好氧颗粒活性污泥的培养及理化特性研究

研究厌氧－好氧交替工艺中好氧颗粒活性污泥的培养和理化特性,在普通好氧曝气条件下,反应顺内培养出了好氧颗粒活性污泥,颗粒直径０．５－１．５ｍｍ,比重１．００７左右,含水率９７－９８％,ＭＬＳＳ４．０４－６．８８％ｇ／Ｌ,ＳＶ１２０－４５ｍｌ／ｇ,一般约３０ｍｌ／ｇ,颗粒污泥受阻沉降层的均匀沉降速度ｖｓ约２．１５ｃｍ／ｍｉｎ,临界浓度时沉降速度值ｖ２约０．３５ｃｍｉｎ,颗粒污泥的耗氧速率ＯＵＲＷ１．２     

东亚地区硫污染物的空间分布特征

利用一个硫沉降模式分析了东亚地区ＳＯ２和ＳＯ４２－浓度的空间分布及其特征．不同天气条件下，ＳＯ２和ＳＯ４２－的浓度不同，高层ＳＯ２和ＳＯ４２－的浓度分别为０４—１０μｇ／ｍ３和０２—０５μｇ／ｍ３；中层为４０—１００μｇ／ｍ３和２０—６０μｇ／ｍ３；近地层为４０—３００μｇ／ｍ３和２０—８０μｇ／ｍ３．分析表明，近地面浓度分布受源的影响比较明显，高层的浓度分布与湿清除过程密切相关，其浓度的低值区与降水区和云区有较好的对应．中层浓度分布体现了源、中层气流及湿清除的共同作用．     

紫露草微核效应与SO2和NOx剂量间关系的试验研究

利用紫露草微核技术对大气中重要的污染物ＳＯ２和ＮＯｘ进行了室内外试验。结果表明,紫露草对大气中ＳＯ２和ＮＯｘ较敏感,紫露草微核频率ＭＣＮ％（效应ｙ）与ＳＯ２、ＮＯｘ的浓度（剂量ｘ）的关系在一定的范围内呈正相关。对于ＳＯ２当浓度在０．００－３．７５ｍｇ／ｍ＾３之间时,对应的微核频率ｙ＝８．３８＋４．３８ｘ,ｒ＝０．９１;对于ＮＯｘ当浓度在０．００－１．００ｍｇ／ｍ＾３之间时,对应的微核频率ｙ＝４．８     

阳离子型微乳液一亚硫酸钠光度法测定α-TNT

以阳离子型微乳液ＣＰＣ／正戊醇／正已烷／水为介质，进行了α－ＴＮＴ－Ｎａ２ＳＯ３分光光度法的研究（ε＝３．０６５×１０４Ｌ·ｍｏｌ－１·ｃｍ－１）与以ＣＰＣ为介质（ε＝２．６４４×１０４Ｌ·ｍｏｌ－１·ｃｍ－１）比较，测定灵敏度明显提高，α－ＴＮＴ在０．０５～２０μｇ／ｍＬ范围内符合比耳定律．相对标准偏差０．１９７％．该法成功地应用于污染土壤中及合成水样中α－ＴＮＴ的测定．     

热重分析技术研究石灰石脱硫特性

采用热重分析仪对徐州地区的贾汪、长山、铜山３种石灰石进行了脱硫反应试验,得到了石灰石品种、脱硫温度、ＳＯ２浓度和粒度等对ＣａＯ转化率的影响规律,同时,计算了化学反应速度常数Ｋ和反应速度系数ｂ。当粒度小于０．５ｍｍ时,Ｋ值范围是９．４×１０－４－２２×１０－４ｍ／ｓ;当粒度为０．５—１．０ｍｍ时,ｂ＝１２５４ｍｉｎ－１。当粒度为１．０—２．０ｍｍ时,ｂ＝１１０３ｍｉｎ－１。     

