黄浦江原水中各类有机物在铝盐混凝过程中的去除效果

通过XAD-8/XAD-4吸附树脂联用技术将黄浦江微污染原水中溶解性有机物分为疏水酸、非酸疏水物质、弱疏水物质及亲水物质4类有机物,研究了铝盐混凝工艺对黄浦江水中4类有机物的去除效果.硫酸铝在最佳混凝条件下,即投加量为8 mg·l~(-1)(以Al计),pH=5.5时,水中的DOC和UV_(254)的去除率分别达到23%和32%.有机物的亲疏水性对混凝工艺有较大影响,混凝法倾向于优先去除水中疏水性有机物,而疏水性有机物的酸碱性对混凝工艺没有明显影响,酸性和非酸类疏水物质均能破混凝工艺所去除.疏水酸是水中最主要的三氯甲烷类消毒副产物的前体物质,混凝工艺对于三氯甲烷类消毒副产物有良好的控制作用,总体减少了 39%的生成量.而不同类的有机物之间,混凝工艺对消毒副产物控制效果不同,其中对疏水酸的控制三氯甲烷消毒副产物的效果最好,减少了63%的生成量,亲水物质的控制效果最差,三氯甲烷生成量仪减少了3%.疏水酸表现出比亲水物质更强的生物毒性,混凝工艺能明显降低原水的毒性.     

饮用水中消毒副产物的消减措施

为了去除水中的病毒和细菌等有毒物质,在饮用水中添加氯是最常用的一种消毒方法.但是由于加入的氯会与水中的天然有机物(NOM)反应,产生包括三卤甲烷(THMs)和卤乙酸(HAAs)在内的各种氯化消毒副产物.这些消毒副产物的去除对饮用水的安全是一个值得关注的问题.     

离子色谱法测定饮用水中亚氯酸盐、氯酸盐、溴酸盐、二氯乙酸及三氯乙酸

消毒副产物(Disinfection by-products,DBPs)是指用消毒剂对饮用水消毒时,消毒剂与水中含有的天然有机物反应生成的化合物.随着水处理技术的发展,对水处理中产生的各类消毒副产物的研究也日益关注.氯气、漂白粉和臭氧在消毒过程会产生少量对人体健康不利的副产物,如亚氯酸盐、溴酸盐和氯酸盐等.其中溴酸盐是饮用水中臭氧消毒的副产物,已被世界卫生组织和美国EPA列为潜在的致癌物,甚至在含量低至1μg.L-1也有致癌的作用.美国环境保护署(USEPA)和世界卫生组织(WHO)在最新的饮用水法规中规定饮用水中溴酸盐的含量不得超过10μg.L-1.我国最新的饮用水规范中也建议生活饮用水中溴酸盐的最高含量不允许超过10μg.L-1.卤代乙酸(haloacetic acids,HAAs)是饮用水加氯消毒时氯与水中存在的天然有机物反应生成的一类消毒副产物,通     

高锰酸钾预氧化后地表水中三氯甲烷生成量的预测模型研究

在饮用水处理中,适当地采用高锰钾预氧化可以降低水中的三氯甲烷生成量。本文研究了影响三氯甲烷生成量的因素,如反应时间,反应温度等,并以这些影响因素为参数通过一元线性回归等数学方法,建立了各影响因素下三氯甲烷生成量折了模型和综合预测模型。     

吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱法同时测定水体中14种挥发性消毒副产物

基于吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱联用法(P&T-GC-MS)技术建立了同时测定水中4类14种挥发性消毒副产物(V-DBPs)的方法,并对吹扫捕集条件及色谱条件进行了优化.水中的挥发性消毒副产物经吹扫捕集、热脱附,Rtx-624色谱柱分离,选择离子扫描模式方式进行测定,内标法定量.结果显示,校准曲线相关系数均大于0.999,方法检出限为1.72—374 ng·L-1,不同浓度下实际样品加标回收率为76.1%—114%,相对标准偏差为2.4%—13%.利用本方法对自来水开展检测,分别检出三氯甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烷、二氯一溴甲烷、氯乙腈、1,1-二氯丙酮、二氯乙腈、1,1,1-三氯丙酮等7种消毒副产物,检出浓度范围为3.21—16.6μg·L-1,检出率为36%—100%,其中二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烷、二氯一溴甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷和三溴甲烷的结果均符合《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB5749-2022）规定的限值要求.该方法具有前处理简单、重现性好、正确度高等特点,适用于同时快速测定水中14种挥发性消毒副产物.     

