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污灌区盐分累积对土壤汞吸附行为影响的模拟研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
以受盐渍化和重金属汞双重胁迫的天津污灌区土壤为研究对象,探讨汞在盐渍化土壤中吸附的热力学及动力学特征.研究的盐分种类为污灌区土壤盐渍化进程中的主要盐分NaCl和Na2SO4,设置的盐度梯度为7个,添加质量分数为0~5%.结果表明,Lanmguir方程和Elovich方程可以理想地拟合盐处理下土壤对Hg(Ⅱ)吸附的热力学和动力学过程.当加入的盐分为NaCl时,随着添加盐度的增长(0~5%),最大吸附量(Langmuir方程的参数qm)、吸附强度(Langmuir方程的参数k)迅速降低,分别由对照的868.64 mg·kg-1和1.32减少至添加5%NaCl的357.48 mg·kg-1和0.63,且使土壤Hg(Ⅱ)的吸附速率(Elovich方程的参数b)显著下降;当加入的盐分为Na2SO4时,随着盐度的增长,最大吸附量和吸附强度小幅下降,由对照降低至添加5%Na2SO4的739.44 mg·kg-1和1.18,对土壤Hg(Ⅱ)吸附速率影响不显著.土壤中Cl-和SO2-4含量对Hg(Ⅱ)最大吸附量之间可以用对数模型刻画,Cl-含量与Hg(Ⅱ)吸附速率之间表现为线性关系.研究表明,高浓度的NaCl环境极其不利于Hg(Ⅱ)在污灌区土壤中的吸附及固持,用含NaCl较高的污水灌溉作物很有可能会引起汞的二次污染,土壤的盐渍化趋势会使汞污染和释放趋势更趋严重. 相似文献
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重庆铁山坪森林土壤汞释放通量的影响因子研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
对位于重庆铁山坪的马尾松林下的山地黄壤进行表层土壤(0~5 cm)的原状采集,并在实验室中进行控制实验,利用通量箱法测量原状土块表面的汞释放通量,以研究环境因子对土壤汞释放量的影响.结果表明,土壤汞释放量与辐射强度呈显著的正相关,在相同的空气温度和土壤含水量等条件下,土壤汞释放量在光下是遮阳条件下的3~9倍.不过,由于林下土壤常处于背阴状态,可能遮阳条件更能代表白天林下土壤汞的排放情况.土壤汞释放量存在明显的季节变化,夏季>春秋季>冬季,空气温度与土壤汞释放呈正相关.在低温下土壤汞释放量很低,土壤含水量影响较弱,而在高温时土壤含水量增加能明显促进土壤汞释放.枯落物的移除会显著降低土壤汞释放通量,主要原因可能是枯落物的汞含量较高并易于还原.土壤汞释放量在一天内也存在明显的衰减趋势,表明土壤表层的汞含量可能是森林土壤汞释放的重要限制因素.本研究测得森林土壤汞释放通量(白天)为:夏季(14.3±19.6)ng·(m2·h)-1、春秋季(3.50±5.36)ng·(m2·h)-1、冬季(1.48±3.27)ng·(m2·h)-1,以上稳态测试结果可能高估了实际的汞排放量. 相似文献
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土壤释汞通量影响因素研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
汞具有独特的物理化学性质和生物毒性,能在大气中长期滞留,对距离污染源较远的地区造成污染。土壤是一个巨大的汞库,土壤和大气界面汞的交换是汞的生物地球化学循环的重要组成部分,能够对周围环境产生显著的影响。土壤释汞通量受到很多环境因素的影响,如土壤中汞的形态、土壤和大气中汞含量、土壤温度、光照、土壤湿度、降雨和灌溉、土壤p H和Eh、植被、气象因素、微生物等。环境因素的变化可能会导致土壤释汞通量的昼夜变化和季节变化。环境因素通常对土壤释汞通量进行复合影响,而最终的影响结果可能表现为协同或是拮抗作用。本文对影响土壤释汞通量的主要因素及其影响机理进行了详细地介绍,提出了对各种环境因素的复合效应的结果的研究需要进一步开展。 相似文献
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贵阳市2种不同类型草地的汞释放通量 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
利用动态通量箱法对贵阳市人工草坪和天然草地的汞释放通量进行了野外实测. 结果表明:春季和夏季的草地是大气中汞的来源,并未出现明显的季节性变化,其平均汞释放通量为(7.8±15.7)~(41.5±15.2) ng/(m2·h),且天然草地的汞释放通量明显高于人工草坪. 草地的汞释放通量具有明显的日变化特征,白天汞释放通量显著高于夜间,最大值通常出现在午后,最小值则出现在夜间. 草地的汞释放通量与光照强度、土壤温度、大气温度呈显著的正线性关系,与大气相对湿度呈负线性关系. 大气中气态总汞的质量浓度是影响草地汞释放通量的另一个重要因素. 大气中气态总汞质量浓度的升高能够抑制草叶片向大气中释放汞,而高质量浓度的气态总汞可导致大气中的汞向草叶片的强烈沉降. 相似文献
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《中国环境科学》2017,(5)
应用稳定同位素~(202)Hg稀释技术,通过培养试验及改进的Tessier连续提取法,分析同位素比值R_(Hg)(~(202)Hg/~(200)Hg)的变化情况及同位素可交换态含量(E值),探索盐渍化对外源汞在天津潮土中形态分布及有效性的影响.主要盐分NaCl和Na_2SO_4,设置的盐度梯度为7个,添加质量分数为0%~5%.结果表明,外源~(202)Hg进入NaCl处理的土壤后,同位素比值R_(Hg)变化最为显著的形态集中在交换态(含水溶态)、胡敏酸结合态和富里酸结合态,对碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机质结合态、残渣态的影响较小,其中交换态、富里酸结合态的同位素比值R_(Hg)大幅度上升,富里酸结合态含量显著下降.Na_2SO_4处理的土壤各形态Hg的同位素比值与对照土壤相比均不显著,基本保持稳定.5%NaCl处理下土壤Hg的E值相比对照提高了51%,土壤Hg同位素可交换态含量E值与Cl~-含量呈现显著的正相关关系,取对数后的一元回归方程为lny=0.0961lnx+4.895(x为Cl~(-1)含量,y为E值,n=7,R~2=0.918).研究表明,高浓度的NaCl环境对外源Hg在土壤中形态分布有显著影响,土壤的盐渍化趋势会使汞释放及作物吸收风险更趋严重. 相似文献
