第二阶梯湖泊富营养化自然地理因素及效应

为了明晰影响我国地形地貌第二级阶梯湖泊富营养化的主要自然地理驱动因素,为湖泊富营养化的有效治理提供参考,采用曲线回归方法分析了位于我国第二级阶梯的云南和新疆湖泊中Chl-a以及营养状态综合指数(TLI)与自然地理特征的相关性.结果表明,平均水深、海拔以及年均温与TLI指数具有较好的相关性,拟合模型分别符合三次/对数模型、二次模型和三次模型.Chl-a与年平均日照时数具有较好的相关性,拟合模型符合二次/三次模型.分析富营养化效应,藻类生长对透明度的影响以及营养物质对浮游藻类的生态效应(Chl-a/TP),结果发现,新疆湖泊中Chl-a与透明度呈倒数关系,云南湖泊中Chl-a与透明度呈幂函数关系;Chl-a与总磷的线性方程的斜率分别为177.595(云南)和222.758(新疆).影响我国第二级阶梯湖泊富营养化的主要自然地理驱动因素是湖泊的平均水深、海拔、年均温度及年平均日照时数,透明度与Chl-a含量的相关性以及营养物质TP对浮游藻类的生态效应存在区域差异.     

我国若干湖泊磷转化率的区域差异性研究

湖泊生态分区有利于其富营养化控制,湖泊营养盐流动特征是湖泊生态分区的重要指标之一,通过线性回归和模型分析相结合的方法,对表征我国湖泊营养盐流动特征的磷最大转化率指标开展了研究.结果表明,我国湖泊总磷(TP)向叶绿素a(Chl-a)转化的最大转化率(Rmax)模型为Rmax= k0/(1-η)(k0和η分别代表TP与Chl-a现存量线性回归方程的斜率和生态系统中磷传递效率),不同湖泊磷最大转化率与所在地多年平均积温显著相关,显著影响磷转化率的积温阈值范围为3400~4730oC·d,该积温阈值可判定我国不同区域湖泊生态系统中磷流动速率的快慢,表征我国湖泊磷的流动速率区域差异性.     

洱海富营养化评价及其影响因素分析

为了解洱海富营养化状况,通过现场调研及资料收集,研究了洱海总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)、透明度(SD)、叶绿素a (chla)与综合营养状态指数TLI (∑)的相关性及富营养化的影响因素。结果表明:①2008—2017年,洱海TP、TN、CODMn、chla、TLI (∑)总体呈上升趋势,氮、磷是主要污染因子;②洱海chla、TN、TP、CODMn与TLI (∑)呈显著正相关;③洱海综合营养状态指数呈上升趋势,富营养化有加重的趋势,必须采取针对性保护措施,遏制富营养化发展。关键词富营养化;评价;影响因素;建议;洱海:     

湖泊水环境承载力模型研究

根据湖泊水环境承载力的概念定义和特性分析,以短板理论作为支撑,根据湖泊富营养化评价标准及富营养化程度构建了湖泊水环境承载力分级标准,在湖泊富营养化评价指标叶绿素α(Chla)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)、高猛酸盐指数(CODMn)、透明度(SD)中找出湖泊水环境承载力的制约指标作为短板,计算制约指标的压力承载度,分析湖泊水环境承载力状态的概率水平.模型应用在国内24个主要湖泊,得出大部分湖泊的水环境承载力处于危机状态的结论.该模型对于湖泊水环境承载力的研究具有一定的应用和参考价值.     

珊溪库区富营养化灰色聚类评价及防治对策

参照湖泊富营养化评价标准,选取高锰酸盐指数、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、叶绿素a(Chla)、透明度(SD)5个评价指标为聚类指标,采用灰色聚类法对珊溪(赵山渡)水库6个监测点的2011年3-8月监测数据进行富营养化评价。结果表明:黄坦坑为5级富营养,主要受畜禽养殖废水影响,其余交溪口、百丈口、珊溪大坝、支坑和赵山渡5个监测点为4级中富营养,出现了富营养化趋势。6个监测点富营养化程度由重到轻的顺序为:黄坦坑>交溪口>百丈口>珊溪大坝>支坑>赵山渡。在对评价结果的分析探讨基础上,提出了水质改善及富营养化防治对策。     

