中国代际降水区域变化差异分析

利用中国气象中心160站点的夏季降水实际观察资料,对中国半个世纪的降水变化按年代进行了系统分析,并对各地的代际降水量变化趋势进行了区域对比。结果发现,降水变化幅度大的区域主要集中在季风区,而非季风区的年代际降水相对稳定。在多数情况下,以四川为中心的区域的降水量变化与东北的北部一致,东南沿海与渤海湾沿岸区域一致。季风区降水量变化的区域差异,可能既受季风的年代际强弱变化的影响,又受微地形的影响。     

中国代际降水区域变化差异分析

利用中国气象中心160站点的夏季降水实际观察资料,对中国半个世纪的降水变化按年代进行了系统分析,并对各地的代际降水量变化趋势进行了区域对比。结果发现,降水变化幅度大的区域主要集中在季风区,而非季风区的年代际降水相对稳定。在多数情况下,以四川为中心的区域的降水量变化与东北的北部一致,东南沿海与渤海湾沿岸区域一致。季风区降水量变化的区域差异,可能既受季风的年代际强弱变化的影响,又受微地形的影响：     

中国能源消费导致的CO2排放量的差异特征分析

运用一种不产生残差的方法——对数平均迪氏指数法LMDI(logarithmicmeanDivisiaindex),对中国部分省份、区域能源消费导致的二氧化碳排放量进行了分解分析。将二氧化碳排放总量的变化分解成五个主要影响因素,即化石燃料的排放系数、能源消费结构、能源强度、人均GDP和人口总数。研究表明我国各省(地区)的二氧化碳排放量在1996年后呈现零(或负)增长趋势,主要影响因素是能源强度的提高;各省(地区)的二氧化碳排放量地区差异显著。因此,要在全国实现二氧化碳排放量的总体减排,应从提高能源利用效率,调整产业结构,消除地区发展的不平衡,逐步改善能源消费结构等方面考虑。     

我国主要污染物排放强度的区域差异分析

污染物排放强度反映了单位新创造经济价值的环境负荷大小.运用均方差赋权法对我国大陆30个省区2005年度废水、化学需氧量、氨氮、二氧化硫、烟尘、工业粉尘和工业固体废物等7种主要污染物排放强度的区域差异进行了评价,结果表明,当年七种主要污染物排放强度综合评价的全国平均水平为0.2154,东部各省区污染物排放强度明显比中西部地区各省区的小.然后,分别将我国东、中、西部各污染物排放强度的最小数值作为各地区污染物排放强度目标值,计算各省区的污染物排放强度降低潜力,结果表明,我国主要污染物排放强度减排潜力具有显著的区域间差异与区域内差异.最后,从增加环境保护投资、改善能源使用结构、调整和优化产业结构和大力发展循环经济等方面提出了促进污染物排放强度降低的一些建议.     

1951-2002年中国降水变化区域差异

中国位于地球环境变化速率最大的季风区,其环境具有空间上的复杂性、时间上的易变性;对外界变化的响应和承受力具有敏感和脆弱的特点.当前中国面临一系列由全球升温带来的环境问题,影响中国经济与社会的可持续发展.利用中国气象中心160站点的实际观察资料,对中国半个世纪的降水变化进行了系统分析.通过Mann-Kendall趋势分析方法和相关分析法,对各个站点的数据进行处理,对各地的降水量变化趋势与突变时间进行了区域对比.结果显示,中国夏季降水存在着显著的区域差异:夏季降水存在明显的西南-东北走向的带状分布现象,这种带状分布的位置和状态,主要受夏季东亚季风与西风复合走向所决定的雨带位置变化是季风强度在不同年份的差异而引起的,其中夏季风的强弱起着关键性作用.     

中国碳排放的区域差异及其与经济增长的关联分析

采用政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)的碳排放测算方法,计算了除香港、澳门、台湾和西藏外中国30个省(市、自治区)1995-2010年的碳排放量,并选取碳排放总量、碳排放强度和人均碳排放量3个指标,运用多指标面板数据聚类法,将各省份划分为高、中和低碳排放区域:高碳排放区域包括河北、山西、内蒙古、辽宁、山东和宁夏,低碳排放区域包括北京、浙江、安徽、福建、江西、湖北、湖南、广东、广西、海南、重庆、四川、云南、陕西和青海,中碳排放区域包括天津、吉林、黑龙江、上海、江苏、河南、贵州、甘肃和新疆.分别对3类地区的人均碳排放量和人均GDP进行协整检验和回归分析,结果显示人均碳排放量和人均GDP存在长期协整关系且符合环境库兹涅茨曲线,高、中和低碳排放区域的理论曲线拐点分别为人均GDP 41 046、50 219和47 049元.今后一段时期内我国碳排放总量还将继续增长,但GDP的增长速度大于碳排放量的增长速度,碳排放强度会继续下降.     

