利蒙(LLMO)浓缩微生物菌在粘胶化纤废水治理中的应用

文中研究了利用投加利蒙菌对江西某化纤厂化纤废水的污水处理厂生化池进行改进,以期提高出水的CODCr与SS去除率,稳定出水水质。实验结果表明,利蒙菌在对粘胶化纤废水生化处理上的改进是可行的,对废水中CODCr,SS的平均去除率可比未投加提高56%,44%,其出水水质良好、稳定,其中ρ(CODCr)<40mg·L-1,ρ(SS)<50mg·L-1。     

絮凝-SBR-Fenton氧化处理酶制剂废水的研究

以某酶制品厂的废水为研究对象,确定了絮凝-SBR-Fenton高级氧化的试验方法.结果表明,在絮凝阶段,当聚合氯化铝(PAC)投加量为0.6g/L,搅拌6 min,絮凝70min的条件下,预处理的出水CODCr效果最好,去除率为44.6%;再经过SBR工艺处理,停留时间为14 h时,CODCr去除率达到了89.2%;之后再进行Fenton高级氧化,氧化的最佳条件是:ρ(FeSO4·7H2O)为3 g/L,ρ(H2O2)为0.8g/L,反应时间2 h.最终出水达到了GB 8978-1996<污水综合排放标准>中二级排放标准.     

混凝沉淀法预处理乐果生产废水的正交试验研究

采用石灰乳—碱式氯化铝 ( PAC)—聚丙烯酰胺 ( PAM)混凝沉淀工艺 ,对CODCr、总磷、无机磷含量均较高的乐果生产废水进行预处理 ,并通过正交试验确定了 p H、 Ca( OH) 2 和聚铝投加量与 CODCr、总磷、无机磷去除率之间的关系     

新型复合混凝脱色剂处理印染废水试验研究

针对某印染厂生产废水,以COD和色度为指标,用混凝试验方法研究了新型复合混凝脱色剂SE对印染废水的处理效果,并探讨了SE投加量及pH值、沉淀时间、搅拌强度对其混凝效果的影响,利用SE与 PAC 和PFS进行了对比试验.结果表明,SE可有效地去除印染废水中的COD和色度,当pH为8～10、沉淀时间为30 min、搅拌强度为75 r/min、投药量为155 mg/L时,去除效果最佳,COD和色度的去除率最高可达83%、94%;相对于PAC 和PFS,SE产生的絮体大而密实,沉降速度快,产生污泥量少,药剂用量少,最佳出水水质为：COD为139 mg/L,色度为37.证明SE是印染废水处理高效实用的复合型混凝剂.     

水解酸化-接触氧化在处理石油化工废水中的应用

采用水解酸化+接触氧化工艺处理镇江新区某石油化工厂废水。设计总处理水量120m3/d,其中原浓废水20m3/d,出水回流100m3/d;设计进水水质:高浓度有机废水CODCr9000mg/L以上,pH5～9,混合后废水CODCr约1500mg/L,pH6～8;设计出水水质:CODCr≤130mg/L,pH6～9。实际出水CODCr为123.29mg/L;CODCr平均去除率为92.04%,处理后出水可达标排放。     

混凝法预处理高浓度有机制药废水

本文通过以加药制度、加药量、搅拌时间、搅拌速度等不同条件下所获得絮体的分形维数、相应的CODcr去除率、上清夜浊度作为评价指标,确定最佳制药废水的混凝方案。研究结果表明:制药厂车间原水以PAM作为絮凝剂,添加氯化钙可获较高CODcr去除效率及较大的絮体分形维数值。压滤气浮后出水以PAM作为絮凝剂,添加石灰乳浊液加PAC可获得较好的CODcr去除效率及较大絮体分形维数值。     

Fenton/SBR组合工艺处理博落回提取废水研究

在常温(25℃)条件下,对Fenton与序批式活性污泥法(SBR)组合工艺处理博落回提取废水的特性进行了研究.结果表明,当进水CODCr为7300mg·L-1时,通过多个单因素试验确定的最佳Fenton反应条件为:初始pH=3.0,n(H2O2)∶n(Fe2+)=15,H2O2投加量为7300mg·L-1.在此条件下反应120min后,CODCr去除率为65.3%,BOD5/CODCr由原水的0.14上升到出水的0.22,可生化性得到提高.同时,研究证明,出水pH不影响CODCr去除率,但污泥体积指数(SVI)值随着出水pH的增大而减小.Fenton氧化出水经SBR工艺处理后,CODCr可控制在500mg·L-1以内,达到国家三级排放标准.     

生物接触氧化法处理水产品加工废水的设计及运行

采用生物接触氧化工艺处理水产品加工废水,设计能力400m3/d,废水进水水质CODCr为728~1176mg/L,运行稳定后,出水水质CODCr为92~140mg/L,CODCr去除率为85.2%~93.3%,出水水质稳定,达到(GB8978-1996)中的二级排放标准。运行1a来,剩余污泥产生量少,仅排除剩余污泥1次;废水处理成本为0.92元/m3。     

染料废水脱色处理的研究

以物化处理工艺中的混凝法来处理印染废水,即用高效脱色剂与聚合氯化铝(PAC)和助凝剂聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)混凝来处理,从而考察了PAC的用量、废水的酸碱度和脱色剂的加入量对废水脱色效果的影响,从而得出最佳实验条件。结果表明:在500mL废水中,当废水酸碱度在7.5～8.5之间,PAC的用量在1.0～1.75mL之间,高效脱色剂的用量在1.0～1.5mL之间时,废水脱色效果最好。     

高浓度服装水洗废水的混凝处理研究

采用化学混凝法,以PAC为混凝剂,PAM为助凝剂,对高浓度服装水洗废水进行处理研究。考察了溶液的pH值、PAC的投加量、PAM的用量等因素对脱色率及COD去除率的影响,得到最佳工艺条件为:pH为8.0左右,PAC投加量为25mL/L(废水),PAM的投加量为1.0mL/L(废水)。在此条件下,服装水洗废水的脱色率为73.1%,COD的去除率为72.1%。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.