东北过伐林区不同林分类型土壤肥力质量评价研究

保持和提高森林土壤肥力质量是实现森林健康的基础。研究不同林型下土壤肥力质量对森林可持续经营具有重要意义。以东北过伐林区金仓林场中的落叶松Lartx gmelinii人工纯林、云杉Picea asperatax紫椴Tilia amurensis天然混交林、紫椴×白桦Betula platyphylla天然混交林、五角槭Acer monox白桦×落叶松天然混交林、五角槭×白桦×紫椴天然混交林、白桦×落叶松天然混交林和五角械×紫椴×青杨Populus pseudo-simonii天然混交林为研究对象,分析和比较了不同林分下的土壤物理和化学性质,并采用主成分分析与聚类分析相结合的方法评价了其土壤肥力质量。结果表明：①林分类型对土壤理化性质影响显著;随土壤深度增加,土壤密度和土壤pH值增大,而土壤含水量、物理性粘粒含量和养分质量分数减少,但其在不同林分下的变化程度不同;②土壤因子之间关系密切,物理性粘粒含量与含水量、全氮、速效钾质量分数呈极显著正相关,而与土壤密度和pH值呈显著负相关;土壤养分质量分数之间具有不同程度的显著正相关关系;③采用主成分分析法对不同林分下0～60cm的土壤肥力质量进行了评价,土壤肥力质量表现为天然混交林高于落叶松人工纯林;采伐降低了土壤的肥力质量;在落叶松人工纯林中,随着林龄的增加,土壤的肥力质量下降。通过对土壤肥力质量综合指标值的聚类分析,将研究区土壤肥力质量分为优、良、中、差4个等级,肥力质量属于中等以上（优、良、中等）的林地所占研究样地的比例为66．7％,研究区森林土壤肥力质量属于中等水平。建议在经营过伐林时,注意调整林分结构和树种组成,控制采伐强度,同时进行长期定位观测和比较,以改善林分整体的肥力状况。本研究结果为该地区林业可持续经营提供直接依据,也为东北地区森林土壤肥力质量评价提供参考。     

桂西北喀斯特区原生林与次生林凋落物及养分归还特征比较

森林凋落物是森林生态系统的重要组成成分,其养分归还量在一定程度上决定着土壤养分有效性的高低。在土层浅薄且土被很不连续的我国喀斯特区域进行凋落物生物量及养分归还研究对我们更深刻地了解该区养分循环具有至关重要的意义。本文比较分析了桂西北喀斯特区3种原生林与3种次生林的全年凋落物量、组成、月凋落物量动态及养分归还量与动态。结果表明,圆果化香(Platycarya longipes Wu)、大叶蚊母树(Distylium Sieb.et Zucc.)与青檀(Pteroceltis tatarinowii Maxim.)3种原生林的年凋落物总量分别为2342.16,4057.99和1834.36kg·hm-2,而圆叶乌桕(Sapium rotundifolium Hemsl.)、八角枫(Alangium chinense(Lour.) Harms)和黄荆(Vitex negundo L.)3种次生林的年凋落物总量分别为3192.82,3284.26,2469.90kg·hm-2,除大叶蚊母树外,次生林年凋落物总量大于原生林。凋落物的组成中,叶凋落生物量均占总凋落物量的80%左右,甚至更高,而圆叶乌桕、八角枫和黄荆3种次生林群落的叶凋落物量占总凋落物量的百分比大于圆果化香、大叶蚊母树以及青檀3种原生林。凋落物的养分归还量的月动态与凋落物量的月动态一致,原生林呈"U"形曲线,而次生林则呈"W"形曲线。原生林和次生林凋落物的年养分归还量均为C﹥N﹥K﹥P,且次生林的C、N、P养分的归还量大于原生林。     

Stoichiometric characteristics of carbon,nitrogen, and phosphorus in leaf litter soil of Pinus yunnanensis forest during different restoration stages in the karst plateau of eastern Yunnan北大核心CSCD