我国湖泊系统氮磷时空变化及对富营养化影响研究

本文收集整理了32篇已公开发表的学术论文的湖泊富营养化有效监测数据约140组,对湖泊氮磷时空特征和富营养化的关系进行分析。结果表明,我国湖泊总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的变化范围分别为0.11~29.2 mg/L和0.006~1.04 mg/L,其中氮的变异性比磷大。TN/TP的变化范围在0.86~84,几何平均值为16.43,这说明磷素是我国湖泊富营养化的一个主要限制因子。TN与纬度存在极显著的相关关系,随着纬度的升高,TN含量极显著地减少,但TN与经度的相关关系较弱(p=0.126),这可能与氮在经度上变异性大有关。TP与纬度和经度的相关关系都达到显著水平,随着经纬度的升高,TP显著地减少。TN/TP与经纬度也都存在显著的相关关系,随经度和纬度的升高,我国湖泊的TN/TP显著升高,表明磷素富集可能是造成南方湖泊的富营养化程度高的重要原因。我国湖泊水体氮素和磷素在化学计量上的变化,可能与我国目前湖泊富营养化频发密切相关。自上个世纪90年代至今,我国湖泊磷素含量上升极为显著,但氮素则变化不大(p=0.275),从而引起TN/TP显著下降,所以,解决我国湖泊富营养化问题的关键在于"磷"素的输入控制。     

黄土高原气候变化特征及原因分析

基于黄土高原111个气象站点1961—2018年逐日气温(最低气温、最高气温、平均气温)和降水数据,采用Mann-Kendall趋势分析、Sen's斜率估计和小波周期等方法分析了气温和降水的时空变化特征,并采用小波交叉功率谱分析方法对影响区域气候的环流因素进行了分析.研究结果显示:(1)黄土高原1961—2018年平均气温以0.35℃·(10a)?1速率呈显著增加趋势,进一步分析显示气温的上升主要来自于年均最低气温的显著上升(0.39℃·(10a)?1,P<0.01);在季节变化上,平均气温、平均最低气温、平均最高气温在冬季的上升速率最为显著;研究区降水的年际、季节上的变化均不明显.(2)年均气温的突变在1995年,年均最高气温和年均最低气温分别在1995年和1994年存在突变;年降水量不存在突变.年降水量变化的主周期2—3 a和4—6 a,气温变化的周期主要为2—4 a、6—8 a、12—16 a.(3)平均气温变化主要受北大西洋年代际涛动(AMO)影响、受北大西洋涛动指数(NAO)影响较小;年降水量主要受太平洋海温指数(Nino3.4)和北极涛动(AO)影响.     

基于贝叶斯网络的太湖叶绿素a影响因素分析

全球变暖加剧了湖泊富营养化问题.太湖作为中国典型的大型富营养化浅水湖泊,有害蓝藻水华问题尤为突出.以太湖作为研究对象,利用1992～2020年气象(气温、风速、降雨量、日照时长)、水质[总氮、总磷(TP)、电导率、pH、化学需氧量]和生物[叶绿素a(Chla)]监测数据,基于连续型贝叶斯网络模型构建了Chla的模拟模型,研究太湖不同气象和水质条件下的Chla水平.结果表明,春季“温风比”平均水平为6.67℃·s·m^-1,ρ(TP)低于0.130 mg·L^-1左右时,Chla偏高(>75分位数,下同)的概率小于75%;夏季“温风比”平均水平为10.52℃·s·m^-1,ρ(TP)低于0.257 mg·L^-1左右时,Chla偏高的概率小于75%;秋季ρ(TP)平均水平为0.154 mg·L^-1,“温风比”小于6.30℃·s·m^-1左右时,Chla偏高的概率小于75%.基于以上研究,进一步利用连续型贝叶斯网络模型构建的Chla模型模拟了不同气候变化背景下的营...     

五里湖湖滨带富营养化评价

通过对五里湖湖滨带水质的监测,Chla值范围为19.96～33.77 mg/m3;TN范围为3.51～7.15mg/L;TP范围为0.119～0.249mg/L;高锰酸盐指数范围为8.381～10.16mg/L;SD范围为0.35～0.58m。利用灰色聚类法对五里湖湖滨带进行富营养化评价,结果表明:该地区处于富营养状态。Chla与TP、高锰酸盐指数间呈显著的正相关关系,TN、SD与Chla间的相关性较差。磷是五里湖湖滨带富营养化的限制性因子。     

