H2S、NH3混合臭气在生物滴滤池中的净化研究

研究了生物滴滤塔净化含H2S与NH3臭气最佳的生态条件为:在温度为25 ℃、气体通气量为0.4 m3/h、营养盐喷淋量为8.0 L/h、入口H2S质量浓度712.80-948.80 mg/m3、入口NH3质量浓度422.20-795.40 mg/m3、pH值7.0-8.0之间的情况下,去除效率可达90%以上.生物滴滤塔在处理H2S和NH3混合气时,塔内pH值保持在6.5-8.5之间,此pH值对反应器中优势菌的生长繁殖不会造成太大影响,对处理效果影响不大,因此反应过程可不用对pH值进行调节,节约运行成本.     

生物膜液相催化氧化烟气脱硫实验研究

用氧化亚铁硫杆菌在生物膜填料塔进行液相催化氧化脱硫是一种新型的经济有效的方法.脱硫效率受多种因素影响.本文分别研究了SO2入口质量浓度、喷淋液Fe2 浓度、喷淋率、空塔气速及喷淋液循环使用对脱硫效率的影响.结果表明,在最佳操作条件(SO2入口质量浓度小于2 000 mg/m3、喷淋液中Fe2 浓度≥0.06 mol/L、喷淋率约为12 L/m3h,空塔气速约为0.15 m/s)下,脱硫效率可达96%以上.还分析了在反应器中培养基连续循环使用对脱硫效果的影响.在本实验条件下,当喷淋液循环使用7次后,必须补充新鲜营养液,以保证较高的脱硫效率.     

基于HAZOP方法的加氢工艺自动化安全控制

加氢工艺是国家安全生产监督管理总局首批重点监管的危险化工工艺之一,需要对其进行自动化安全控制。从反应物料、加氢反应等对加氢工艺过程的危险性进行了初步分析。基于HAZOP方法,以加氢反应器为分析对象,深入探讨了反应温度、压力、氢气流量、惰性气体、冷却水、搅拌等方面出现偏差的原因、后果及安全对策措施,这些偏差包括无、多、少。根据加氢工艺HAZOP分析结果,并且在对大量的涉及加氢工艺的化工企业实际调查研究的基础上,结合众多化工安全专家的实践经验,重点从流量、压力、温度等主要偏差提出了安装流量自动控制控制器、超压报警自动控制、超温报警自动控制、可燃气体浓度检测报警探头、搅拌器电流报警等自动化安全控制方案。     

硫精砂制酸尾气达标排放及资源化回收利用

硫精砂制酸排出的尾气中SO2含量一般为0.2%~0.5%(体积分数,下同),目前国内普遍采用一转一吸或两转两吸流程来吸收硫酸尾气,使SO2质量浓度达到低于860 mg/m3的国家二级排放标准。但随着国家颁布新的《硫酸工业污染物排放标准》,要求现有硫酸企业SO2排放质量浓度必须于2013年10月1日前全部低于400mg/m3,因此必须对尾气进行进一步的处理。本文结合湖北新洋丰肥业股份有限公司和武汉中东化工有限公司硫酸生产的实际情况,总结了采取三段氨吸法处理硫酸尾气的技术改造和资源化回收利用。     

烧结烟气氨法脱硫工艺的模拟与分析

为了进一步分析烧结烟气氨法脱硫工艺,利用Aspen Plus软件建立了烧结烟气氨法双塔脱硫模型,介绍了模型中模块的选取和物性方法的选择。利用所建立模型对某企业烧结烟气氨法脱硫工艺进行模拟分析,对系统的脱硫性能进行预测,分析了入口烟气温度、质量流量、烟气中SO_2质量浓度、氨液质量浓度和补水温度对系统脱硫效率和氨损失的影响。在本系统工况下,烟气进入吸收段温度应保持在50～60℃,工艺补水采用常温进料方式,补充氨液质量浓度为18%～20%,系统能保持高效运行。     

喷淋塔的流体力学特性与脱硫效率研究

基于喷淋塔内脱硫过程中的流体力学数学模型,描述了湿式石灰石/石膏烟气脱硫法的脱硫效率与入口烟气SO2浓度、喷淋浆液中SO2浓度、烟气量、循环浆液量、钙硫摩尔比以及脱硫塔结构(截面积、吸收区高度等)的定量关系,重点分析了喷淋塔内液气比、烟气流速、吸收液的流量、喷嘴雾化性能、浆液pH值和烟气温度等参数,并阐述了这些因素对脱硫效率的影响.     