以滇东岩溶坡地不同恢复阶段云南松林(纯林、人工混交林、天然次生林)为研究对象,以元江栲原生林和小铁仔灌丛作为参照样地,对5种植被类型中的叶片-枯落物-土壤中的C、N、P含量和化学计量比特征进行研究.结果表明:(1)3种云南松林都呈现为高C(432.27 g/kg)、低N(10.28 g/kg)、P(0.96 g/kg)的格局,5种植被类型的叶片-枯落物-土壤C、N、P含量基本都表现为叶片>枯落物>土壤,C/N、C/P、N/P值则都表现为枯落物>叶片>土壤,叶片和枯落物的养分含量和化学计量比值与土壤间差异显著.(2)3种云南松林对于养分的吸收同化能力差异不大,但天然次生林的枯落物质量最好,人工混交林的土壤N、P有效性最高,云南松林内受N的胁迫作用强于原生林和灌丛.(3)植物叶片-枯落物-土壤中C、N、P及其化学计量比间相关性显著,互馈机制明显.研究区内土壤C、N、P化学计量特征受土壤pH、团聚体颗粒、含水率、容重和硝态氮影响显著.因此,滇东岩溶高原云南松植被恢复过程中主要受N胁迫作用,提高枯落物养分回流是云南松植被恢复与经营的关键要素.(图4表3参41)     

Recovery of Faunal Communities During Tropical Forest Regeneration

Abstract:  As mature tropical forests are cleared, secondary forests may play an important role in the conservation of animal species, depending on how fast animal communities recover during forest regeneration. I reviewed published studies on the recovery of animal species richness and composition during tropical forest regeneration. In 38 of the 39 data sets I examined, conversion of forest to agriculture or pasture substantially reduced species richness. Given suitable conditions for forest recovery, the species richness of the animal taxa considered can be predicted to resemble that of mature forests roughly 20–40 years after land abandonment. At least for ants and birds, however, recovery of species composition appears to take substantially longer than recovery of species richness. Because species richness for many taxa appears to recover relatively rapidly in secondary forests, conservation of secondary forests may be an effective investment in future diversity. The slower recovery of species composition indicates, however, that some species will require stands of mature forest to persist.     

Microsite-limited recruitment controls fern colonization of post-agricultural forests

Assessing the relative roles of dispersal limitation and environmental effects in population dynamics and community assembly is fundamental to understanding patterns of species distribution and diversity. In forests growing on abandoned agricultural lands, both legacies of vegetation disturbance and changes in the abiotic environment shape the diversity and composition of recovering communities. Here I specify how interactions among historical, environmental, and biological factors influence species distributions, focusing on three fern species with contrasting distributions across forests of different history in central New York, USA: Dryopteris carthusiana, Dryopteris intermedia, and Polystichum acrostichoides. Using population surveys, spore-trap and spore-bank studies, and a three-year field experiment, I compare demographic rates among species and between forest types to determine which life history stages limit colonization and which traits explain species distributions. Adult plants of all three species were larger and more likely to produce spores in post-agricultural forests than in adjacent, uncleared stands. Though lower population densities led to fewer spores in post-agricultural soils, spore availability still exceeded recruitment by four to five orders of magnitude. Sowing additional spores had relatively little effect, while microhabitat conditions had the greatest impact on establishment rates. Given similar microsites, the two forest types had equal rates of establishment, but some forest-floor features preferentially occupied by juvenile plants were less frequent in post-agricultural stands. The availability of suitable sites for establishment, created by small-scale heterogeneity on forest floors, thus limits both the growth of fern populations and the colonization of new habitats. In fact, reduced microtopographic variation in post-agricultural forests may represent a greater hindrance to plant establishment than changes in mean environmental conditions. Among the three fern species, establishment rates differed as species distributions would predict, with the strongest colonizer consistently having the highest rates and the slowest colonizer the lowest. Rather than random or trait-mediated dispersal, the different distributions of these species reflect life history traits that determine establishment rates and thus colonization ability. This case study demonstrates that ecological interactions based on the unique life histories of individual species can override dispersal in determining species distributions.     

Effects of Recent Land-Use Practices on Soil Nutrients and Succession under Tropical Wet Forest in Costa Rica

The effects of a variety of agricultural land uses were studied using soil nutrients, forest structure, and species assemblages as indicators. We compared soil properties and successional forests between abandoned cacao ( Theobroma cacao ) and abandoned palm ( Bactris gasipaes ) orchards, abandoned pasture, and mature forest. These sites co-occupy an alluvial terrace soil ( Andic Dystropept ) at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. The agricultural sites were originally cleared of most or all forest vegetation approximately 30 years ago and went into succession approximately 7 years ago. Forest structure, species composition, soil nitrogen and phosphorus pools, and nitrogen-mineralization and nitrification rates were measured for each site. The abandoned palm orchard had lower basal area and stem density than other secondary forests of the same age. It also had significantly smaller nitrate (NaOH-extractable) and organic phosphorus pools and significantly lower net rates of nitrogen-mineralization and nitrification. It is evident that preserving tree cover does not necessarily maintain soil fertility. We found species richness and diversity in the secondary forests to be positively correlated with basal area at the time of abandonment.     

