及恶臭污染感官分析

为研究天津市环境空气VOCs浓度水平及恶臭感官污染特征,采用网格布点法在天津中心城区布点26个,分别对春、夏、秋、冬四季进行了系统采样.分析结果显示,天津市不同季节VOCs主要物质组成存在一定差异,城市空气由于受各种污染源的影响,臭气浓度普遍超出相关标准.VOCs总浓度季节变化特征为:春季(0.276 mg·m-3)秋季(0.275 mg·m-3)冬季(0.236 mg·m-3)夏季(0.179 mg·m-3).浓度统计结果表明,VOCs总体浓度范围主要集中在0—0.30 mg·m-3浓度区间,在此区间4个季节的样品百分比均在70%以上.臭气浓度统计结果表明,臭气浓度小于20(无量纲)的样品比例仅为36.19%.与一类区厂界标准相比,春季仅2.56%的样品臭气浓度低于10,夏季臭气浓度小于10的样品比例最高,为45.45%,冬季也较高,为35.90%,秋季为13.51%.与二类区厂界标准相比,春季仅10.26%达标,夏季63.64%达标,秋季16.22%达标,冬季71.80%达标.     

板式家具甲醛浓度散发实测

为了研究室内甲醛浓度散发规律,对天津某住宅小区房间进行为期40 d甲醛浓度现场测试,测试区域为餐桌、电视柜、沙发以及房间几何中心区域.实测发现甲醛浓度由最高值0.46 mg·m~(-3)开始降低后进入以0.19 mg·m~(-3)平稳散发阶段,31 d后接近于直线状态,是处理甲醛污染的最佳时机.并且发现在沙发区域甲醛浓度值最高,达到0.33 mg·m~(-3),在房间几何中心甲醛浓度值最低为0.01 mg·m~(-3),在封闭条件下散发1个月后,甲醛浓度4个区域均不能达到室内空气质量标准要求,超标倍数达到了1—4倍,沙发区域比其他3个区域甲醛浓度都高出3倍左右.     

协同处置废物水泥窑汞等非常规污染物分析与排放

近年来我国城市固体废物产生量逐年增加,水泥窑协同处置废物技术发展迅速.本研究选择1台规模为3200 t·d~(-1)的协同处置固废水泥窑,对烟气中汞等非常规污染物排放浓度进行现场测试,研究汞等非常规污染物分析与排放.研究表明,协同处置废物水泥窑窑尾烟气出口Hg~0占比79%,Hg~(2+)占比21%左右,烟气中Tl+Cd+Pb+As和Be+Cr+Sn+Sb+Cu+Co+Mn+Ni+V平均浓度为32.12μg·m~(-3)和10.54μg·m~(-3)均低于我国协同处置固体废物水泥窑窑尾允许排放限值1.0 mg·m~(-3)和0.5 mg·m~(-3),窑尾烟气中HF平均0.21 mg·m~(-3),HCl平均4.49 mg·m~(-3),PM_(2.5)窑尾和窑头袋式除尘后出口烟气浓度,窑尾排放浓度较窑头高.     

餐厨垃圾厌氧处置的恶臭污染物分析

为研究餐厨垃圾在厌氧消化过程中的恶臭污染物排放特征,采用冷阱富集-GC/MS技术对宁波市某典型餐厨垃圾处置企业的恶臭污染物成分、含量及成分谱进行研究,共检出烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃、卤代烃、含氧有机物、硫化物及氨等7类物质,其中含氧有机物是主要成分。检测结果表明,恶臭污染物总浓度水平为高温灭菌装置油水分离装置厌氧发酵装置分选装置卸料区,高温灭菌装置、分选装置、油水分离装置、厌氧发酵装置的臭气浓度值较高。结合数据分析初步筛选各单元的特征污染物:卸料区、分选装置:乙醇、硫化氢、二甲二硫醚、氨、柠檬烯;高温灭菌和油水分离装置:乙醇、甲硫醇、硫化氢、二甲二硫醚、柠檬烯;厌氧发酵装置:乙醇、硫化氢、二甲二硫醚、对-二乙苯、柠檬烯。     