混合动力汽车尾气余热回收系统的研究

针对尾气余热能量浪费问题,建立了某直列四缸汽油机尾气余热回收发电的系统模型。通过B.T米特罗欣的数学分析法和涡轮特征曲线快速匹配到适合的涡轮机,然后根据涡轮特征曲线对高速发电机进行了匹配。以满足国Ⅴ标准的NEDC工况为参考,对整个系统进行了仿真分析。结果表明,该系统能够实现尾气余热能量的回收,在市区和市郊平均分别可以回收能量1 k W和1.5 k W,市郊最高可达1.8 k W。     

ALOHA在职业卫生评价中的应用——以炼化企业轻烃回收装置硫化氢模拟泄漏为例

正石油化工企业含有硫化氢(H_2S)的环节主要有:加氢、脱硫、废气处理、胺液闪蒸、硫磺转化等。职业性硫化氢中毒多由于设备损坏,输送管道及阀门漏气,违反操作规程,生产事故等致使硫化氢大量溢出。石油化工行业硫化氢中毒事故发生较多,造成的危害很大,若能在职业卫生评价中定量分析硫化氢泄漏的浓度及范围,可提高管理人员及作业人员对硫化氢中毒的重视程度。     

多元可燃性混合气体爆炸中间产物发射光谱特性实验研究

从矿井火区实际出发,选用类似于煤矿开采现场产生的多元可燃性气体:CH4,C2H6 ,C2H4,CO,H2 ,利用瞬态光谱测量系统探究了爆炸引发阶段中间产物的光谱特征,分析了组分配比、组分浓度和甲烷浓度对压力特性和中间产物光谱的影响。研究结果表明:在多组分气体加入量较小（未形成体系贫氧状态）时,3种自由基发射光谱峰值出现时间随着甲烷浓度的增大先缩短后延长;在多组分气体加入量较大（形成体系贫氧状态）时,自由基发射光谱峰值出现时间随着甲烷浓度的增大不断延长;当其以任意比例混合后,微观反应过程中关键自由基的出现顺序为:OH自由基先于O自由基, O自由基先于H自由基出现。     

几种结晶条件对氧化镁脱硫副产物回收的影响

为了优化脱硫液中硫酸镁结晶回收的控制条件,将经过处理的现场脱硫液放入5L夹套反应器中进行冷却结晶的单因素试验和正交试验,发现溶液冷却速率在7℃/h,搅拌速度为40 r/min,结晶温度为20℃,硫酸镁质量分数为34％时,一次结晶率为53％、晶体粒径0.45 mm.此条件下得到的结晶基本符合工业标准.     

磷矿浆催化氧化湿法脱硝研究

采用液相催化氧化NO_x的方法,通过磷矿浆中过渡金属离子的催化作用,达到净化电厂烟气中NO的目的。考察了烟气含氧量、吸收温度、磷矿浆固液比及气体流量对磷矿浆湿法脱硝的影响。结果表明,试验最佳条件为NO进口质量浓度670 mg/m~3、磷矿浆吸收温度25℃、固液比500 g/L、流量0.3 L/min、含氧量20%;优化条件下的磷矿浆脱除效率最高可达88.9%。随着磷矿浆湿法催化氧化脱硝反应的进行,p H值不断下降,导致磷矿浆逐渐失效,需补入新鲜矿浆,维持吸收液的p H值以保证良好脱硝率。     

过程液氯贮槽装置封闭厂房及事故氯吸收塔联用安全效用分析

分析、设立液氯贮槽液相泄漏的几种典型事故情景,并利用液相泄漏、液池蒸发、重气扩散和人员中毒死亡概率等模型对比研究封闭厂房及事故氯吸收塔等安全措施对液氯贮槽液相泄漏扩散中毒后果的影响,给出不同事故情景下液氯泄漏速率、液池半径、液池蒸发速率、室外氯气中毒死亡概率等事故后果特征值。对封闭厂房及事故氯吸收塔安全效用进行定量分析和比较研究。结果表明,液氯贮槽的封闭厂房对抑制液氯泄漏扩散中毒事故后果效用明显;事故氯吸收塔能消除液氯贮槽微小孔泄漏所对应的小事故情景,还能对封闭厂房最严重泄漏事故后果起到初期削峰作用。显然,封闭厂房及事故氯吸收塔联用可以降低液氯贮槽事故影响后果,具有良好安全效用。     

Process safety aspects in water-gas-shift (WGS) membrane reactors used for pure hydrogen production

The syngas produced by coal gasification processes can be utilized in Pd-based water-gas-shift membrane reactors for the production of pure H₂. Pd/alloy composite membrane reactors exhibit comparative advantages over traditional packed bed reactors such as simultaneous reaction/separation in one compact unit and increased reaction yields. Furthermore, the development of comprehensive process intensification strategies could further enhance membrane reactor performance resulting in a substantially smaller and functional, inherently safer, environmentally friendlier and more energy efficient process.A systematic non-isothermal modeling framework under both steady state and dynamic/transient conditions for a catalytic high temperature water-gas shift reaction in a Pd-based membrane reactor has been developed to characterize the dynamic behavior of the process system at various operating conditions from a process safety standpoint. In particular, various reaction conditions as well as key process variables such as feed temperature and flow rate, catalyst loading, driving force for H₂ permeation are considered as they are critically related to various safety aspects in the operation of a Pd-based membrane reactor. Within the proposed framework, process parameters and operating conditions which may induce hazards and compromise process safety are identified, analyzed and characterized. Finally, the proposed approach is evaluated through detailed simulation studies in an illustrative case study involving a real Pd-based membrane reactor used for pure hydrogen production and separation that exhibits complex behavior over a wide operating regime.     