湖南文化产业区域差异测度分析及对策研究

在选取了极值比率、加权变异系数、基尼系数、锡尔系数及偏态系数这5个相对差异指标的基地之上,通过对2006年-2011年这6年间湖南14个市州人均文化产业增加值进行计算,发现全省文化产业区域差异呈现出周期性波动,湘西和湘东地区的文化产业差异逐渐拉大,长此以往,将会影响到全省文化产业的整体增速,因此,提出采用均衡发展战略,未来湖南省文化产业的侧重点应该放在缩小湘东、湘中、湘西三个区域的差异上.图20,表9,参5.     

江苏和吉林农村家庭能源消费差异及影响因素分析

通过对江苏省和吉林省农村能源消费的实地调查,分析了农村家庭能源消费的区域差异.结果表明,由于冬季取暖需求,吉林省农村人均总能源消费量高于江苏;在生物质能源方面,江苏使用秸秆居多,而森林资源丰富的吉林以秸秆和薪柴并重;在商品能源消费方面,江苏人均消费电力、成品油、液化气多于吉林,而煤炭消耗少于吉林;在新型可再生能源--沼气消费方面,江苏的推广效果好于吉林.运用经济计量模型分析了农村家庭能源消费的影响因素,结果表明:人均纯收入、人均耕地面积、人均耐用家电价值、人均摩托车及生产性固定资产价值、地区等因素是影响农村家庭人均能源消费量的重要因素;同时,政府的资金技术支持、人均纯收入、人均生猪养殖数量、农户位于粮食主产区或林区等因素对农户选择使用沼气有重要影响.     

基于公平性的水污染物总量分配基尼系数分析

基尼系数是经济学中对贫富差距量化评价的重要工具.从基尼系数的经济学内涵出发,将基尼系数的概念和意义应用于环境分析中.以全国2006年各地区的水污染物总量分配为例,应用基尼系数法分析了人口、国内生产总值、水资源量指标对水污染物总量分配的影响.根据计算出的中国2006年的水污染物总量分配基尼系数,对水污染物总量分配公平性进行量化分析并提出削减方案,最后得出合理的结论.     

我国农田土壤碳氮耦合特征的区域差异

利用中国第2次土壤普查数据,分析了稻作和旱作方式下农田耕层土壤有机碳和全氮特征及其区域差异。结果表明,水田土壤有机碳和全氮含量分别为旱地的147.8%和145.5%,但水田碳氮含量的区域变异低于旱地。全国水田和旱地土壤有机碳氮比值分别为10.8和9.9,各区域水田土壤碳氮比值普遍高于旱地,其中东北水田最高,而华东旱地和西北旱地最低。旱地碳氮比值的区域变异显著,水田则不显著。农田耕层土壤有机碳和全氮含量呈显著正相关,除华北地区外,各区域无论水田还是旱地其碳氮含量之间相关系数都超过0.8,达极显著水平。由此可见,我国农田耕层土壤有机碳和全氮含量之间存在显著耦合关系,而且不同利用方式和区域之间差异显著;相同氮水平下,水田土壤可能储存更多的有机碳。     

Incorporating greenhouse gas effects to evaluate energy efficiency in China

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions without hampering economic growth is a significant issue for China. Taking into account environmental sustainability principles, this study analysed the energy efficiency of 30 regions of China for the period 2002–2007. By employing a data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach, this study included undesirable CO₂ and SO₂ outputs and the desirable GDP output in the model. Empirical outcomes demonstrated that the overall average technical efficiency (TE) of China is 0.843, indicating a 15.70% input inefficiency. Among three geographic areas, the east has the highest technical efficiency, with the highest ability to set up clean-burning power plants based on best technology available. Performance in the west is less good because of much inefficient technology. Finally, the study demonstrates detailed management implications of the BCG matrix. The most important contribution of this paper is a detailed demonstration of an energy performance evaluation mechanism for China. The valuable results and insights gained can be equally effectively applied to studies in other developing countries facing the same gaseous emissions.     

Analysis and prediction of the influence of energy utilization on air quality in Beijing

This work evaluates the influence of energy consumption on the future air quality in Beijing, using 2000 as the base year and 2008 as the target year. It establishes the emission inventory of primary PM₁₀, SO₂ and NO_x related to energy utilization in eight areas of Beijing. The air quality model was adopted to simulate the temporal and spatial distribution of each pollutant concentration in the eight urban areas. Their emission, concentration distribution, and sectoral share responsibility rate were analyzed, and air quality in 2008 was predicted. The industrial sector contributed above 40% of primary PM₁₀ and SO₂ resulting from energy consumption, while vehicles accounted for about 65% of NO_x. According to the current policy and development trend, air quality in the eight urban areas could become better in 2008 when the average concentrations of primary PM₁₀, SO₂ and NO₂ related to energy utilization at each monitored site are predicted to be about 25, 50 and 51 μg/m³, respectively.     