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《中国环境科学》2017,(11)
将汞同位素示踪剂~(199)Hg~(2+)(土壤背景含量的80%)加入不同盐分和盐度处理的盐渍化土壤中,利用多重标记稳定同位素示踪技术,研究盐分累积对外源汞在土壤中甲基化的影响.盐分种类为NaCl和Na_2SO_4,设置的盐度梯度为7个,添加质量分数为0%~5%.结果表明,外源199Hg2+加入土壤后,在培养期间,土壤中CH_3~(199)Hg~+生成量变化趋势总体呈S型曲线,表现出迟缓-最大速率-稳定3个阶段,用Logistic方程可以理想拟合盐处理下外源汞添加入土壤后生成甲基汞的动力学过程.在未添加盐分处理的对照土壤中,甲基汞最大生成量为0.698μg/kg,最大甲基化速率为0.217μg/(kg·d).NaCl处理下,随着盐度的增长,外源Hg进入土壤后汞甲基化程度总体呈现先增长后降低的趋势.0.2%~0.6%盐度下,甲基化程度显著提高,0.4%盐度下最高,最大生成量和最大甲基化速率分别达到3.589μg/kg和0.415μg/(kg·d).盐度在1%~2%时汞甲基化程度与对照比较接近,高盐度(5%)对汞甲基化有明显的抑制作用.Na_2SO_4处理下,当盐度水平超过0.2%时,会显著抑制外源汞加入土壤后甲基汞的生成. 相似文献
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为了揭示不同植被覆盖下土壤/大气界面释汞通量及其交换特征,在缙云山国家级自然保护区内选择4种典型植被覆盖类型(常绿阔叶林、楠竹林、灌木林以及草地)为研究对象,连续同步监测不同植被覆盖下土/气界面汞释放通量,同时考察各环境因子对土壤释汞的影响.结果表明,缙云山在4种不同植被覆盖下土壤汞释放通量具有明显的差异,总体表现为楠竹林[17.77 ng·(m~2·h)~(-1)]草地[17.58 ng·(m~2·h)~(-1)]灌木林[16.87 ng·(m~2·h)~(-1)]常绿阔叶林[14.32 ng·(m~2·h)~(-1)];不同植被覆盖下土壤释汞通量在季节变化上呈现相似的规律性,但不同植被覆盖类型之间也存在明显差异,主要体现在暖季汞释放通量高于冷季;缙云山地区不同林植被覆盖下土壤释汞通量存在明显的日变化;气象因素光照强度、气温、土温和相对湿度,对土/气界面汞释放通量影响也不相同,气温为常绿阔叶林,灌木林与楠竹林的主要影响因子,光照强度为草地的主要影响因子. 相似文献
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以受盐渍化和重金属双重胁迫的天津污灌区土壤为研究对象,通过径流实验和淋溶实验,探讨盐渍化土壤重金属的释放特征及对水质安全的影响.研究的盐分种类为污灌区土壤盐渍化进程中的主要盐分Na Cl,设置的盐度梯度为7个,添加质量分数为0(CK)~5%,污染土壤中Cd、Pb和Hg含量分别为2.21、234.1和0.601 mg·kg~(-1).结果表明,(1)不同盐度处理下产流所需时间为(51'25″±15″),盐度对径流产流时间影响不显著;(2)随着Na Cl盐度梯度的提高,土壤径流和淋溶液中Cd、Pb和Hg的累计释放量均显著上升.Cd累计释放量从CK的53.40μg·kg~(-1)(径流)和55.63μg·kg~(-1)(淋溶)分别提高到5%Na Cl盐度处理的122.56μg·kg~(-1)(径流)和135.79μg·kg~(-1)(淋溶),Pb的累计释放量从CK的168.30μg·kg~(-1)(径流)和94.44μg·kg~(-1)(淋溶)分别提高到5%Na Cl盐度处理的340.68μg·kg~(-1)(径流)和201.93μg·kg~(-1)(淋溶),Hg的累计释放量从CK的39.66μg·kg~(-1)(径流)和9.60μg·kg~(-1)(淋溶)分别提高到5%Na Cl处理的89.37μg·kg~(-1)(径流)和11.97μg·kg~(-1)(淋溶).同时,径流及淋溶液中可溶态重金属含量显著上升,颗粒态含量有所下降,其所占比例也显著下降.Cl-含量与重金属累计释放量之间关系可以用线性或对数模型拟合.(3)高盐度处理下径流和淋出液中Cd浓度超过地下水水质Ⅲ类标准,对环境及地下水存在一定威胁;径流和淋溶前期Pb浓度超过Ⅲ类标准;径流和淋溶过程中Hg浓度均超过Ⅲ类标准,风险较高.本研究结果表明高强度降雨强度下污染农田土壤重金属释放风险不可忽视. 相似文献
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A simulation study of mercury release fluxes from soils in wet-dry rotation environment 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A simulative mesocosm study was conducted to evaluate the influence of wet-dry rotation on mercury(Hg) flux from soil/water to air and the distribution of Hg species in water as well as Hg chemical fractions in soil. Three types of soil were employed including two kinds of paddy soil, Typic Purpli-Udic Cambosols(TPUC) and Xanthi-Udic Ferralosols(XUF), as well as the Alluvial