海水循环养殖系统水处理工艺综述

论述了海水循环养殖系统(RAS)需要控制的水质参数及相关单元水处理工艺.RAS需要对盐度、pH、温度、溶解氧等水质参数进行监测控制,并常采用物理、生物、化学处理的组合工艺,使固体物质、氨氮、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐、有机物以及致病微生物等的浓度维持在安全范围内.固体物质根据粒径和可沉降性的不同,可采用沉降、过滤、泡沫分离或生物过滤法去除;氨氮、亚硝酸盐以及硝酸盐主要通过生物的硝化和反硝化作用去除;有机物主要通过生物降解去除;化学药剂消毒以及紫外辐照是RAS常用的消毒方法,消毒剂残余及消毒副产物对水质和动物健康的影响是选择合适消毒方法需要考虑的两个关键因素.最后,列举了几种海水RAS常用的组合处理工艺,并提出了针对性的改进建议.     

腐植酸臭氧氧化和过氧化氢催化氧化处理特性比较

以TOC和UV254为指标,比较了不同条件下腐植酸的臭氧氧化和过氧化氢催化氧化效果,运用HPLC和热裂解-GC-MS分析考察了氧化前后有机物分子量分布和官能团构造的变化情况．研究结果表明：过氧化氢和臭氧单独作为氧化剂对水中TOC基本上没有去除作用,但均能导致水中UV254浓度的降低;在几种催化剂的作用下,过氧化氢对TOC和UV254的去除效果明显提高,其中以O3作为催化剂的效果最好,Fe^2＋次之,而Mn^2＋和Cu^2＋的催化效果较差;过氧化氢催化氧化和臭氧化均导致有机物分子量分布向小分子的方向转移,氧化后水中以羧酸、醇、胺、酯、醚、烷烃为代表的含氧基团和饱和构造基团明显增多;过氧化氢催化氧化和臭氧氧化均有助于改善混凝处理和活性炭吸附处理的效果．关键词腐植酸,臭氧,过氧化氢,催化氧化．     

水源水Fe(Ⅵ)与Mn(Ⅶ)预氧化对天然有机物的组成特征及消毒副产物生成势的影响

溶解有机物（DOM）普遍存在于地表水源中,是饮用水消毒副产物的重要前驱物.本研究考察了Fe(Ⅵ)与Mn(Ⅶ)预氧化对浙江东部某水源水中DOM的组成特征及消毒副产物生成势的影响.运用三维荧光光谱（3D-EEMs）分析了两种氧化剂在不同的浓度梯度下对水样进行预氧化后,水样DOM的荧光光谱特性、荧光特征参数和荧光组分等的变化情况,及氯化后消毒副产物（DBPs）的生成情况.结果表明,水源水水样DOM的来源主要为陆源与内源混合且具有一定的腐殖质化程度,Mn(Ⅶ)和Fe(Ⅵ)预氧化不仅对荧光DOM具有较好的降解效果,对腐殖质类DOM也具有一定的降解作用.在DBPs的生成势方面,Mn(Ⅶ)预氧化对三氯甲烷（TCM）生成势的变化呈现出先增强后减弱的现象,对二氯乙腈（DCAN）的生成势具有一定的减弱作用.而Fe(Ⅵ)预氧化对三氯丙酮(1,1,1-TCP)、溴氯乙腈(BCAN)、二溴乙腈（DBAN）和DCAN的生成势均具有明显的降低作用,对二氯一溴甲烷(DCBM)、二溴一氯甲烷（DBCM）和三溴甲烷（TBM）生成势的变化呈现出先增强后减弱的现象.研究结果推动了水源水氧化消毒工艺的发展并为相关研究提供理论指...     

超高效液相色谱/质谱联用仪分析消毒副产物——卤乙酸

目前,大多数自来水的消毒主要是采用氯消毒法,该法便捷、经济,目的是控制水中致病菌,使其满足人类的健康要求,然而,氯消毒会产生副产物,如三卤甲烷(THMs)、卤乙酸(HAAs)等.这使得饮用水的致癌风险明显增加,研究表明:饮用氯消毒水使患膀胱癌、直肠癌和结肠癌的危险增加,早期消毒副产物的毒理学研究偏重于三卤甲烷类,最近对卤乙酸的致癌性研究逐渐增加,目前,消毒副产物问题是国际给水界的热点问题之一.     

水中N-亚硝胺类消毒副产物的污染现状及分析技术

N-亚硝胺是一类新兴的饮用水消毒副产物,毒性比常规的消毒副产物三卤甲烷（THMs）和卤乙酸（HAAs）更大.本文介绍了水中N-亚硝胺类消毒副产物的种类和性质,综述了水中N-亚硝胺的浓度水平及目前的分析和检测方法,指出了在N-亚硝胺的分析和检测方面有待进一步研究的方向.     