龙凤山区域大气本底站大气二氧化碳(CO_2)浓度变化特征

利用基于光腔衰荡光谱(CRDS)测量技术,于2009年1月至2011年12月在龙凤山区域大气本底站对大气中CO2进行了在线观测.龙凤山CO2浓度日最低值出现在13∶00—16∶00,此时植被光合作用对CO2的吸收作用以及大气垂直运动导致的稀释作用最强.春、秋和冬季CO2浓度日最高值出现在7∶00—9∶00,夏季日最高值出现在3∶00.夏季日高值出现的早,是由于夏季日出时间较早,植物在5∶00左右就开始有光合作用,此时CO2浓度开始降低.一年中CO2月平均浓度低值出现在6—9月,高值出现在12月和1月,并在5月和10月分别出现1个次高值.CO2次高值是由于当地农村春季和秋季焚烧秸秆造成的.CO2年均值浓度从2009年的711±23 mg·L-1上升到2011年的723±25 mg·L-1,年平均增长率为0.89%.在夏季、冬季,当风向来自EESE-SE-SSE方位时CO2浓度较高,而当风向来自W-WNW-NW方位时CO2浓度较低.龙凤山区域大气本底站周边森林在夏季对CO2有很强的吸收,占夏季浓度的8.5%.     

黄、渤海滨海带大气颗粒物时空分布与来源特征

PM10作为大气污染物监测的主要指标之一,探究大气PM10浓度对大气环境质量和人体健康评价具有重要意义。黄、渤海滨海带包括京、津和辽、冀、鲁、苏等工、农业大省,区域大气PM10污染的时空分布和来源特征具有复杂性和典型性。在锦州、北京、天津、烟台、青岛、连云港和盐城7个城市布设10个采样点,含7个城市点和3个农村点,开展为期一年的大气颗粒物的采样;同时,于冬季1月和夏季7月在锦州、天津和烟台进行合计60 d的加密采样,藉以确定研究区域大气PM10的时空分布和来源特征。结果表明,黄、渤海滨海带大气年均PM10总浓度为(129’18)"g·m~(-3),单月最低值出现在2015年7月盐城农村样点15"g·m~(-3),最高值为2015年3月北京城市点307"g·m~(-3)。盐城大气PM10浓度(城市点(85’27)"g·m~(-3)和农村点(66’35)"g·m~(-3))显著低于其他样点大气PM10浓度。渤海滨海带中西部的京(140’68"g·m~(-3))、津(169’60"g·m~(-3))两市大气PM10年均浓度显著高于东部的锦州(125’41"g·m~(-3))和烟台(109’31"g·m~(-3));而且黄海滨海带大气PM10年均浓度(114"g·m~(-3))显著低于渤海滨海带年均浓度(136"g·m~(-3)),总体上表现出西高东低、北高南低的特征。黄、渤海滨海带城市点和农村点年均浓度分别为(129’18)"g·m~(-3)和(112’30)"g·m~(-3);农村点春冬季大气PM10浓度和城市点浓度相当,无显著差异,夏秋季大气PM10浓度略低于城市浓度,表明农村地区大气颗粒物污染情况也较为严重,需受到关注。区域内PM10浓度季节变化整体表现为春冬高、夏秋低。利用多元回归分析初步判断黄、渤海滨海带PM10属于复合来源,大气PM10浓度约30%的变化与降水、人均能耗和沙尘天气相关。黄、渤海滨海带大气PM10浓度的昼夜变化不大,大气PM10浓度与气温呈现正相关,与风速和降水呈现负相关,表现为受各种气象因素综合作用的影响。     

氟化氢对大豆生长和产量的影响

全部大豆熏气试验是在四套开顶式熏气罩内完成。A,B、C和D(CK)的罩内HF浓度分别为0.0036,0.011,0.038和0.0007mg\m~3。根据获得的结果,叶片电导率的变化与叶片生长和吸收氟的环境条件和植物的发育阶段密切有关。发现,叶片的氟含量和吸收速率随熏气时间和浓度同步增加,而最高值出现在HF浓度较高的C处理组。大豆叶片比其他部分要累积更多的氟,而且各处理之间在叶片含氟量方面差异明显,而在根、豆荚和豆粒之间差异不明显。较高浓度的熏气使豆荚数、豆粒数以及豆粒重差异明显增加,当浓度大于0.0036mg/m~3时,可能会较大程度降低大豆的产量。     