Soil(AS) from Three Gorge reservoir area in Chongqing, China. The results showed that Hg fluxes in wetting periods were significantly higher than that in drying periods. It might be due to the formation of a layer of stable air over the water surface in which some redox reactions promote evasion processes over the water surface. This result indicated that more Hg would be evaporated from the Three Gorge reservoir and paddy soil field during the flooding season. Hg fluxes were positively correlated with air temperature and solar irradiation, while negatively correlated with air humidity and the electronic conductivity of water. Hg fluxes from AS and TPUC were significantly higher than that from XUF, which might be due to the higher organic matter(OM) contents in XUF than TPUC and AS. The reduction processes of oxidized Hg were restrained due to the strong binding of Hg to OM, resulting in the decrease in Hg flux from the soil. 相似文献
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Effect of organic matter and pH on mercury release from soils 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
An investigation was conducted on the effect of organic matter(OM)and pH on mercury(Hg)release from soils.Hg release flux was measured using the dynamic flux chamber(DFC)combined with the Lumex multifunctional mercury analyzer in both laboratory experiment and field monitoring.The results showed that Hg emission from the OM-added soils was apparently low because of the high affinity of OM to Hg,resulting in the reverse order as the amount of OM addition.Meanwhile,Hg release flux from different pH value soils exhibited the same trend for both Hg~(2 )and Hg_2~(2 )treatment,increasing the Hg flux with pH value of soils increasing.The trend of Hg release in the pH dependence experiment has been well in agreement with that from the field test.In addition,Hg release seemed to be related to its species in the soil,the flux from Hg~(2 )-added soil was obviously higher than that of Hg_2~(2 )-added soil by the laboratory experiment. 相似文献
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不同类型紫色土土/气界面汞释放通量及其影响因素 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
运用动力通量箱与RA-915 汞分析仪联用技术,对重庆市3种类型紫色土的土/气界面汞交换通董进行了实地监测.结果显示,不同类型紫色土的土/气界面汞交换通量有一定差异,随着土壤pH值的增加,汞交换通量值增大,酸性紫色土平均通量值为(30.8±23.7)ng·m-2·h-1,中性紫色土为(34.9±25.7)ng·m-2·h-1,石灰性紫色土为(39.0±27.O)ng·m-2·h-1.土/气界面汞交换量受光照、气温、土壤温度和空气相对湿度等因素的影响,汞交换通量与光照、气温和土壤温度呈显著正相关关系,与相对湿度呈显著负相关关系,与大气压不相关. 相似文献