Microbial community variation and its relationship with nitrogen mineralization in historically altered forests

Past land use can impart soil legacies that have important implications for ecosystem function. Although these legacies have been linked with microbially mediated processes, little is known about the long-term influence of land use on soil microbial communities themselves. We examined whether historical land use affected soil microbial community composition (lipid profiles) and whether community composition was related to potential net nitrogen (N) mineralization rates in southern Appalachian (USA) forest stands abandoned from agriculture or logging and reforested >50 yr ago. Microbial community composition was determined by a hybrid procedure of phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis. We found that community composition varied significantly with past land use. Communities in formerly farmed stands had a higher relative abundance of markers for gram-negative bacteria and a lower abundance of markers for fungi compared with previously logged and reference (i.e., no disturbance history) stands. Potential net N mineralization rates were negatively correlated with fungal and gram-negative bacterial markers in both farmed and reference stands, and fungal abundance and soil bulk density effectively predicted mineralization rates in all stands. Our results indicate that the alteration of microbial communities by historical land use may influence the ecosystem processes they mediate. This is in contrast to typical expectations about microbial community resilience to change. Here, the decrease in fungal abundance observed from disturbance appeared to result in decreased nitrogen mineralization over the long term.     

桂西北喀斯特区原生林与次生林凋落物及养分归还特征比较

森林凋落物是森林生态系统的重要组成成分,其养分归还量在一定程度上决定着土壤养分有效性的高低。在土层浅薄且土被很不连续的我国喀斯特区域进行凋落物生物量及养分归还研究对我们更深刻地了解该区养分循环具有至关重要的意义。本文比较分析了桂西北喀斯特区3种原生林与3种次生林的全年凋落物量、组成、月凋落物量动态及养分归还量与动态。结果表明,圆果化香（Platycarya longipes Wu）、大叶蚊母树（Distylium Sieb．e tZucc．）与青檀（Pteroceltis tatarinowii Maxim．）3种原生林的年凋落物总量分别为2342．16,4057．99和1834．36k·hm～,而圆叶乌桕（Sapium romndifolium Hemsl．）、八角枫似langium chinense（Lour．）Harms）和黄荆（Vitex negundoL．）3种次生林的年凋落物总量分别为3192．82,3284．26,2469．90kg.hm-2,除大叶蚊母树外,次生林年凋落物总量大于原生林。凋落物的组成中,叶凋落生物量均占总凋落物量的80％左右,甚至更高,而圆叶乌桕、八角枫和黄荆3种次生林群落的叶凋落物量占总凋落物量的百分比大于圆果化香、大叶蚊母树以及青檀3种原生林。凋落物的养分归还量的月动态与凋落物量的月动态一致,原生林呈“u”形曲线,而次生林则呈“w”形曲线。原生林和次生林凋落物的年养分归还量均为C〉N〉K〉P,且次生林的c、N、P养分的归还量大于原生林。     

Indirect Effects of Pandemic Deer Overabundance Inferred from Caterpillar‐Host Relations

Externally feeding phytophagous insect larvae (i.e., caterpillars, here, larval Lepidoptera and sawflies, Hymenoptera: Symphyta) are important canopy herbivores and prey resources in temperate deciduous forests. However, composition of forest trees has changed dramatically in the eastern United States since 1900. In particular, browsing by high densities of white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) has resulted in forests dominated by browse‐tolerant species, such as black cherry (Prunus serotina), and greatly reduced relative abundance of other tree species, notably pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica) and birches (Betula spp.). To quantify effects of these changes on caterpillars, we sampled caterpillars from 960 branch tips of the 8 tree species that comprise 95% of trees in Allegheny hardwood forests: red maple (Acer rubrum), striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), sweet birch (Betula lenta), yellow birch (Betula allegheniensis), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), black cherry, and pin cherry. We collected 547 caterpillar specimens that belonged to 66 Lepidoptera and 10 Hymenoptera species. Caterpillar density, species richness, and community composition differed significantly among tree species sampled. Pin cherry, nearly eliminated at high deer density, had the highest density and diversity of caterpillars. Pin cherry shared a common caterpillar community with black cherry, which was distinct from those of other tree hosts. As high deer density continues to replace diverse forests of cherries, maples, birches, and beech with monodominant stands of black cherry, up to 66% of caterpillar species may be eliminated. Hence, deer‐induced changes in forest vegetation are likely to ricochet back up forest food webs and therefore negatively affect species that depend on caterpillars and moths for food and pollination. Efectos Indirectos de la Sobreabundancia de Venados Pandémicos Inferida de Relaciones Orugas‐Huéspedes     