Dynamic model based safety analysis of a three-phase catalytic slurry intensified continuous reactor

Safety analysis like the HAZOP (HAZard OPerability) study can be much more efficient if a dynamic model of the system under consideration is available to evaluate the consequences of hazard deviations and the efficiency of the proposed safety barriers. In this paper, a dynamic model of a three-phase catalytic slurry intensified continuous chemical reactor is used within the context of its HAZOP (HAZard OPerability) study. This reactor, the RAPTOR®, is an intensified continuous mini-reactor designed by the French company AETGROUP SAS that can replace batch or fed-batch processes in the case of highly exothermic reactions involving hazardous substances. The highly hazardous hydrogenation of o-cresol under high pressure and temperature is taken as an example of application. Deviations as a temperature increase of the cooling medium or no cooling medium flow can produce an overheating of the reactor. Thus, three possible safety barriers are evaluated by simulation: shut off the gaseous reactant feed, shut off the liquid reactant feed or stop the agitation. The more efficient actions are the stopping of the agitation and/or of the gas reactant feed. The simulation results can efficiently help the reactor design and optimisation. Safety analysis can also be one of the criteria to compare batch and intensified continuous processes.     

基于物联网的塔式起重机安全监控系统

为减少塔式起重机事故的发生概率,顺应信息化监测技术迅速发展的行业背景,提出一套基于物联网的塔式起重机安全监控系统.首先设计塔式起重机安全监控系统架构,结合其结构特点提出传感器布置方案.然后针对结构安全和安拆作业程序安全2个方面,以国家强制性标准为依据设置监测指标、预警阈值和预警等级;最后结合实际工程项目对监控系统方案进...     

燃烧假人实验室安全监控及应急处理系统设计

针对燃烧假人实验室的安全监控和应急处理要求,根据相关国家标准,设计了感温、感烟、可燃气体探测器、声光报警器,摄像装置、通排风系统、灭火处理系统和水喷淋降温装置,并采取防雷击和防静电措施,实现了对高温、烟雾和燃气泄露等安全隐患的全面监控和处理。     

某聚丙烯车间生产系统危险性评价

在分析某聚丙烯车间生产系统危险因素的基础上,应用道化学公司的火灾爆炸危险指数评价法(第7版)对某车问聚合闪蒸、原料精制、尾气回收及丙烯北罐区等主要危险工艺单元进行了火灾爆炸危险性评价,并提出了事故防范的安全对策。     

烷基苯联合装置风险及控制研究

烷基苯联合装置含有国家安全监管总局首批重点监管的15种危险化工工艺中的加氢工艺、烷基化工艺两种,装置工艺介质为易燃、易爆、有毒及强腐蚀性物质,生产中潜在危险性较大;开展工艺风险研究,落实控制措施,对于提高装置本质安全性具有极为重要意义.首先探讨了工艺危险和要害部位,确认装置主要风险为火灾、爆炸和毒性危害;然后应用HAZOP方法,以加氢反应进料加热炉、烷基化反应器为分析对象,研究了工艺状态参数温度、压力、物料流量等方面出现偏差的原因、后果及安全措施;还对氢气泄漏发生火灾、爆炸和苯泄漏发生火灾、爆炸、人员中毒进行了事故后果定量分析,提出了相应的安全措施,以消除或降低工艺危险,保障装置安全.     

A new approach to determine relieving temperature and thermodynamic behavior of trapped single and multi-phase fluid exposed to fire

Process safety plays a key role in modern industries. This is more significant specifically in off-shore oil and gas platforms where releasing hydrocarbons could cause irreversible damages to both environment and personnel. An important instrument device which can provide safety for process equipment in oil and gas fields is safety relief valve. Correct sizing procedure of such devices depends strongly on physical properties of fluid and relieving condition. The present study revolved around applying thermodynamic concepts and modeling to throw some light on the behavior of trapped fluid exposed to fire in order to evaluate precise temperature and fluid properties at relieving condition. Peng–Robinson equation of state together with a three phase flash has been utilized to handle the calculation. Effect of different design parameters has been evaluated for three distinct categories of fluids namely natural gas, gas-condensate mixture, and gas-oil mixtures. These parameters encompass of operating temperature, operating pressure, Difference of Operating and Design Pressure, gas and oil specific gravities, gas-oil ratio, and water cut. The study depicted that American Petroleum Institute practice number 521 which suggests an ideal gas assumption fails to provide reliable predictions as it significantly overestimate the relieving temperature. Moreover, black oil correlations were also used for the relief temperature estimation of gas-oil-water mixtures. Comparison with HYSYS results as a prominent engineering software proved that black oil models are reliable tools to predict relief temperature.