龙凤山大气气溶胶散射特性观测分析

利用2018年龙凤山区域大气本底站(简称龙凤山站)气溶胶散射系数、PM10质量浓度及常规气象观测资料,研究了东北本底地区气溶胶散射系数的变化特征.结果表明,2018年龙凤山站3个波长下气溶胶散射系数的均值为(194.1±202.4)Mm-1(450nm)、(133.4±139.2)Mm-1(550 nm)、(81.8±...     

Coal utilization in China: environmental impacts and human health

Coal is one of the major energy resources in China, accounting for approximately 70 % of primary energy consumption. Many environmental problems and human health risks arise during coal exploitation, utilization, and waste disposal, especially in the remote mountainous areas of western China (e.g., eastern Yunnan, western Guizhou and Hubei, and southern Shaanxi). In this paper, we report a thorough review of the environmental and human health impacts related to coal utilization in China. The abundance of the toxic trace elements such as F, As, Se, and Hg in Chinese coals is summarized. The environmental problems (i.e., water, soil, and air pollution) that are related to coal utilization are outlined. The provenance, distributions, typical symptoms, sources, and possible pathways of endemic fluorosis, arsenism, and selenosis due to improper coal usage (briquettes mixed with high-F clay, mineralized As-rich coal, and Se-rich stone coal) are discussed in detail. In 2010, 14.8, 1.9 million, and 16,000 Chinese people suffered from dental fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis, and arsenism, respectively. Finally, several suggestions are proposed for the prevention and treatment for endemic problems caused by coal utilization.     

对我国农业废弃物资源化利用的思考

对我国农业废弃物的资源化利用状况进行了综述分析与探讨,指出当前我国在农业废弃物利用方面尚存在诸多问题,包括农业废弃物产生量巨大且总量不清、农业废弃物粗放低效利用且闲置状况严重、农业废弃物利用技术与产业化水平滞后,以及农业废弃物利用相关的政策法规与社会化服务体系不健全等问题,同时,总结指出了我国农业废弃物资源化利用的几个发展方向,即向能源化、肥料化、饲料化、材料化、基质化和生态化发展.在此基础上提出了我国农业废弃物资源化发展的对策措施,包括:(1)建立与健全农业废弃物资源化利用与无害化处理相关的政策法规;(2)结合新农村建设,加大资金扶持力度,加强农业废弃物利用的基础设施建设;(3)加快推动农业废弃物资源化利用的产业化进程,大力发展循环经济;(4)鼓励和推动农业废弃物资源化利用技术的创新研究、示范与推广工作.     

Re-evaluating the role of energy efficiency standards: A behavioral economics approach

The economic models that prescribe Pigovian taxation as the first-best means of reducing energy-related externalities are typically based on the neoclassical model of rational consumer choice. Yet, consumer behavior in markets for energy-using durables is generally thought to be far from efficient, giving rise to the concept of the “energy-efficiency gap.” This paper presents a welfare analysis of energy policies that is based on a behavioral model of temptation and self-control, introduced by Gul and Pesendorfer 23 and 24. We find that, in the presence of temptation, (i) Pigovian taxes alone do not yield a first-best outcome, (ii) when viewed as substitutes, energy efficiency standards can dominate Pigovian taxes, and (iii) a policy combining standards with a Pigovian tax can yield higher social welfare than a Pigovian tax alone, implying that the two instruments should be viewed as complements rather than substitutes.     

An integrated indicator on regional ecological civilization construction in China

China has come up with ecological civilization as one of major goals to improve its ecological sustainability during development in future. Under this broad framework, social, economic and natural ecosystems are expected to develop in harmony. However, there is lack of evaluation mechanism for this newly proposed strategy. Therefore, in this article, ecosystem services, Ecological Footprint and gross domestic product per capita were selected in order to reflect the resource endowment, human occupation on natural capital, and the economic growth. Thus, an integrated indicator was constructed from the three indexes based on the linear correlation among them, and we provided comprehensive evaluation on ecological civilization construction in the provinces and municipalities in China in 2010. When it comes to the indicator of ecological civilization construction, Hainan province has the greatest value which is 0.5091 and Beijing municipality has the smallest value which is 0.0377. At last, the article analyzed the ecological pressure and efficiency in ecological civilization construction in China. The results contribute to scientific and objective evaluation of regional ecological civilization construction in order to properly make decisions and take actions.     

残渣食物链物质和能量的转化利用

本文研究了稻草—平菇—蚯蚓—黄鳝食物链中物质和能量的转化利用。结果表明，该食物链中物质和能量的转化利用率，平茹和黄鳝比蚯蚓高。文中还讨论了残渣食物链的适宜搭配。