The Value of Primary, Secondary, and Plantation Forests for a Neotropical Herpetofauna

Abstract:  Plantation forests and second-growth forests are becoming dominant components of many tropical forest landscapes. Yet there is little information available concerning the consequences of different forestry options for biodiversity conservation in the tropics. We sampled the leaf-litter herpetofauna of primary, secondary, and Eucalyptus plantation forests in the Jari River area of northeastern Brazilian Amazonia. We used four complementary sampling techniques, combined samples from 2 consecutive years, and collected 1739 leaf-litter amphibians (23 species) and 1937 lizards (30 species). We analyzed the data for differences among forest types regarding patterns of alpha and beta diversity, species-abundance distributions, and community structure. Primary rainforest harbored significantly more species, but supported a similar abundance of amphibians and lizards compared with adjacent areas of second-growth forest or plantations. Plantation forests were dominated by wide-ranging habitat generalists. Secondary forest faunas contained a number of species characteristic of primary forest habitat. Amphibian communities in secondary forests and Eucalyptus plantations formed a nested subset of primary forest species, whereas the species composition of the lizard community in plantations was distinct, and was dominated by open-area species. Although plantation forests are relatively impoverished, naturally regenerating forests can help mitigate some negative effects of deforestation for herpetofauna. Nevertheless, secondary forest does not provide a substitute for primary forest, and in the absence of further evidence from older successional stands, we caution against the optimistic claim that natural forest regeneration in abandoned lands will provide refuge for the many species that are currently threatened by deforestation .     

九寨沟和黄龙自然保护区原始林与次生林土壤物理性质比较

森林土壤的结构和贮水保水能力是决定土壤水分及其时空分布的关键,九寨沟和黄龙自然保护区均是以水为灵魂,其水量的多少及时空分布格局对景区景点的视觉观赏效果具有十分重要的作用.通过对几寨沟和黄龙核心景区原始林与次生林土壤容重、持水性能和孔隙度等指标的监测,探讨了不同植被类型下土壤结构及持水能力状况.结果表明:(1)由于较早地得到保护,九寨沟景区原始林、桦槭次生林土壤物理性质均优于四川西部其它同类犁植被,与此相反,人工云杉纯林土壤物理性质明显劣于其它植被类型,可能主要与云杉平根系统对土壤膨胀挤压和单优势乔木群落所形成的不利微气候影响有机物分解归还土壤有关;(2)在黄龙核心景区的原始云、冷杉林,发育于坡积母质的土壤物理性质明显优于发育于钙华母质卜的土壤物理性质.图3表1参31     

庆阳市庆城县退耕还林区土壤纤毛虫群落特征

为研究土壤纤毛虫群落对不同退耕模式生态恢复的响应及利用其群落特征来评价退还效果,采用“非淹没培养皿法”、活体观察法和培养直接计数法对甘肃省庆阳市庆城县退耕10年后的多树种混交林(APR)和单一树种经济林(A)以及两个农田对照样地(CK1和CK2)的土壤纤毛虫群落特征进行定性定量研究,同时测定各样地土壤温度、含水量、pH值、电导率、土壤孔隙度、有机质、总氮、总磷、总钾、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,并分析不同退耕还模式下土壤纤毛虫群落特征参数与土壤理化因子间的相关关系。结果为:共鉴定到土壤纤毛虫127种,隶属10纲21目34科52属;退耕样地与农田对照样地土壤纤毛虫物种分布存在明显差异,退耕样地间的物种相似性减小,群落组成复杂化,纤毛虫密度、多样性指数和丰富度指数均显著高于对照(P<0.05),其中混交林物种多样性最高;土壤纤毛虫优势类群由农田样地的肾形目(Colpodida)逐渐过渡为退耕样地的散毛目(Sporadotrichida);相关性分析可知,有机质、总氮、孔隙度和pH是影响土壤纤毛虫群落组成的关键因子,不同退耕模式下土壤纤毛虫群落组成差异较大,表明土壤纤毛虫群落对该地区退耕还林生态恢复工程发生了积极的响应,因此土壤纤毛虫群落特征参数可以作为评价退还效果的重要指标。     