天津市大气中全氟化合物挥发性前体物的分布和季节变化

城市是全(多)氟烷基化合物(Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances,PFASs)典型的来源地区,本研究利用大流量主动采样器对天津市3个典型位点的大气分别在冬夏两季进行了短期连续监测.发现PFASs的挥发性前体物氟调聚醇(Fluorotelomer alcohols,FTOHs)在天津地区的市中心、乡村和污水处理厂位点的大气中均普遍检出,其总浓度(气态+颗粒态)在冬、夏两季分别达到25.6—95.3 pg·m~(-3)和16.7—2003 pg·m~(-3),中位值分别为71.6 pg·m~(-3)和50.6 pg·m~(-3),其中最高浓度出现在市中心位点;而对于全氟辛烷磺酰胺类化合物(Perfluorooctane sulfonamide derivatives,PFOSAs),除在两个样品中有N-乙基全氟辛烷磺酰胺超过100 pg·m~(-3),在大部分样品中均未检出PFOSAs或显著低于FTOHs的浓度.本研究发现,FTOHs在冬、夏季间发生了显著的相间转化,在夏季FTOHs主要存在于气相,因而可能具有较高的长距离迁移潜力;而在冬季颗粒态FTOHs所占比重显著增加,因而其大气迁移和转化能力可能更多地受到大气颗粒物的影响.在大气总悬浮颗粒物浓度较高的天津地区,颗粒态FTOHs的贡献不可忽视.     

洛阳市浅层地下水化学特征及其氮化物浓度分布特征研究

通过采集22组地下水样品,对洛阳市浅层地下水水化学特征和三氮浓度分布特征进行了分析.研究表明:该区地下水主要以低矿化度的HCO3—Ca和HCO3—Mg型水为主;"三氮"浓度分布在区域上存在较大差异性,局部地区超标现象较为严重.其中,硝酸盐氮浓度最高达42.45 mg/L,位于洛阳市西南的辛店地区;氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮浓度分布特征较为相似,最高值均出现在伊河河畔及其以南的丘陵地区,浓度分别高达2.80 mg/L和0.52mg/L.图5,表1,参11.     

Characterisation of Acid Mine Drainage Using a Combination of Hydrometric, Chemical and Isotopic Analyses, Mary Murphy Mine, Colorado

The legacy of mining continues to affect stream water quality throughout the western United States. Traditional remediation, involving treatment of acid mine drainage from portals, is not feasible for the thousands of abandoned mines in the West as it is difficult and expensive. Thus, the development of new methods to address acid mine drainage is critical. The purpose of this study was two fold; to identify and test new tools to identify sources of metal pollution within a mine and to identify low-cost treatment alternatives through the use of these tools. Research was conducted at the Mary Murphy Mine in Colorado, a multiple-level underground mine which produced gold, silver, copper, lead and zinc from 1870 to 1951. Source waters and flowpaths within the mine were characterised using analysis of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of water (water isotopes) in combination with solute analysis and hydrometric techniques. Hydrometric measurements showed that while discharge from a central level portal increased by a factor of 10 during snowmelt runoff (from 0.7 to 7.2 Ls^–1), Zn concentrations increased by a factor of 9 (from 3,100 to 28320gL^–1). Water isotopes were used as conservative tracers to represent of baseflow and snowmelt inputs in a hydrologic mixing model analysis. The results showed that less than 7% of peak discharge was from snowmelt. Within the mine, approximately 71% of the high-flow Zn loading was caused by a single internal stream characterised by extremely high Zn concentrations (270600gL^–1) and low pH (3.4). Somewhat surprisingly, hydrologic mixing models using water isotopes showed that new water contributed up to 79% of flow in this high-Zn source during the melt season. Diversion of this high-Zn source within the mine resulted in a decrease in Zn concentrations at the portal by 91% to 2,510gL^–1, which is lower than the base-flow Zn concentration. The results suggest that in some mines remediation efforts can be concentrated on specific areas within the mine itself. Using the characterisation techniques demonstrated in this study, problem areas can be identified and contaminated flows diverted or isolated. The results also suggest that it may be possible to dewater contamination areas, greatly reducing costs of remediation.     