株洲市工业区大气中SO2转化速率的研究

在湖南省株洲市工业区的下风向布点,同时测定大气中ＳＯ２的浓度、ＴＳＰ和＜０．２５μｍ细粒子中ＳＯ２－４的浓度．结果表明,大气中ＳＯ２浓度随着离污染源距离的增加迅速下降,和ＳＯ２相比,颗粒物中ＳＯ２－４浓度随距离的增加而降低的程度要慢得多．同步测定的ＳＯ２浓度和细粒子ＳＯ２－４浓度有显著的相关关系．根据风向、风速和新产生的细粒子中的ＳＯ２－４浓度及大气中ＳＯ２的浓度计算了株洲教育学院处ＳＯ２的转化速率,春季湿度大,ＳＯ２转化速率也大,为４．８％／ｈ,秋季湿度小,ＳＯ２的转化速率变低,为１．５％／ｈ．春季中路铺ＳＯ２转化速率为３．１％／ｈ．     

2种大气SO2监测浓度换算的研究

分别用常规法和碱片法对大气ＳＯ２进行同步监测,并用相关分析讨论了２者之间的相关性,结果表明：２者呈极显著的正相关,相关系数达０．７９４（ｎ＝１１）。它们的关系可以用方程：ｙ＝０．０９０ｘ－０．０３１来表示（其中ｙ为大气ＳＯ２浓度ｍｇ／ｍ＾３,ｘ为硫酸盐化速率ＳＯ３ｍｇ／（１００ｃｍ＾２．ｄ）同时还对方程的适用性进行了分析。     

错流式膜-生物反应器处理生活污水及其生物学研究

用错流式膜－生物反应器（ＣｒｏｓｆｌｏｗＭｅｍｂｒａｎｅＢｉｏＲｅａｃｔｏｒ简称ＣＭＢＲ）进行处理生活污水试验并研究其生物动力学参数．结果表明：当ＨＲＴ为５ｈ,ＳＲＴ为１５ｄ,膜面流速为４ｍ／ｓ,膜通量为７５、１５０Ｌ／（ｍ２·ｈ）时,ＣＭＢＲ处理生活污水试验的去除率为：ＣＯＤ＞９７％、ＮＨ３－Ｎ＞９７％、浊度≥９８％;对ＳＳ和总Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ则达到１００％,出水水质优于建设部生活杂用水回用标准ＣＪ２５．１－８９．生物相分析表明,污泥中没有原、后生动物,只有菌胶团．推导了ＣＭＢＲ稳态运行时的生物浓度计算公式,进而求得表观产率因数Ｙｇ为０．６５,衰减常数Ｋｄ为０．１ｄ－１．     

三氯乙烯在TiO2上光降解反应动力学

设计了新型气固相间歇循环式光催化反应器，选取三氯乙烯为污染物的工作系统进行气固相光催化反应研究．结果表明，在反应器内循环气流量大于３１０ｍＬ／ｍｉｎ时，消除了扩散的影响．当催化剂表面紫外光辐射强度小于０．５ｍＷ／ｃｍ~２和三氯乙烯浓度大于６７μｍｏｌ／Ｌ时．反应处于光子传递控制，光催化反应动力学方程为：ｒ_（ｏｖｅｒａｌｌ）＝１．０８　Ｉ_０．当催化剂表面紫外光辐射强度在０．５－２．０ｍＷ／ｃｍ~２和三氯乙烯初始浓度小于２５．００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ时，反应动力学完全符合Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ－Ｈｉｎｓｈｅｌｗｏｏｄ动力学方程；在紫外光辐射强度大于５ｍＷ／ｃｍ~２和三氯乙烯浓度小于５．２０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ时，光催化反应速率与光强无关，与反应物浓度成正比．光催化反应处于表面作用控制．     

利用醌式染料的合成反应光度法测定水中亚硝酸根

报道了以Ｎ，Ｎ－二甲基苯胺为偶联试剂，利用醌式染料的合成反应测定ＮＯ２的新方法。ＮＯ２含量在０－１８．０μｇ／２５．０ｍＬ范围内服从比尔定律。方法具有灵敏度高（ｅ＝４．７３×１０４Ｌ．ｍｏｌ－１．ｃｍ－１）选择性好、试剂及显色产物稳定等特点．用于环境水中ＮＯ２的测定，结果与其它方法一致。     

