Rare-Earth Oxide Availability in Market Economy Countries

This paper presents a review by the Bureau of Mines on the 1985 status of the rare earths industry in the Market Economy Countries (MEC). Demonstrated resources for the 38 evaluated MEC properties are estimated at 3.3 million metric tons of recoverable rare-earth oxides. About 75% of the total is contained in producing properties, and 21% are contained in undeveloped properties; the remaining 4% are contained in past producers. Total MEC production in 1985 was estimated at 30 500 mt. Assuming demand does not increase sharply, producing properties can continue to meet overall rare earths demand through at least the end of this century.     

Estimated Costs for the Recovery of Copper from Demonstrated Resources in Market Economy Countries

This article deals with the availability of demonstrated resources of copper in market economy countries. It examines the costs for mining and milling from producing as well as developing and explored deposits. While the resources are inadequate, the engineering and cost estimates indicate that a price of $1.50 per pound in 1981 U.S. dollars will be required to sustain existing capacity and bring on 2.2 million tons of new capacity of primary copper.
Cet article traite de la disponibilité des ressources prouvées du cuivre dans les pays à économies de marché. Il étudie les coûts d'extraction et de transformation se rapportant aux gisements productifs ainsi qu'aux gisements en développement et à ceux qui viennent d'étre découverts. Bien que les réserves soient suffisantes, l'ingénierie et l'estimation des coûts montrent qu'il est nécessaire d'investir une valeur de 1,50 de dollars des Etats-Unis par livre en 1981 pour maintenir la capacité de production et permettre une nouvelle capacité de 2,2 millions de tonnes de cuivre primaire.
Este artículo trata sobre la disponibilidad de recursos demostrados de cobre en países con economía de mercado. Examina los costos de extracción y molido de minerales de los depósitos en producción asi como de aquellos en desarrollo o exploración. Si bien es cierto que los recursos son adecuados la ingeniería y la estimación de costos indican que el precio de 1.50, dólares de 1981 por libra será necesario para sostener la capacidad existente y poner en operación una capacidad adicional de 2.2 millones de toneladas de cobre primario.     

市场经济条件下的环境管理探讨

本文论述了社会主义市场经济体制的建立及其过渡时期对环境管理发生的有利，不利因素和新的要求，针对当前环境管理中的实际情况，探讨了若干应该与市场经济相适应的环境管理问题，并提出了一些建议。     

浅谈市场经济发展与环境保护

市场经济是一种依靠市场机制进行社会资源配置的经济运行方式,它能够起到资源优化配置的作用。但经济社会与自然环境的冲突单靠市场经济本身无能为力,面临着既要实现经济和社会的发展,又要保护和改善环境质量的问题,本文进行了分析并提出相应对策,以实现在市场经济的发展中,真正把经济增长同环境保护协调起来,促进整体的平衡和发展。     

市场经济与宜宾经济发展战略

宜宾有丰富的自然资源,但至今经济仍然落后。本文剖析了这种既富饶又贫困的主要原因,提出了振兴宜宾经济的发展战略。     

发达国家循环经济发展模式的比较分析及对我国的启示

在分析循环经济的内涵和特征之后,运用比较研究法对比分析了德国和日本两个国家发展循环经济的模式与特征.研究发现,发达国家循环经济发展主要是一种末端治理模式,以废物处理为目标,并且在已经具有高度发达的经济实力条件下进行污染治理.而我国是在经济发展远没有达到发达国家水平的情况下发展循环经济,如果也采用末端治理模式,将为此付出高昂的代价.在找到两者差异的基础上,借鉴发达国家经验,在企业、产业和宏观三个层面上构筑了适合我国国情的循环经济发展模式.     

社会主义市场经济呼唤环境法制管理

本文通过一起环境污染纠纷案例的调查解决，提出了在社会主义市场经济体制下更应强化环境法制的紧迫问题，以及应该采取的宏观措施和对策。     

在市场经济条件下排污费必须依法征收

本文就当前个别地方排污收费中存在的问题进行了阐述,并提出在市场经济体制下如何依法征收排污费的一些建议。     

市场经济体制下农业资源综合开发的长期性

本文总结了近年来农业开发的经验，从提高开发意识、增加开发投资力度、强化开发管理机制、优化开发资金投向等方面，对农业综合开发长期发展问题进行了探讨。     

Worldwide Availability of Silver

This article summarizes and interprets estimates, by the US Bureau of Mines and others, of the availability of silver from primary and secondary sources in market economy countries. Despite conservative measurements, ample silver to support expansion of its use in industrial applications was found to exist. Supply from only portions of this resource base can be expected to respond to changes in silver demand, because factors other than price are the major determinant of the flow of silver from large segments of its resource base.     

