改性粉煤灰处理低浓度含磷废水的研究

以酸改性粉煤灰为吸附剂,处理低质量浓度(1 mg/L左右)磷酸盐溶液,探讨了改性剂的种类、改性剂用量、吸附剂用量、反应时间、pH以及温度对除磷效果的影响.结果表明:(1)经过酸改性后粉煤灰的磷去除率显著提高,而且硫酸改性粉煤灰的除磷效果更好,磷去除率最高可达97.68％.(2)最佳条件:选择硫酸用量为5 mL/g进行改性,硫酸改性粉煤灰投加量为2.0g,反应时间为60 min,pH为7.2～10.8,温度为25℃(即室温).(3)改性粉煤灰对磷的吸附更符合Freundlich吸附等温模型,既有物理吸附,也有化学吸附,并以Ca、Mg氧化物与磷形成磷的沉淀物为主.     

基于烧结成型的红壤除磷填料开发

为了开发除磷填料，以红壤为基本材料，并以烧结温度、粉煤灰添加量、外加剂A用量和外加剂B用量作为4个因素设计正交实验，制造了不同配方的红壤烧结填料，进行等温吸附实验并利用Langmuir模型拟合最大吸磷量进行比较。结果表明，通过烧结可使粉末状红壤成型，同时提高了其除磷能力；对填料理论吸磷量的影响因素主次顺序为外加剂B用量、外加剂A用量、粉煤灰用量及烧结温度；通过比较理论吸附量，同时考虑到成本，可以确定正交实验结果中较优填料配方组成为（重量比）：61％红壤，30％粉煤灰，0％外加剂A，9％外加剂B，烧结温度1150℃，其最大理论的磷吸附量2．274mg／cm^2，单位除磷原料成本约0．047元／g．     

改性粉煤灰和高铁酸钾联合处理矿井水的研究

利用高铁酸钾处理经过改性粉煤灰混凝后的矿井水,形成改性粉煤灰和高铁酸钾联合处理矿井水工艺。研究表明,粉煤灰在使用硫酸改性前后,在投加量为50 g/L,对去除矿井水中浊度的变化是53.18～25.42 NTU,对COD_(Mn)的去除效率也由29%升高到50%;在改性粉煤灰中混入高铁酸钾5 mg/L时,矿井水中浊度和悬浮物分别降到18.3 NTU和10 mg/L,COD_(Mn)去除率为53.23%;此后,上清液中投加高铁酸钾10 mg/L时,水中的浊度由18.3 NTU降到5.1 NTU,悬浮物由10 mg/L降到3 mg/L,COD_(Mn)的总去除率也增加到68.88%。在使用该工艺进行小试时,改性粉煤灰用量为50 g/L,并在其中掺杂高铁酸钾5 mg/L,上清液再用10 mg/L的高铁酸钾处理后,出水水质都优于地表水环境质量Ⅳ级标准。     

改性粉煤灰与过氧化氢联合作用深度处理皂素生产废水的研究

利用改性粉煤灰与过氧化氢(H2O2)联合的方法对二次处理过的皂素生产废水进行深度处理,研究了pH、改性粉煤灰投加量、H2O2投加量、反应时间对皂素生产废水脱色率和COD去除率的影响,分析了其作用机制.结果表明,试验最佳条件为:pH=6、反应时间60 min、改性粉煤灰投加量10 g/L、H2O2投加量4 mL/L.在最...     

壳聚糖联合碱改性粉煤灰对重金属离子的吸附特性

采用浸渍法将壳聚糖负载在经NaOH改性的粉煤灰上,制备了联合改性的粉煤灰。随粉煤灰上壳聚糖负载量的增加,粉煤灰对Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附率均提高。当负载壳聚糖的质量分数为8%,吸附温度为30℃,吸附时间为120 min时,粉煤灰对Pb2+的吸附率最高（为98.9%）,对Cd2+的吸附率也最高（为91.5%）。其吸附行为符合Freundlich等温吸附模型,但表现为2个线性区。粉煤灰负载壳聚糖的改性机理是粉煤灰与带正电荷的壳聚糖的化学键合作用。     

废铁屑-改性粉煤灰联用处理铬渣渗滤液

针对铬渣严重污染环境问题,以"以废治废"为研究目标,采用室内静态实验方法,进行废铁屑-改性粉煤灰联用处理铬渣渗滤液中Cr(Ⅵ)和总铬实验研究。实验结果表明,废铁屑与聚合氯化铝改性粉煤灰联用处理Cr(Ⅵ)和总铬效果优于单独采用其中一种物质;处理Cr(Ⅵ)浓度208 mg/L、总铬浓度260 mg/L的200 mL高浓度含铬废水最佳反应条件为:反应时间30 min,总投加量40 g,配比为1:1, pH值4.1,对应Cr(Ⅵ)去除率99.93%,总铬去除率99.72%。处理后水质满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)要求。     