Ethnobotany of Woody Species in Second-Growth, Old-Growth, and Selectively Logged Forests of Northeastern Costa Rica

Abstract: We assessed quantitatively the woody species used for timber, medicine, and other products in 10 tropical wet-forest stands with different land-use histories in the Atlantic lowlands of northeastern Costa Rica. Species were classified into 20 use categories based on regional ethnobotanical studies. Three size classes of woody vegetation were sampled in nested, contiguous plots along transects: trees (≥5 cm diameter at breast height [dbh]), saplings (>1 m high, <5 cm dbh), and seedlings (>20 cm high, <1 m high). Our study included five second-growth stands, three old-growth stands, and two selectively logged stands. Of the 459 woody species surveyed, 70% of the species and 86% of the total number of individuals had at least one use. Overall, species richness was highest for medicinal species (167 species). Absolute and relative abundance of medicinal and timber trees was significantly higher in second-growth stands than in old-growth and selectively logged stands. For 8 of the 15 use categories examined statistically, stem density showed no significant differences across forest types for any stem size class. Young, tropical, second-growth forests and selectively logged forests have high utilitarian as well as conservation value and will likely become important sources of forest products. The success of secondary forest regeneration, however, depends critically upon conservation of genetically diverse source populations in forest fragments and protected old-growth stands.     

广东省森林球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白含量及影响因素

植被和土壤组成的差异将影响土壤微生物的组成及动态,土壤微生物的动态变化将体现在微生物产物上。球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(Glomalin-related soil protein,GRSP)被认为是唯一来源于丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi,AMF)的糖蛋白,是土壤碳库的稳定组分,可用于指示AMF对土壤碳固持的影响。鉴于已有GRSP相关研究多集中在样点尺度,缺乏区域水平的研究这一事实,该研究选择广东省164个代表性森林样地为研究对象,通过测定表层(0-10 cm)土壤GRSP含量、土壤理化性质,旨在了解广东省森林土壤中GRSP水平及其对土壤有机碳固持的贡献。结合土壤理化性质、植被特征探讨区域范围内GRSP的影响因素。结果表明,(1)广东省森林土壤表层土(0-10 cm)中总球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(total GRSP,T-GRSP)质量分数为(3.26±0.11) g?kg-1,易提取球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(easily extractable GRSP,EE-GRSP)质量分数为(1.11±0.03) g?kg-1,植被起源和植被类型对GRSP含量的影响不显著,GRSP在地带性土壤中呈现黄壤>红壤>赤红壤>砖红壤的显著变化趋势。(2)针叶林GRSP的平均水平高于常绿阔叶林,这一趋势与3种植被类型下灌木草本层生物量的趋势一致。(3)GRSP与土壤有机碳含量、阳离子交换量呈显著正相关关系,与土壤pH值呈显著负相关关系,GRSP含量随土壤细颗粒(粒径<50μm)含量的增加而增加。广东省森林土壤GRSP对土壤有机碳的绝对贡献率为2.3%,GRSP能够与土壤细颗粒结合促进土壤团聚体的形成,并提高土壤保水性能和肥力。     

Seeing the forest for the heterogeneous trees: stand-scale resource distributions emerge from tree-scale structure