麻疯树叶绿ω3脂肪酸脱饱和酶基因的克隆和鉴定

根据几个已知的植物ω3脂肪酸脱胞和酶基因序列,利用RT-PCR和RACE技术从麻疯树中克隆了一条编码叶绿体ω3脂肪酸脱饱和酶的cDNA序列.对该序列的分析表明,该cDNA的编码区长1 368bp,编码一个长度为455个氨基酸的蛋白质,推测的蛋白质相对分子质量(Mr)大小为52.1×103.同源分析显示,推测的氨基酸序列与其他物叶绿体脂肪酸脱饱和酶具有很高的相似性.RT-PCR分析表明,该基因在麻疯树叶片中有着稳定的表达.此外,还通过酵母表达系统鉴定了该基因编码的酶的功能.对转基因酵母的脂肪酸组成分析发现,α亚麻酸在转基因酵母中积累.上述结果表明,该麻疯树cDNA编码了一个叶绿体ω3脂肪酸脱饱和酶.     

北仑河口海域小型硅藻群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

北仑河口地处亚热带-热带地区,气候温暖湿润,是我国北部湾沿岸与越南交界的一个重要入海河口。于2008年3、5、8和11月分别采集该海域小型浮游硅藻,同时测定水温、盐度等水体参数,以及氮、磷、硅等18项水化学指标,分析了小型硅藻群落结构变化与环境因子之间的关系。该河口区的小型硅藻主要由纤细翼鼻状藻Proboscia alata f.gracillima、拟旋链角毛藻Chaetoceros pseudocurvisetus、细弱海链藻Thalassiosira subtilis、中华齿状藻Odontella sinensis和菱形藻Nitzschiasp.等优势种类组成,并且存在明显的季节性演替。应用典范对应分析,发现影响北仑河口硅藻群落结构的主要环境因子为温度、盐度、N、Si、Hg和悬浮体质量浓度等,且不同季节的主控因素有所差异。菱形藻对温度和Cu、As、Zn和Hg等重金属的耐受性较强。纤细翼鼻状藻适宜于生长在水体透明度高的海域,悬浮体质量浓度以6.27 mg.L-1以下为宜。拟旋链角毛藻受Cr的影响较大,高含量的Cr会限制其生长。而细弱海链藻和中华齿状藻对Hg的耐受性较强。     

Biochemical Changes in Decomposing Leaves of Mangroves

Nylon bags containing yellow leaves of Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia marina, were immersed for 80 days from August to October, 1996. the decomposing leaves were collected every 10 days and analysed for dry weight loss and six biochemical parameters: tannins, total amino acids, total sugars, total nitrogen, total lipids and fatty acid profile. the leaf weight initially decreased very rapidly by about 50% of the start in two species of mangroves within 10 days. Similar changes were observed with tannins, total amino acids and sugars. However, the concentration of nitrogen increased significantly with decomposition. There was no significant change in total lipid and fatty acid profile. the highest concentration of fatty acid in the decomposing leaves was palmitic acid (16:0). Unsaturated fatty acids such as, 18:1 w7c and 18:1 w9c were found to be present in decomposing leaves of both species.     

The Mediterranean intertidal habitat as a natural laboratory to study climate change drivers of geographic patterns in marine biodiversity

Nylon bags containing yellow leaves of Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia marina, were immersed for 80 days from August to October, 1996. the decomposing leaves were collected every 10 days and analysed for dry weight loss and six biochemical parameters: tannins, total amino acids, total sugars, total nitrogen, total lipids and fatty acid profile. the leaf weight initially decreased very rapidly by about 50% of the start in two species of mangroves within 10 days. Similar changes were observed with tannins, total amino acids and sugars. However, the concentration of nitrogen increased significantly with decomposition. There was no significant change in total lipid and fatty acid profile. the highest concentration of fatty acid in the decomposing leaves was palmitic acid (16:0). Unsaturated fatty acids such as, 18:1 w7c and 18:1 w9c were found to be present in decomposing leaves of both species.     

氮沉降增加对土壤微生物的影响

综述了国外氮沉降对土壤微生物的影响研究现状，主要从土壤微生物群落结构组成及功能等方面对氮沉降的响应进行了综述，并从微生物对底物的利用模式及碳分配状况，pH值的变化方面初步探讨了土壤微生物对过量氮沉降的响应机制。研究表明，过量氮沉降会给土壤微生物在以下几个方面带来负影响：首先，改变微生物群落结构组成，表现为土壤真菌细菌相关丰富度发生改变，真菌生物量的减少，真菌／细菌生物量比率的减少，土壤微生物量的减少，微生物群落结构发生改变；其次，改变微生物功能，表现为减少土壤呼吸率，土壤酶活性的降低，改变微生物对底物的利用模式等等。此外，文章还指出出未来该方面研究重点和方向。     