大气沉降向林地(小叶栎)输入硫素通量的观测

利用中国科学院红壤生态试验站森林小气候观测站(江西鹰潭)逐时气象梯度参数连续自动观测数据,采用阻力模式计算SO₂、硫酸盐(SO₄^2-)粒子的干沉降速率(Vd),结合大气SO₂、SO₄^2-粒子浓度现场测定,研究了该地2年大气硫沉降量.结果表明,2000年大气SO₂和SO₄^2-粒子时年Vd值分别为0.748cm/s、0.665cm/s;2002年分别为0.180cm/s、0.221cm/s.2000和2002年大气干沉降硫(SO₂+SO₄^2-粒子)通量分别为104.6kgS/(hm2a)和140.6kgS/(hm2a),SO2干沉降是大气干沉降主要贡献者,占98.38%和97.2%;大气沉降硫总量分别为150kgS/(hm2a)和185kgS/(hm2a);可见大气干沉降是大气硫沉降主要贡献者,分别占70%和76.2%.     

中国环渤海地区SO2和NO2干沉降数值模拟及影响因子分析

利用耦合了Wesely大叶阻力干沉降模型的嵌套网格空气质量预报系统NAQPMS,对环渤海地区SO2和NO2的干沉降敏感因子、干沉降通量、空气质量进行模拟分析.结果表明,大气稳定度、太阳辐射、季节、下垫面类型为干沉降的主要敏感因子.大气越稳定,干沉降速率越小.太阳辐射越强,干沉降速率越大.SO2早秋干沉速率最小,冬季最大;NO2春、夏、早秋、晚秋的干沉降速率大致相同,冬季最小.SO2的干沉降速率在水面上较大,在沙漠上较小;NO2的干沉降速率在农田上较大,在水面上较小.由于不同敏感因子的共同作用,使得环渤海大部分地区SO2干沉降通量密度为0.05~0.25mg/(m2×s),NO2干沉降通量密度均为0.05~0.30mg /(m2×s),高值区均主要分布在河北南部、山东西北部以及辽宁中部的部分地区.干沉降通量密度从大到小依次为秋季、春季、冬季和夏季,白天干沉降通量密度普遍大于夜间,且在渤海海面上也有一定的干沉降通量.由于干沉降、源排放、输送等作用的共同影响,使得环渤海地区SO2平均浓度为(5~20)′10-6,NO2平均浓度大致在(20~60)′10-6,高值区主要出现在河北南部、山东西北部以及辽宁中部的部分地区.夏季个别地区浓度较高,大部分地区浓度较低,春、秋、冬3季大部分地区浓度较高.     

基于修正A值法估算西安市大气环境容量研究

采用以单箱模型法为基础的A值法对西安市大气容量进行估算,并将干沉降、湿沉降和化学转化三个消除过程引入模型测算中,借鉴国内外对于大气常规污染物的清除系数的科学研究成果,对研究区域的SO2、NO2、PM10及PM2.5等4项常规污染物的环境容量进行估算。结果表明,执行2012年新的环境质量标准下,西安市SO2、NO2、PM10及PM2.5大气环境容量分别为13.86×104吨/年,9.24×104吨/年、1.62×105吨/年及8.09×104吨/年。     