Forest ecosystem processes depend on local interactions that are modified by the spatial pattern of trees and resources. Effects of resource supplies on processes such as regeneration are increasingly well understood, yet we have few tools to compare resource heterogeneity among forests that differ in structural complexity. We used a neighborhood approach to examine understory light and nutrient availability in a well-replicated and large-scale variable-retention harvesting experiment in a red pine forest in Minnesota, USA. The experiment included an unharvested control and three harvesting treatments with similar tree abundance but different patterns of retention (evenly dispersed as well as aggregated retention achieved by cutting 0.1- or 0.3-ha gaps). We measured light and soil nutrients across all treatments and mapped trees around each sample point to develop an index of neighborhood effects (NI). Field data and simulation modeling were used to test hypotheses that the mean and heterogeneity of resource availability would increase with patchiness because of greater variation in competitive environments. Our treatments dramatically altered the types and abundances of competitive neighborhoods (NI) in each stand and resulted in significantly nonlinear relationships of light, nitrogen and phosphorus availability to NI. Hence, the distribution of neighborhoods in each treatment had a significant impact on resource availability and heterogeneity. In dense control stands, neighborhood variation had little impact on resource availability, whereas in more open stands (retention treatments), it had large effects on light and modest effects on soil nutrients. Our results demonstrate that tree spatial pattern can affect resource availability and heterogeneity in explainable and predictable ways, and that neighborhood models provide a useful tool for scaling heterogeneity from the individual tree to the stand. These insights are needed to anticipate the outcomes of silvicultural manipulations and should become more holistically integrated into both basic ecological and management science.     

Forest productivity decline caused by successional paludification of boreal soils.

Long-term forest productivity decline in boreal forests has been extensively studied in the last decades, yet its causes are still unclear. Soil conditions associated with soil organic matter accumulation are thought to be responsible for site productivity decline. The objectives of this study were to determine if paludification of boreal soils resulted in reduced forest productivity, and to identify changes in the physical and chemical properties of soils associated with reduction in productivity. We used a chronosequence of 23 black spruce stands ranging in postfire age from 50 to 2350 years and calculated three different stand productivity indices, including site index. We assessed changes in forest productivity with time using two complementary approaches: (1) by comparing productivity among the chronosequence stands and (2) by comparing the productivity of successive cohorts of trees within the same stands to determine the influence of time independently of other site factors. Charcoal stratigraphy indicates that the forest stands differ in their fire history and originated either from high- or low-severity soil burns. Both chronosequence and cohort approaches demonstrate declines in black spruce productivity of 50-80% with increased paludification, particularly during the first centuries after fire. Paludification alters bryophyte abundance and succession, increases soil moisture, reduces soil temperature and nutrient availability, and alters the vertical distribution of roots. Low-severity soil burns significantly accelerate rates of paludification and productivity decline compared with high-severity fires and ultimately reduce nutrient content in black spruce needles. The two combined approaches indicate that paludification can be driven by forest succession only, independently of site factors such as position on slope. This successional paludification contrasts with edaphic paludification, where topography and drainage primarily control the extent and rate of paludification. At the landscape scale, the fire regime (frequency and severity) controls paludification and forest productivity through its effect on soil organic layers. Implications for global carbon budgets and sustainable forestry are discussed.     

植被恢复的生态效应研究进展

植被在水土保持、水源涵养及生态系统的固碳过程中起着重要的作用。植被恢复是指运用生态学原理,通过保护现有植被、封山育林或营造人工林、灌、草植被,修复或重建被毁坏或被破坏的森林和其他自然生态系统,恢复其生物多样性及其生态系统功能。目前,植被的自然及人工恢复是改善脆弱生态系统及退化生态系统生态环境现状最有效的措施。植被在恢复过程中对地上植被生态系统,物种多样性的恢复有着重要影响,同时通过凋落物及根系的输入,可以有效改善地下生态系统,增加土壤的养分含量、改善土壤的物理结构、增加土壤生物的生物量及活性。文章以地上及地下生态系统为出发点,综述了植被恢复过程中自然及人工恢复过程中不同的植被类型、不同的恢复时间下植物物种组成和多样性、土壤理化性质及土壤微生物群落的变化。植被的自然及人工恢复在一定程度上均能增加植物物种的多样性,随着恢复年限的增加物种的组成发生改变且多样性呈增加趋势,但一些特殊环境下不当的人工恢复可造成植被演替向退化方向发展,降低生物多样性。不同的植被类型由于其生长方式的不同对土壤理化性质和土壤微生物的影响存在差异,随着恢复年限的增长,土壤理化指标及微生物学指标呈现先增加而后趋于平稳的状态。针对已有的研究进展,提出在未来的研究过程中,一方面应该增加更多的对比研究,对不同环境下,不同的恢复物种,不同的恢复方式进行更深入地探讨;另外一方面应增加不同尺度的研究,现有的研究多集中在样地尺度,未来应在更大尺度上进行分析;再者,地上及地下生态系统之间的相互关系及影响机理一直是土壤学科研究的热点,植被恢复过程中应增加更多该方面的机理研究。     