江苏省西部湖泊水环境演变过程与成因分析

根据江苏西部主要湖泊水环境质量实测数据,采用综合营养状态指数〔TLI(Σ)〕法对其富营养化程度进行综合评价,结果表明,目前江苏西部大部分湖泊处于富营养化状态.其中,白马湖富营养程度最低〔TLI(Σ)为45.16〕,处于中营养;玄武湖营养程度最高(61.93),属于中度富营养.洪泽湖和邵伯湖的水质为劣Ⅴ类,其他湖泊除白马湖外水质均处于Ⅳ～Ⅴ类之间.从近年江苏西部湖泊的水质变化看,只有骆马湖和玄武湖水质呈现转好的趋势,ρ(TN)和ρ(TP)有所下降.大部分西部湖泊水质呈恶化趋势,洪泽湖、高邮湖和固城湖ρ(TN)不断上升,邵伯湖和石臼湖ρ(TP)也不断上升.不同湖泊水环境变化的成因有所不同,洪泽湖水质受上游河流污染以及农业面源污染影响较大.由于江苏西部湖泊的地理、水文和环境条件的差异,不同湖泊存在不同的营养盐基准.相对于非过水性湖泊,洪泽湖等过水性湖泊的氮磷营养物基准相对较高.      

Establishing eutrophication assessment standards for four lake regions, China

The trophic status assessment of lakes in different lake regions may provide important and fundamental information for lake trophic state classification and eutrophication control. In this study, a region-specific lake eutrophication assessment standard was established through a frequency distribution method based on chlorophyll-a concentration. The assessment standards under the oligotrophic state for lakes in the Eastern plain, Yungui Plateau, Northeast Plain and Mountain Mongolia-Xinjiang regions are total phosphorus of 0.068, 0.005, 0.011, 0.005 mg/L; total nitrogen of 1.00, 0.16, 0.37, 0.60 mg/L; Secchi depth of 0.60, 8.00, 1.55, 3.00 m; and CODMn of 2.24, 1.00, 5.1 l, 4.00 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, a region-specific comprehensive trophic level index was developed to provide an understandable assessment method for the public. The results indicated that the frequency distribution analysis based on chlorophyll-a combined with trophic level index provided a useful metric for the assessment of the lake trophic status. In addition, the difference of eutrophication assessment standards in different lake regions was analyzed, which suggested that the sensitivities of algae to nutrients and the assessment standard of trophic status possessed significant regional differences for the four lake ecoregions. Lake eutrophication assessment standards would contribute to maximizing the effectiveness of future management strategies, to control and minimize lake eutrophication problems.     

Long-term joint effect of nutrients and temperature increase on algal growth in Lake Taihu, China

To study how global warming and eutrophication affect water ecosystems, a multiplicative growth Monod model, modified by incorporating the Arrhenius equation, was applied to Lake Taihu to quantitatively study the relationships between algal biomass and both nutrients and temperature using long-term data. To qualitatively assess which factor was a limitation of the improved model, temperature variables were calculated using annual mean air temperature (AT), water temperature (WT), and their average temperature (ST), while substrate variables were calculated using annual mean total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and their weighted aggregate (R), respectively. The nine fitted curves showed that TN and AT were two important factors influencing algal growth; AT limited growth as algal photosynthesis is mainly carried out near the water surface; N leakage of phytoplankton and internal phosphorus load from sediment explains why TN was the best predictor of peak biomass using the Monod model. The fitted results suggest that annual mean algal biomass increased by 0.145 times when annual mean AT increased by 1.0℃. Results also showed that the more eutrophic the lake, the greater the effect AT had on algal growth. Subsequently, the long-term joint effect of annual temperature increase and eutrophication to water ecosystems can be quantitatively assessed and predicted.     

城市湖泊氮磷沉降输入量及影响因子——以武汉东湖为例

城市湖泊是受人类影响最严重生态系统之一,正面临着水体污染和生态系统退化的双重压力.研究氮、磷沉降输入量及影响因素对城市湖泊管理具有重要的实践意义.本文通过对中国最大的城市湖泊之一——武汉东湖进行为期1年的氮、磷沉降连续监测,研究了大气混合沉降对武汉东湖的氮、磷输入动态,并探讨了氮、磷沉降的影响因素.结果表明:武汉东湖大气氮、磷年沉降通量分别为22.80、1.37 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1);总氮年沉降负荷为76.94 t·a~(-1),氨氮年沉降负荷为31.83 t·a~(-1),总磷年沉降负荷为4.61 t·a~(-1),分别占其东湖年入湖污染物的7.28%、7.61%和4.41%.从时间格局看,总氮沉降通量的季节性差异较为明显,表现为:春季(9.03 kg·hm~(-2))夏季(6.01 kg·hm~(-2))秋季(3.90 kg·hm~(-2))冬季(3.86 kg·hm~(-2));而总磷沉降通量呈现出仅春季较高(0.52 kg·hm~(-2)),占全年的38%,其他三季总磷沉降通量变化较小的特征.相关性分析显示,氮、磷沉降负荷量与降雨量、降雨时间间隔及空气颗粒物浓度(PM_(10)、PM_(2.5))等因素呈显著正相关,与相对湿度呈显著负相关.分析表明,随着控源、截污等措施对城市湖泊氮、磷输入的控制,氮、磷沉降对城市湖泊的生态影响应引起足够的重视.     