三峡库区大气活性氮组成及干沉降通量

为了解三峡库区腹地大气中活性氮的组成及干沉降通量,于2015年每个季节选取代表性月份在万州城区采集了气体和颗粒物样品.利用离子色谱法测定氮素浓度,同时结合大叶阻力模型模拟计算的干沉降速率值,估算了不同形态氮素的干沉降通量.结果表明,HNO₃的干沉降速率值最大,年均值为0.39cm/s,约为其它氮素的3~8倍.NO₂和NH₃是大气活性氮的主要赋存形态,年均浓度值分别为（11.7±3.9）和（11.0±5.3）μg N/m³,两者之和约占总无机氮浓度的80%.万州城区总无机氮干沉降总量为8.5kg N/（hm²·a）,其中氧化态氮（NO₂、HNO₃、颗粒态NO₃^-）和还原态氮（NH₃、颗粒态NH₄⁺）干沉降通量分别为3.5,5.0kg N/（hm²·a）,占干沉降总量的41.4%和58.6%.因此,为有效控制三峡库区腹地的氮素污染,应重点关注NH₃的减排.     

Interannual variability in acidic deposition on the Mt. Mitchell area forest

Recently the forest decline at high elevation mountains in the eastern U.S. has been suggested to be associated with the deposition of acidic substances on the forest canopy through dry, wet and cloud deposition pathways. To determine the relative importance of these deposition mechanisms, a field study was initiated in May 1986, at Mt. Mitchell, NC. Since Mt. Mitchell is frequently immersed in clouds (immersion time being in the range of 28–41%), our investigations were primarily focused on the collection of cloud water and the monitoring of meteorology and ambient air quality. The precipitation data and related chemistry were obtained from a nearby NADP (National Atmospheric Deposition Program) site (Clingman's Peak). To estimate the dry and cloud deposition, the deposition velocities for gases and the rates of cloud deposition for cloud droplets are calculated with the ATDD (Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) model and a cloud deposition model (CDM), respectively. The wet deposition is obtained from NADP annual reports. Computations show the deposition velocities for SO₂, NO₂ and O₃ to be in the range of tenths of cm s⁻¹. The mean rate of cloud deposition is about 0.13–0.21 mm h⁻¹. The rainfall ranged from 40 to 60 cm during the growing seasons (from mid-May to the end of September) of 1986–1988. Using these deposition parameters and the 3 year database, the deposition fluxes of sulfur (S) compounds are found primarily contributed through cloud capture mechanism (60%) followed by incident precipitation (25%) and dry deposition (15%). As to the deposition fluxes of nitrogen (N) compounds, cloud, wet and dry deposition contributedf about 50%, 25% and 25%, respectively. A comparison of deposition estimates at Mt. Mitchell with those at other sites shows that the sulfate deposition at sites exceeding 1200 m MSL in elevation in Bavaria, F.R.G., and the eastern U.S. is a almost identical within error limits. Reasons for large uncertainties in deposition estimates are also discussed as the mechanisms for redistribution of the deposited material on the forest canopy.     

Dry deposition of PM10 over the Yellow Sea during Asian dust events from 2001 to 2007

Dry deposition velocities and fluxes of PM10during Asian dust events over the Yellow Sea from 2001 to 2007 were investigated using observation data in Qingdao, China and Jeju, Korea. The dry deposition velocities of PM10 during dust events over the Yellow Sea ranged from 0.19 to 8.17 cm/sec, with an average of 3.38 cm/sec. Dry deposition fluxes of PM10during dust events over the Yellow Sea were in the range of 68.5–2647.1 mg/(m2·day), with an average of 545.4 mg/(m2·day), which is 2–10 times higher than those reported by other studies for both dust and non-dust periods. It was estimated that 2.6 × 1011–48.7 × 1011g dust particles deposit to the Yellow Sea during dust events through dry deposition every year. Compared with the results in previous studies, it was found that the dry deposition of PM10over the Yellow Sea during dust events in the years with high frequency of dust could account for a large or overwhelming fraction of the annual total dry deposition. Backward air mass trajectory analysis showed that dust events influenced Jeju mainly originated from the desert regions located in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, China. There were 119 backward trajectories influenced both Qingdao and Jeju during 15 dust events from 2001 to 2007, accounting for 61.3% of the total trajectories of 194, indicating that Qingdao and Jeju were usually on the same pathway of dust transport downwind from source areas.     