郑州市城市土壤理化性质

在郑州市市区范围内采集53个0-20 cm土壤样品,研究了土样部分基本性状。结果表明,郑州市城市土壤有机碳含量为1.33-20.5 g/kg,平均值为8.01 g/kg;碱解氮含量为8.30-142 mg/kg,平均值为46.4 mg/kg;Olsen-P含量为2.40-70.4 mg/kg,平均值为21.8 mg/kg;pH值为7.70-8.95,平均值为8.36;城市化造成的土壤质地较粗对土壤有效性氮、磷提高和有机碳含量降低有一定贡献;土壤pH增加导致土壤有效磷含量降低;不同土地利用方式下土壤性质的对比表明,荒地质地粗、养分含量低、pH高;公园绿地和街边绿地土壤有效磷含量较高,街边绿地土壤有机碳含量较低。根据以上结果,减少土壤中粗骨性侵入体的含量和合理管理土壤磷对于郑州市城市土壤管理有现实意义。     

Invasion through quantitative effects: intense shade drives native decline and invasive success.

The effects of invasive nonnative species on community composition are well documented. However, few studies have determined the mechanisms by which invaders drive these changes. The literature indicates that many nonnative plant species alter light availability differently than natives in a given community, suggesting that shading may be such a mechanism. We compared light quantity (photosynthetically active radiation, PAR) and quality (red: far-red ratio, R:Fr) in riparian reaches heavily invaded by a nonnative tree (Acer platanoides) to that in an uninvaded forest and experimentally tested the effects of our measured differences in PAR and R:Fr on the survival, growth, and biomass allocation of seedlings of the dominant native species and Acer platanoides. Light conditions representative of the understory of Acer platanoides-invaded forest decreased survival of the native maple Acer glabrum by 28%; Amelanchier alnifolia by 32%; Betula occidentalis by 55%; Elymus glaucus by 46%; and Sorbus aucuparia by 52%, relative to seedlings growing in PAR similar to that of native understories. In contrast, Acer platanoides and the native shrub Symphoricarpos albus were not affected by reductions in PAR. Acer platanoides seedlings and saplings are uniquely adapted to shade relative to native species. Acer platanoides was the only species tested that decreased allocation to roots relative to shoots in the invaded forest vs. the native forest light conditions. Therefore it was the only species to demonstrate an adaptive response to the particular light environment associated with Acer platanoides invasion as predicted by optimal partitioning theory. The profound change in light quantity associated with Acer platanoides canopies appears to act as an important driver of native suppression and conspecific success in invaded riparian communities. Further research is necessary to determine whether the effect of nonnative plant-driven changes on light quantity and quality is a widespread mechanism negatively affecting resident species and facilitating invasion by nonnatives.     

川西亚高山暗针叶林恢复初期土壤酶活性研究

研究以川西亚高山暗针叶林恢复过程中初级阶段的鲜类阔叶林（MBLF）、鲜类针阔混交林（MCBLF）和箭竹阔叶林（BBLF）土壤为研究对象,针对不同森林类型采用多点分层[0-10 cm（A层）、10-20 cm（B层）、20-30 cm（C层）和30-40 cm（D层）]采样、测定混合样的方式,研究了不同森林类型不同土层土壤的pH值、有机碳、全氮、全磷含量及脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、淀粉酶、过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶和蔗糖酶活性。研究结果表明,MBLF、MCBLF、BBLF不同土层土壤pH值均低于5.0,有机碳、全氮、全磷含量呈下降趋势,且有机碳、全氮与A层土壤差异显著（P〈0.05）。MBLF和BBLF随土层深度的增加脲酶活性较A层呈显著下降趋势（P〈0.05）,而MCBLF土壤脲酶活性以B、C层活性最高,分别为A层的1.22和1.08倍。蔗糖酶和酸性磷酸酶活性呈现先升后降的趋势,均以MCBLF活性最高;在林型MCBLF和BBLF中,随着土层深度的增加,蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性较A层显著降低（P〈0.05）,而MBLF、MCBLF、BBLF过氧化氢酶活性则一直呈显著下降趋势（P〈0.05）,D层过氧化氢酶活性分别为A层的60.21%、73.37%和46.84%。