Removal of organic matter and disinfection by-products precursors in a hybrid process combining ozonation with ceramic membrane ultrafiltration

The performance of an integrated process including coagulation, ozonation, ceramic ultrafiltration (UF) and biologic activated carbon (BAC) filtration was investigated for the removal of organic matter and disinfection by-products (DBPs) precursors from micro-polluted surface water. A pilot scale plant with the capacity of 120 m³ per day was set up and operated for the treatment of drinking water. Ceramic membranes were used with the filtration area of 50 m² and a pore size of 60 nm. Dissolved organic matter was divided into five fractions including hydrophobic acid (HoA), base (HoB) and neutral (HoN), weakly hydrophobic acid (WHoA) and hydrophilic matter (HiM) by DAX-8 and XAD-4 resins. The experiment results showed that the removal of organic matter was significantly improved with ozonation in advance. In sum, the integrated process removed 73% of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 87% of UV₂₅₄, 77% of trihalomethane (THMs) precursors, 76% of haloacetic acid (HAAs) precursors, 83%of trichloracetic aldehyde (CH) precursor, 77% of dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) precursor, 51% of trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN) precursor, 96% of 1,1,1-trichloroacetone (TCP) precursor and 63% of trichloronitromethane (TCNM) precursor. Hydrophobic organic matter was converted into hydrophilic organic matter during ozonation/UF, while the organic matter with molecular weight of 1000–3000 Da was remarkably decreased and converted into lower molecular weight organic matter ranged from 200–500 Da. DOC had a close linear relationship with the formation potential of DBPs.     

城市污水活性污泥处理系统中有机物分子量的分布及其变化

利用凝胶过滤色谱法对某城市污水处理系统(缺氧/好氧,A/O活性污泥法)中有机物的分子量在水相和胞外聚合物(EPS)中的分布及其变化进行研究.结果表明:污水处理过程中分子量的分布沿程变窄,对分布在各段分子量之间的有机物都有大幅度的去除;缺氧池和好氧池的EPS中都有14%的物质分子量大于1000万,而水相中各类物质的分子量均小于200万,说明该类大分子的EPS并非因吸附而成.     

苯胺的超临界水氧化研究1

苯胺的超临界水氧化表明,氧化剂Ｈ２Ｏ２、试验温度、压力和停留时间以及水样的起始ＴＯＣ值对ＴＯＣ的去除率有显著影响．在本试验中,选取了硫酸铜、硫酸铁、硫酸锰等金属盐进行苯胺的均相催化氧化试验研究,结果表明,这些金属盐对苯胺的氧化有不同的催化活性,筛选出硫酸锰和和硫酸亚铁进行了进一步的研究．以硫酸锰作催化剂为例,在４５０℃,２８ＭＰａ,Ｋ＝１．１,ｐＨ＝４．０的条件下,当停留时间为４６ｓ时,ＴＯＣ去除率达到１００%．     

预处理＋超滤技术处理饮用水

在查阅了大量的国内外文献资料基础上,主要介绍了超滤技术及预处理应用于饮用水净化的研究。尽管超滤是一种去除病原微生物（病原菌、病毒和病原原生动物）有效的消毒工艺,但因它的截留分子量比较高,去除天然有机物相对无效。试验证明,适当的预处理可使超滤膜不仅能去除天然水中大量颗粒状物质,同时也可去除溶解性有机物及THMFP。     

红土复合聚合氯化铝以及三氯化铁去除水华藻类的研究

采用红土复合聚合氯化铝（PAC）以及三氯化铁（FeCl3）制得的复合絮凝剂对水样中的藻类絮凝沉降效果进行了研究。结果表明,与PAC复合FeCl3混凝剂不同,红土的加入可增加絮体的密实度,加快絮体沉降速度,沉淀后的絮体在微扰动下不再漂浮上升从而有效提高除藻效果。采用正交试验探讨了复合絮凝剂除藻的最优配比,用混凝剂（红土：PAC：FeCl3=50mg：8．75mg：17．5mg）处理水样,1h后水样浊度由22．35NTU降至1．85NTU,浊度去除率为91．72％。讨论了温度、pH值等因素对除藻效果的影响,并对除藻机理进行了初步的探讨。     

Influence of pore structure on biologically activated carbon performance and biofilm microbial characteristics