北京城区大气干沉降的水溶性离子特征

为了解北京城区大气干沉降中水溶性离子的化学组成与时间变化特征,连续进行了4年多的干沉降采样与分析.结果表明,在222个有效干沉降样品中,存在不同程度的阴离子缺失. SO42-与Ca2+分别是含量最丰富的阴、阳离子组分,其次是NO3-和NH4+. SO42-、NO3-和NH4+呈现相似的季节变化特征,即其浓度在夏季最高,冬季最低. 干沉降基本呈中性,其pH值月变化幅度小,但季节变化明显,夏季低而春季高.     

珠江三角洲秋季臭氧干沉降特征的数值模拟

利用区域化学传输模式WRF-Chem对2014年10月珠江三角洲臭氧干沉降特征进行模拟,结果表明：臭氧干沉降通量呈现明显的时空分布差异,日间平均沉降通量[0.68μg/（m²·s）]明显大于夜间[0.21μg/（m²·s）];同时,珠江三角洲城区的臭氧沉降通量及日较差均比周边植被覆盖区小.受NO_x和VOCs等前体物以及各气象要素场的综合影响,臭氧浓度日变化具有明显的单峰型分布特征,在14：00~15：00达到峰值,秋季臭氧浓度高值区位于珠江三角洲主要排放源下风向区域的广佛交界、江门及中山东部等地区;臭氧的干沉降速率也具有明显的时空变化特征：从07：00~08：00的0.27cm/s开始迅速增大,10：00~16：00基本保持在0.60cm/s左右,17：00开始平缓减小至午夜的0.21cm/s左右;干沉降速率的变化主要受空气动力学阻抗R_a、粘性副层阻抗R_b以及表面阻抗R_c影响,研究表明夜间的干沉降速率主要受R_a影响,而日间R_c起主要作用.这3种阻抗分别受大气稳定度、摩擦速度和下垫面土地利用类型影响,在珠江三角洲区域亦表现出明显的时空变化特征.     

Monitoring the dry deposition of SO2 in the Netherlands: Results for grassland and heather vegetation

An automated system based on the micrometeorological gradient technique has been developed to measure the dry deposition of SO₂ on a routine basis. Measurements were made at two locations in the Netherlands. From these results dry deposition fluxes, dry deposition velocities and surface resistances for a heathland and for an agricultural grassland site were estimated using a selected set of data and a calculation procedure based on micrometeorological considerations. An extensive analysis was made to determine uncertainties in the resulting deposition parameters. From this analysis it has been concluded that the uncertainty in these parameters is almost completely determined by the random errors in measured concentrations. The meteorological surface exchange parameters can be estimated sufficiently accurately (<20% uncertainty). At the grassland site, average surface resistances to deposition of 6(±8) and 13(±12) s m⁻¹ were calculated for wet and dry conditions, respectively. At the heathland site, a similar distinct difference between R_c values for wet and dry conditions was found. These values are 20(±21) and 70(±90) s m⁻¹, respectively. The yearly average dry deposition flux for SO₂ at the grassland site amounts to 585(±330) mol ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, while at the heathland site the yearly average flux was 300(±270) mol ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The yearly average dry deposition velocity at 4 m height was 1.2(±0.3) cm s⁻¹ at the grassland site and 0.8(±0.4) cm s⁻¹ at the heathland site.     

阔叶林地大气氮化物干沉降速率动态变化研究

以2004年中国科学院红壤生态试验站森林小气候分站气象资料,计算近地面湍流特征参数(U*、θ*和L),采用大叶阻力相似模型计算各种氮化物干沉降速率(Vd),研究了该阔叶林地大气氮化物Vd动态变化.结果表明,1年中大气NO3-粒子/NH4+粒子、HNO3(g)、NO2和NH3的Vd年均值分别为0.216,0.985,0.115,0.274 cm/s;1天中,Vd白天大于晚上,最大值出现在中午11:00~12:00.大气氮化物Vd冬、春季高,夏、秋季低.