阿特拉津降解菌的生长规律及降解特征的实验

应用了从农药厂阿特拉津生产车间污泥中分离出的菌种AT菌，进行了菌种生长曲线的测定，求得AT菌的对数期代时为3．87d，生长速率为0．258d^-1；不同基质浓度的降解实验表明，在农药污染质阿特拉津的低浓度体系中，AT菌降解阿特拉津的反应符合一级动力学模式，属于米氏方程曲线的第一阶段的情形，并拟合出关系式V＝0．064S。     

Deviation of negatively charged protein fractions in the trochophore and veliger larvae by the larvicidal action of baygon in freshwater pulmonate Gyraulus convexiusculus (Planorbidae)

In the present investigation egg capsules of Gyraulus convexiusculus were treated with different concentrations of baygon. A dose and duration dependent deviations in the number of negatively charged protein fractions in the trochophore and veliger larval stages were observed. It resulted into anomalies in the morphogenesis and organogenesis of corresponding larval stages. Most of the protein bands showed the decrease in the protein positive intensities in comparison to control. This suggested that baygon causes larval toxicity in Gyraulus convexiusculus.     

Bacterial inactivation,DNA damage,and faster ATP degradation induced by ultraviolet disinfection

• Long amplicon is more effective to test DNA damage induced by UV. • ATP in bacteria does not degrade instantly but does eventually after UV exposure. • After medium pressure UV exposure, ATP degraded faster. The efficacy of ultraviolet (UV) disinfection has been validated in numerous studies by using culture-based methods. However, the discovery of viable but non-culturable bacteria has necessitated the investigation of UV disinfection based on bacterial viability parameters. We used quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to investigate DNA damage and evaluated adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to indicate bacterial viability. The results of qPCR effectively showed the DNA damage induced by UV when using longer gene amplicons, in that sufficiently long amplicons of both 16S and gadA indicated that the UV induced DNA damages. The copy concentrations of the long amplicons of 16S and gadA decreased by 2.38 log/mL and 1.88 log/mL, respectively, after exposure to 40 mJ/cm² low-pressure UV. After UV exposure, the ATP level in the bacteria did not decrease instantly. Instead it decreased gradually at a rate that was positively related to the UV fluence. For low-pressure UV, this rate of decrease was slow, but for medium pressure UV, this rate of decrease was relatively high when the UV fluence reached 40 mJ/cm². At the same UV fluence, the ATP level in the bacteria decreased at a faster rate after exposure to medium-pressure UV.     

Trophic specialisation of metazoan meiofauna at the Håkon Mosby Mud Volcano: fatty acid biomarker isotope evidence

We report the results of a detailed investigation on the trophoecology of two dominant meiofaunal species at the Håkon Mosby Mud Volcano (HMMV), a deep-sea cold methane-venting seep. Analyses of fatty acids (FAs) and their stable carbon isotopes were used to determine the importance of chemosynthetic nutritional pathways for the dominant copepod species (morphologically very similar to Tisbe wilsoni) inhabiting the volcano’s centre and the abundant nematode Halomonhystera disjuncta from the surrounding microbial mats. The strong dominance of bacterial biomarkers (16:1ω7c, 18:1ω7c and 16:1ω8c) coupled with their individual light carbon isotopes signatures (δ¹³C ranging from ?52 to ?81‰) and the lack of symbiotic relationships with prokaryotes (as revealed by molecular analyses and fluorescent in situ hybridisation) indicated that chemosynthetically derived carbon constitutes the main diet of both species. However, the copepod showed a stronger reliance on the utilisation of methanotrophic bacteria and contained polyunsaturated FAs of bacterial origin (20:5ω3 and 22:6ω3 with isotope signatures δ¹³C < ?80‰). Instead, the FA profiles of H. disjuncta suggested that sulphide-oxidising bacteria constituted the main diet of this nematode. Therefore, HMMV can be regarded as a persistent deep-sea cold seep, allowing a chemosynthesis-based trophic specialisation by the dominant meiofaunal species inhabiting its sediments. The present investigation, through the determination of the fatty acid profiles, provides the first evidence for trophic specialisation of meiofauna associated with sub-habitats within a cold seep.