• Pore structure affects biologically activated carbon performance. • Pore structure determines organic matter (OM) removal mechanism. • Microbial community structure is related to pore structure and OM removal. Optimizing the characteristics of granular activated carbon (GAC) can improve the performance of biologically activated carbon (BAC) filters, and iodine value has always been the principal index for GAC selection. However, in this study, among three types of GAC treating the same humic acid-contaminated water, one had an iodine value 35% lower than the other two, but the dissolved organic carbon removal efficiency of its BAC was less than 5% away from the others. Iodine value was found to influence the removal of different organic fractions instead of the total removal efficiency. Based on the removal and biological characteristics, two possible mechanisms of organic matter removal during steady-state were suggested. For GAC with poor micropore volume and iodine value, high molecular weight substances (3500–9000 Da) were removed mainly through degradation by microorganisms, and the biodegraded organics (soluble microbial by-products,<3500 Da) were released because of the low adsorption capacity of activated carbon. For GAC with higher micropore volume and iodine value, organics with low molecular weight (<3500 Da) were more easily removed, first being adsorbed by micropores and then biodegraded by the biofilm. The biomass was determined by the pore volume with pore diameters greater than 100 μm, but did not correspond to the removal efficiency. Nevertheless, the microbial community structure was coordinate with both the pore structure and the organic removal characteristics. The findings provide a theoretical basis for selecting GAC for the BAC process based on its pore structure.     

Surface water treatment benefits from the presence of algae: Influence of algae on the coagulation behavior of polytitanium chloride

• Emerging titanium coagulation was high-efficient for algae-laden water treatment. • Polytitanium coagulation was capable for both algae and organic matter removal. • Surface water purification was improved by around 30% due to algae inclusion. • Algae functioned as flocculant aid to assist polytitanium coagulation. • Algae could enhance charge neutralization capability of polytitanium coagulant. Titanium-based coagulation has proved to be effective for algae-laden micro-polluted water purification processes. However, the influence of algae inclusion in surface water treatment by titanium coagulation is barely reported. This study reports the influence of both Microcystis aeruginosa and Microcystis wesenbergii in surface water during polytitanium coagulation. Jar tests were performed to evaluate coagulation performance using both algae-free (controlled) and algae-laden water samples, and floc properties were studied using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer for online monitoring. Results show that polytitanium coagulation can be highly effective in algae separation, removing up to 98% from surface water. Additionally, the presence of algae enhanced organic matter removal by up to 30% compared to controlled water containing only organic matter. Polytitanium coagulation achieved significant removal of fluorescent organic materials and organic matter with a wide range of molecular weight distribution (693–4945 Da) even in the presence of algae species in surface water. The presence of algae cells and/or algal organic matter is likely to function as an additional coagulant or flocculation aid, assisting polytitanium coagulation through adsorption and bridging effects. Although the dominant coagulation mechanisms with polytitanium coagulant were influenced by the coagulant dosage and initial solution pH, algae species in surface water could enhance the charge neutralization capability of the polytitanium coagulant. Algae-rich flocs were also more prone to breakage with strength factors approximately 10% lower than those of algae-free flocs. Loose structure of the flocs will require careful handling of the flocs during coagulation-sedimentation-filtration processes.     

Removal of 17β-estradiol in laccase catalyzed treatment processes

The removal of 17β-estradiol （E2） in laccase catalyzed oxidative coupling processes was systematically studied in this work. We focused on the influence of pH and natural organic matter （NOM） on the performance of the enzymatic treatment processes. It was found that the optimal pH for E2 removal was between 4 and 6. The removal of E2 was slightly inhibited in the presence of NOM. Enzymatic transformation of E2 was second-order in kinetics with first-order to both the concentrations of the enzyme and contaminant. Mass spectrum （MS） analysis suggested that coupling products were formed through radical-radical coupling mechanism. The results of this study demonstrated that laccase catalyzed oxidative coupling process could potentially serve as a treatment strategy to control steroid estrogens.     

Removal of 17β-estradiol in laccase catalyzed treatment processes

The removal of 17β-estradiol (E2) in laccase catalyzed oxidative coupling processes was systematically studied in this work. We focused on the influence of pH and natural organic matter (NOM) on the performance of the enzymatic treatment processes. It was found that the optimal pH for E2 removal was between 4 and 6. The removal of E2 was slightly inhibited in the presence of NOM. Enzymatic transformation of E2 was second-order in kinetics with first-order to both the concentrations of the enzyme and contaminant. Mass spectrum (MS) analysis suggested that coupling products were formed through radical-radical coupling mechanism. The results of this study demonstrated that laccase catalyzed oxidative coupling process could potentially serve as a treatment strategy to control steroid estrogens.     

铝盐混凝剂去除水溶液中HPAM的机理研究

本文在聚合物采油污水混凝试验研究的基础上，研究了铝盐混凝剂去除水中聚丙烯酰胺的过程与机理，通过分析铝盐作用下ＨＰＡＭ水溶液的水质组成变化，以及反应沉淀物的形态结构，提出了ＨＰＡＭ在羟基铝离子作用下的交联反应模式，并研究了铝盐的形态对ＨＰＡＭ去除的影响。为混凝技术在油田聚合物采油污水处理上的应用提供了理论依据。