Long-term joint e ect of nutrients and temperature increase on algal growth in Lake Taihu, China

To study how global warming and eutrophication a ect water ecosystems, a multiplicative growth Monod model, modified by incorporating the Arrhenius equation, was applied to Lake Taihu to quantitatively study the relationships between algal biomass and both nutrients and temperature using long-term data. To qualitatively assess which factor was a limitation of the improved model, temperature variables were calculated using annual mean air temperature (AT), water temperature (WT), and their average temperature (ST), while substrate variables were calculated using annual mean total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and their weighted aggregate (R), respectively. The nine fitted curves showed that TN and AT were two important factors influencing algal growth; AT limited growth as algal photosynthesis is mainly carried out near the water surface; N leakage of phytoplankton and internal phosphorus load from sediment explains why TN was the best predictor of peak biomass using the Monod model. The fitted results suggest that annual mean algal biomass increased by 0.145 times when annual mean AT increased by 1.0°C. Results also showed that the more eutrophic the lake, the greater the e ect AT had on algal growth. Subsequently, the long-term joint e ect of annual temperature increase and eutrophication to water ecosystems can be quantitatively assessed and predicted.     

九龙江流域上游浅水湖泊富营养化机制

基于对九龙江上游龙潭湖富营养化水体和沉积物现状的监测结果,通过与国内富营养化深水湖库和流域下游大型富营养化浅水湖泊进行对比,深入探讨了流域上游浅水湖泊富营养化发生的原因及主导机制.流域上游浅水湖泊具有外源污染物输入较少的特点,较下游大型浅水湖泊更易受温度等气候条件和沉积物氧化还原状态的影响,以及外源输入总磷控制具有较强的滞后效应,因此对流域上游浅水湖泊富营养化的控制必须重视内源营养盐释放,特别是结合态磷的内源释放问题.     

Control concept and countermeasures for shallow lakes'eutrophication in China

Research on lake eutrophication in China began in the early 1970s, and many lakes in China are now known to be in meso-eutrophic status. Lake eutrophication has been showing a rapidly increasing trend since 2000. Investigations show that the main reasons for lake eutrophication include a fragile lake background environment, excessive nutrient loading into lakes, excessive human activities, ecological degeneration, weak environmental protection awareness, and lax lake management. Major mechanisms resulting from lake eutrophication include nutrient recycling imbalance, major changes in water chemistry (pH, oxygen, and carbon), lake ecosystem imbalance, and algal prevalence in lakes. Some concepts for controlling eutrophication should be persistently proposed, including lake catchment control, combination of pollutant source control with ecological restoration, protection of three important aspects (terrestrial ecology, lake coast zone, and submerged plant), and combination of lake management with regulation. Measures to control lake eutrophication should include pollution source control (i.e., optimize industrial structural adjustments in the lake catchment, reduce nitrogen and phosphorus emission amounts, and control endogenous pollution) and lake ecological restoration (i.e. establish a zone-lake buffer region and lakeside zone, protect regional vegetation, utilize hydrophytes in renovation technology); countermeasures for lake management should include implementing water quality management, identifying environmental and lake water goals, legislating and formulating laws and regulations to protect lakes, strengthening publicity and the education of people, increasing public awareness through participation in systems and mechanic innovations, establishing lake region management institutions, and ensuring implementation of governance and management measures.     

某城市湖泊中磷的循环特征及富营养化发生潜势

通过对浙江省临海市东湖水体磷元素的输入与输出途径与通量、磷元素在湖泊环境中的循环特征以及磷循环对水温上升的响应分析,并基于对该水体从2000年开始隔年进行各参数的观测,表明2000年以来磷输入年平均增量为0.007～0.009mg/L,水中叶绿素a平均年增0.14～0.56μg/L,透明度年平均下降0.38～0.49m,溶解氧年平均下降0.21～0.71mg/L.并依此建立了反映湖泊富营养化发生潜势的这些主要代表性参数与湖水中总磷含量之间的相关关系,揭示了可以通过从磷物质单因子的变化预测所引起的其它因子变化之间的关系来综合判断湖泊的营养状态,从而为减少湖泊富营养化的发生、提高湖泊水质提供科学依据.