发达国家（地区）农业现代化进程中农户与市场对接模式比较

通过对美国、日本、法国、我国台湾地区农户与市场对接模式的比较,发现依靠中间组织——农协、企业、农业合作组织等实现了农业流通现代化。基于此,结合我国农业现状和具体国情,提出从政府引导、农产品流通的组织建设、加强市场监管力度三个方面来实施我国农户与市场的对接,从而加快我国农业流通现代化进程和农业经济的可持续发展。     

市场经济条件下江西农业资源的综合开发

本文简述了市场经济的基本特征及其对农业资源综合开发提出的新要求，分析了目前江西农业资源开发利用中存在的问题，提出了在社会主义市场经济体制条件下，综合开发江西农业资源，发展高产优质高效农业应遵循的原则及应采取的对策和措施。     

The Worldwide Availability of Gold

This paper summarizes Bureau of Mines research relating to the state of the world gold industry. The authors discuss the world gold industry structure, demonstrated gold resources, current production, and the long-term cost and availability of potential future gold production.
The long-term cost and availability of primary gold production from 111 significant producing mines and developing deposits in 13 market economy countries (MECs) is evaluated. Total recoverable gold available (as of January 1984) from the evaluated mines and deposits is estimated at 819 million troy ounces. The Republic of South Africa is estimated to account for 87% of total recoverable gold. The USA and Canada account for 4% and 4.5% of the total, respectively. Eighty-three per cent of total recoverable gold is available at a constant 1984 break-even price of $400 per ounce, and 70% is available at $300 per ounce. South Africa accounts for 90% of the gold available at $400 per ounce or less. Gold resources in the Soviet Union and China are discussed but not evaluated for costs of production. Some conclusions of the analyses are that South Africa should remain the largest world producer until the year 2000 and annual MEC output in the year 2000 should not be significantly different from current output, given constant 1984 gold prices of more than $300 per ounce.     

The Worldwide Availability of Fluorspar

This paper reviews a recent assessment of fluorspar reserves and resources for 13 market economy countries and the People's Republic of China, and how they relate to the overall availability of fluorspar on the world market. Current world production, consumption and world trade issues are discussed.
Nearly 5 million tonnes of fluorspar were produced in 1985, and approximately 60% of that enters the world export market. In recent years world trade has started to shift away from the acid, metallurgical and ceramic grades of fluorspar, as ore-producing countries look towards higher-value downstream products.
Total potentially recoverable fluorspar from 52 major producing mines and deposits is estimated at nearly 95 million tonnes (as of January 1985). The Republic of South Africa accounts for 31% of the reserves, with Mexico and the People's Republic of China each contributing 18%.
The average total cost and availability of fluorspar is evaluated. Approximately 75% of acid-grade fluorspar evaluated is potentially available at or below a 1985 constant-dollar cost of US$110 tonne⁻¹. Nearly 94% of metallurgical grades are potentially available at costs of US$75 tonne⁻¹ and below, and virtually all of the ceramic grades could be produced at costs below the 1985 reported market price of US$103 tonne⁻¹.     

市场经济下我国农村剩余劳动力的转移与开发

市场经济的高速发展使我国农村发生了重大变革,农村剩余劳动力问题成为社会关注的一个重要课题。本文通过对农村劳动力的基本状况和转移特征的论述,客观地分析了剩余劳动力转移的阶段性,提出了劳动力转移开发的几种模式,并就这一问题提出了建议     

The Worldwide Availability of Phosphate Rock

The US Bureau of Mines has investigated the resource potential of 201 phosphate mines and depositee in 28 market economy countries and 17 mines and deposits in the USSR and China. The 201 mines and deposits contain an estimated 34.2 billiong tonnes (t) of recoverable phosphate rock (at the demonstrated resource level), with Morocco and Western Sahara accounting for 61% (21 billion t) and with the USA accounting for 19% (6.4 billion t). The 17 mines and deposits evaluated in the USSR and China contain approximately 1.5 billion t of potentially recoverable phosphate rock. Potential annual capacity from low-cost, high-grade producing mines in the USA is estimated to decline significantly during the latter half of the next decade, and the US phosphate fertilizer industry will have to obtain phosphate rock by developing new, higher-cost, lower-grade mines or import phosphate rock to satisfy anticipated demand in the next century. Of the world's new production capacity that are likely to be developed over the next decade, slightly over one-third could be produced at an estimated 1981 cost of $40/t or less, and about two-thirds would cost in the $40 to $50 per tonne range (including a 15% rate of return). In comparison, most of the competing phosphate rock from producing mines in Morocco could be produced for less than $40/t.     

A Review of the External Positions of the Oil-Importing Developing Countries and their Relationship to the World Oil Market

Many oil-importing developing countries faced greater difficulties coping with the second oil shock (1979–80) than with the first (1973–74). The recent decline in oil prices has offset only a small part of the adverse effect of the earlier increases, and a number of these countries continue to face severe problems in servicing their external debt. This paper explores the reasons for these difficulties, which are associated in part with the higher levels of real interest rates in recent years and with the slowdown in economic activity in industrial countries. Estimates are provided of the effects of changing oil prices on the net real cost of oil imports in developing countries. The paper concludes with an assessment of the medium-term prospects for the financing of external deficits.     

世界经济掀起绿色浪潮国际环保市场充满商机

本文介绍了发达国家绿色产业发展的现状及趋势,预示绿色产业在国际环保市场的领先潮流。我国要顺应这绿色潮流,提高我国环保产业在国际市场上的竞争力。