Improving phosphate removal of sand infiltration system using alkaline fly ash

Septic tank effluent is customarily disposed of by soil infiltration. Coarse, sandy soil such as those found in Perth, Western Australia, exhibit low attenuation capabilities for phosphate (PO4(3-)) during effluent infiltration. Amendment of such soil with different amounts of alkaline precipitator and lagoon fly ashes was investigated as a means of reducing phosphorus (P) leakage to ground water. Alkaline precipitator fly ash possessed the highest P sorption capacity in terms of its Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm parameters during initial batch tests. The test materials were repeatedly contacted with fresh PO4(3-) solutions over 90 contacting cycles to gain a better indication of long-term P sorption capability. Again, precipitator fly ash exhibited higher P sorption capacity than lagoon fly ash and Spearwood sand. Column studies assessed the influence of various application rates of alkaline precipitator and lagoon fly ashes on the P removal of septic tank effluent. Septic tank effluent was applied at the rate of 4 cm/day to the column for 12 weeks. Concentrations of P were monitored in the column effluent. All the fly ash columns were more efficient in reducing P migration compared to the sand column. Increased levels of fly ash in the soil columns resulted in increased P attenuation. Lagoon fly ash was inferior to precipitator fly ash for P removal; high application rates of fly ash caused clogging of the infiltration bed apparently due to their lower permeability. It is reasoned that 5-15% precipitator fly ash, and less than 30% lagoon fly ash could be added to coarse sands to produce an infiltration bed, which would result in a better quality effluent than can be obtained with untreated sand alone.     

粉煤灰微波改性及其对Cr~（6＋）的吸附特性

将粉煤灰（fly ash,FA）微波辐照制得微波改性粉煤灰（MFA）,选择用H2SO4、NaOH和Ca（OH）2对MFA进行化学改性制得微波化学改性粉煤灰（MMFA）,结果表明,用2 mol/L NaOH并按与MFA的质量体积比为1∶4制得的MMFA对Cr6＋的吸附去除效果最好,与原灰相比,去除率显著增强。研究了NaOH改性MMFA对废水中Cr6＋的吸附性能。动力学研究结果表明,MMFA对Cr6＋的吸附动力学符合二级吸附动力学速率方程,吸附受颗粒内扩散过程控制。热力学研究结果表明,在25、35和45℃下MMFA对Cr6＋的等温吸附行为均可用Langmuir方程、Freundlich方程和线性方程描述,所得热力学参数吸附自由能（ΔG）、吸附焓（ΔH）和吸附熵（ΔS）均为负值,说明MMFA对Cr6＋的吸附过程为自发进行的放热吸附过程。     

粉煤灰的改性及其在垃圾渗滤液深度处理中的应用研究

实验采用物理方法和化学方法对粉煤灰进行改性,并用改性粉煤灰深度处理垃圾渗滤液。通过扫描电镜和X-射线衍射对改性前后粉煤灰的表面结构和主要晶相组成进行分析,同时考察其在垃圾渗滤液深度处理中的吸附效果。结果表明,改性后粉煤灰的比表面积和孔隙度增大,吸附能力增强。通过比较,吸附能力最强的改性粉煤灰是将引发剂A与粉煤灰以质量比为1∶9的比例混合,在800℃下恒温焙烧2 h所制得的改性粉煤灰,该改性粉煤灰对垃圾渗滤液中COD和色度的去除率可达到67.3%和87.3%,相对于改性前去除率提高了96.0%和57.8%。     

新型给水污泥-粉煤灰陶粒性能与除磷效果

为资源化利用自来水厂剩余污泥,以给水污泥、粉煤灰、水玻璃制备新型给水污泥-粉煤灰陶粒（ceramsite made by water treatment sludge and fly ash,CWTSFA）,用作污水处理填料。采用短时多段高温煅烧法烧制新型给水污泥陶粒,通过等温吸附实验探讨其吸附磷机理,通过动态吸附实验及CWTSFA基质折流曝气生态滤池除磷效果探究其在实际水处理中的应用前景。实验结果表明：CWTSFA内部存在许多孔径不均匀、密闭和贯通的孔状结构,表面存在釉和通向内部的孔道;不含有机物,Al3+、Ca2+、Fe3+等金属离子含量较高,高温煅烧使部分原料成分改变,形成新物相莫来石。持续振荡24 h后,CWTSFA平均磨损率仅1.49%,对磷酸盐静态吸附去除率最高达到94.92%,为化学吸附;当HRT=24 h时,CWTSFA动态吸附磷出水浓度稳定在0.03 mg·L-1左右,持续运行49 d后去除率由93.33%下降至81.82%,CWTSFA基折流曝气生态滤池运行19 d可自然挂膜,对总磷去除率稳定在92%以上。CWTSFA具有较强的抗水力冲刷能力及对磷酸盐的吸附效果,用作水处理填料能在较短时间内完成挂膜,且总磷出水水质良好,具有实际应用前景。     

粉煤灰砖块对磷酸盐的吸附特性

以建筑废料粉煤灰砖块为吸附剂材料,通过静态吸附实验研究其对磷酸盐的吸附特征,以及磷酸盐初始浓度、吸附剂投加量、pH等因素对吸附反应的影响。Langmuir、Freundlich和Temkin等温模型的分析发现,Langmuir等温式方程最适合描述吸附过程,对磷酸盐的理论饱和吸附容量为44.62 mg/g。利用伪一级动力学模型、伪二级动力学模型和颗粒内扩散模型考察了吸附过程特征,其中伪二级动力学模型为最适于描述粉煤灰砖块对磷酸盐的吸附过程的动力学模型。通过颗粒内扩散模型、Bangham方程及Boyd模型对吸附动力学机理进行的探讨表明,颗粒内扩散速率不是粉煤灰砖块吸附磷酸盐反应的惟一速率控制步,膜扩散速率和颗粒内扩散速率共同影响着吸附反应速率。磷酸盐浓度较低时主要是膜扩散限制吸附反应速率,而磷酸盐浓度较高时则颗粒内扩散成为速率控制步。研究证明,粉煤灰砖块粉末作为湿地基质具有对磷酸盐很强的吸附能力,在减少了固体废弃物的数量的同时又可以实现水污染控制的目的。     

柠檬酸及柠檬酸铵电场强化水洗脱除垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属

为进一步强化城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属电场水洗脱除效果,详细研究柠檬酸和柠檬酸铵强化洗脱效果,分析了初始pH、辅助剂浓度和电流密度对飞灰中重金属去除率的影响,探讨了处理后飞灰的浸出毒性.结果表明,柠檬酸和柠檬酸铵辅助剂的电场强化水洗均能显著去除飞灰中重金属,且去除率随着初始pH的减少、辅助剂浓度的增加和电流密度的增加...     

铁屑粉煤灰组合处理含磷废水

实验研究了铁屑粉煤灰组合处理含磷废水的除磷效果.通过单因素实验,考查了铁屑粉煤灰质量比、反应时间、pH值和投加量对除磷效果的影响.实验结果表明,该法除磷的最优条件为铁屑和粉煤灰的质量比为2∶1,反应时间为20 min,pH值为6,投加量为20 g/L.在最优实验条件下磷的去除率达到了97.5％.对比了该法和粉煤灰吸附法与传统铁屑法的除磷效果.与单一粉煤灰吸附法和传统铁屑法除磷的结果相比较,铁屑粉煤灰组合除磷的方法具有明显优势.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰去除硫化氢气体

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰由于含有铅镉等重金属,是一种危险废物,若处理不当,会造成重金属迁移和污染地下水等环境生态问题.近年来,垃圾焚烧飞灰的污染控制及资源化利用得到国内人广泛的关注.以垃圾焚烧飞灰为吸附材料,对比研究了2种不同性质的垃圾焚烧飞灰、热电厂粉煤灰以及砂土在相同条件下对硫化氢(H2S)的吸附性能.结果表明,垃圾焚烧飞灰的H2S吸附能力优于其他吸附材料.通过分析吸附前后垃圾焚烧飞灰的浸出液毒性,发现吸附前Cd、Pb 2种金属离子浓度超标,H2S吸附后的飞灰浸出液中金属离子浓度均有一定程度的降低.     

粉煤灰深度处理低浓度的磷

为了探讨低浓度磷吸附的方法,比较了粉煤灰、煤质活性炭和粉煤灰碎砖块颗粒这3种价廉易得的吸附材料的除磷效果。经对比确定以粉煤灰为吸附剂,研究了反应时间、粉煤灰投加量以及溶液pH对深度除磷效果的影响。同时为了解粉煤灰高效除磷原理,利用SEM和XRD对其表面形状、所含元素及其内部结构进行了表征。结果表明,粉煤灰比煤质活性碳和粉煤灰砖砖块颗粒的除磷效果更好,去除率高达98.9%;SEM和XRD表征结果显示,由于粉煤灰表面积较大、表面能高、含有Si—O—Si和Si—O—Al—O偶极键及铝、铁和钙的氧化物,使得粉煤灰对低浓度的磷有着高效的去除率;吸附磷后的粉煤灰表面形成了一层絮状物,经EDS分析显示其组成以钙磷沉淀为主;1 g粉煤灰对1 mg/L的磷酸盐溶液在pH=10、反应时间60 min时表现出最佳吸附性能。     

Chlorobenzenes removal from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash by surfactant-assisted column flotation

The organic contaminants in municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash, including chlorinated aromatic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, have high toxicity and a potential negative impact on the environment. An effective and low energy consumption technique to remove the organic contaminants from MSWI fly ash is required urgently. Organic contaminants, such as chlorobenzenes (CBzs), in MSWI fly ash are known to become enriched in the unburnt carbon (UC) fraction. It is proposed that removal of UC from fly ash will result in the effective removal of most organic micropollutants. In this research, we use a technique of surfactant-assisted column flotation to decontaminate MSWI fly ash by removal of the CBzs-enriched UC from MSWI fly ash. We find that 39.8% of CBzs can be removed from fresh MSWI fly ash with 61.7% UC removal efficiency, whereas only 33.2% of CBzs can be removed from weathered MSWI fly ash with a low UC removal efficiency of 33.7%. By adding a mixture of two kinds of surfactants: sorbitan mono-oleate and polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan mono-oleate to the weathered fly ash, 47.0% of CBzs were removed at the hydrophile lipophile balance value of 13.5, while the UC removal efficiency increased to 49.0%. The results show that surfactants can enhance CBzs and UC removal efficiencies during the column flotation process. Higher CBzs and UC removal efficiencies can be expected by further optimizing the conditions of surfactant-assisted column flotation.     

工业废渣基除磷材料的静态吸附研究

研究了高效除磷材料（EPRC）对磷素的吸附特性,考察了投加量、初始浓度、初始pH值、粒径等对EPRC吸附性能的影响,分析了不同条件下EPRC的吸附过程。结果表明,最佳投加量为3.5 g/250 mL时,去除率达91.07%,出水TP浓度为0.45 mg/L。随着粒径减小,EPRC对磷素的吸附量增大,吸附平衡时间缩短。溶液初始pH值在碱性条件下,吸附容量变大。     

Utilization of nSiO2, fly ash, and nSiO2/fly ash composite for the remediation of triphenyltin (TPT) from contaminated seawater

The removal of triphenyltin chloride from contaminated simulated seawater with adsorption method was discussed. The adsorbents used are fly ash, nSiO₂, and nSiO₂/fly ash composite. The results showed that the adsorption of the adsorbents increases with increase in the adsorbent dose, contact time, pH, stirring speed, initial TPT concentration, and decreased with increase in temperature. The adsorption fitted well with the Freundlich isotherm, showing that the adsorbent and TPT combined with function groups and the adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The thermodynamic parameters were also evaluated. Optimal conditions for the adsorption of TPT from simulated seawater were applied to TPT removal from natural seawater. A higher removal efficiency of TPT (>99 %) was obtained for the nSiO₂/fly ash composite but not for fly ash and nSiO₂.     

焚烧飞灰中Pb的浸出特征及预处理效果

着重研究飞灰中重金属铅的浸出行为,探讨焚烧飞灰在不同添加剂预处理下的稳定化效果。结果显示,飞灰主要重金属为铅,在液固比0.4 L·kg-1、养护7 d条件下,分别将水泥添加量从0增至40%、磷酸钠添加量从2%增至5%、绿矾从2%增至5%,铅的稳定效果均与以上添加剂的质量百分比呈正相关性。硫化钠添加量在0至0.4%内时,铅的稳定效果与其添加量呈负相关性,超过0.4%后呈正相关性。当在飞灰中添加4%绿矾、3%磷酸钠、0.5%硫化钠、15%水泥的复合添加剂时,符合卫生填埋场入场标准,且增容比最小,经济上最省。     

铁基膨润土对水中磷酸根的吸附热力学及动力学研究

采用铁盐改性制得铁基膨润土,研究了其对水中磷酸根的吸附性能及影响因素,结果表明,通过对膨润土的改性提高了磷的去除率,含磷废水初始pH值的大小对磷的去除率影响不大,初始浓度越低越有利于磷的去除。磷的去除率随改性膨润土的投加量增大而提高,随温度升高而增大。进一步研究表明,改性膨润土对磷的吸附是吸热反应,其吸附等温线可采用Langmuir等温吸附方程拟合;改性膨润土对磷的吸附是快速吸附,在20 min内,磷去除率达70%以上,符合准二级吸附动力学模型。