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采集内蒙古河套灌区盐碱土壤(电导率EC为0.27mS/cm),利用NaCl调节土壤电导率为(0,10,20,40,80mS/cm),基于稳定碳同位素分析不同电导率土壤添加定量δ13C-CO2后,土壤CO2吸收量以及土壤难溶性无机碳含量(SIC)-δ13C值.结果表明,盐碱土壤能够吸收CO2,随土壤电导率(EC)升高,土壤CO2累积吸收量增加, S5(EC=80mS/cm) CO2累积吸收量比S1(0.27mS/cm)高1.6640mg.土壤SIC含量(R2=0.7080,P<0.05)和土壤可溶性无机碳含量(DIC)(R2=0.6096,P<0.05)与土壤EC显著负相关关系.盐碱土壤吸收CO2部分固存于土壤无机碳中,外源添加δ13C-CO2,盐碱土壤SIC-δ13C值(-5.299‰ ~ -0.8341‰)显著增加.EC为20mS/cm土壤固相保存δ13C-CO2总量最高1.276mg,固存δ13C-CO2总量占土壤吸收13CO2总量比例30.28%最高;EC为80mS/cm固碳量最低为0.2749mg,固存δ13C-CO2总量占土壤吸收13CO2总量比例5.579%. 相似文献
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污灌区稻田汞污染特征及健康风险评价 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
选择天津北排污河灌区作为研究区域,调查了土壤和水稻总汞和甲基汞的含量及分布特征,评估污灌区稻米食用汞暴露风险,并对污灌区土壤-稻米甲基汞的影响因素进行了初步分析.结果表明,1.调查的29个污灌区稻田,土壤总汞含量为(367.04 ± 129.36) μg/kg,显著高于区域土壤Hg背景值73 μg/kg,甲基汞含量为(0.87 ± 0.77) μg/kg;水稻各部位总汞含量依次为稻叶 > 稻根 > 稻茎 > 稻米,稻米总汞含量为(12.80 ± 5.14) μg/kg,甲基汞含量依次为稻米 > 稻根 > 稻茎 > 稻叶,稻米对甲基汞具有很强的富集能力,甲基汞含量为(2.09 ± 1.20) μg/kg,甲基化率均值超过10%.污灌区稻米总汞每周摄入量为0.068~1.25μg/(kg·bw),甲基汞每周摄入量为0.0095~0.49μg/(kg·bw),污灌区稻米总汞及甲基汞暴露对居民健康风险总体仍在安全阈值内,但个别汞污染较严重地块甲基汞暴露风险值得高度关注.土壤甲基汞含量仅与土壤总汞含量及黏粒含量的相关性达到显著性水平,稻米甲基汞含量与土壤总汞含量、土壤甲基汞含量、稻米总汞含量及黏粒含量的相关性达到显著性水平. 相似文献
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VerticalfluxesofvolatilemercuryoversoilsurfacesinGuizhouProvince,ChinaFengXinbin,ChenYecai,ZhuWeiguoStateKeyLaboratoryofEnvir... 相似文献
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Nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes from soils were measured using the closed chamber method during the snow-free seasons (middle April to early November),for three years,in a total of 11 upland crop fields in central Hokkaido,Japan.The annual mean N2O fluxes ranged from 2.95 to 164.17 μgN/(m2·h),with the lowest observed in a grassland and the highest in an onion field.The instantaneous N2O fluxes showed a large temporal variation with peak emissions generally occurring following fertilization and heavy rainfall eve... 相似文献
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Seepage from Hg mine wastes and calcines contains high concentrations of mercury (Hg). Hg pollution is a major environmental
problem in areas with abandoned mercury mines and retorting units. This study evaluates factors, especially the hydrological and
sedimentary variables, governing temporal and spatial variation in levels and state of mercury in streams impacted by Hg contaminated
runo . Samples were taken during di erent flow regimes in theWanshan Hg mining area in Guizhou Province, China. In its headwaters
the sampled streams/rivers pass by several mine wastes and calcines with high concentration of Hg. Seepage causes serious Hg
contamination to the downstream area. Concentrations of Hg in water samples showed significant seasonal variations. Periods of
higher flow showed high concentrations of total Hg (THg) in water due to more particles being re-suspended and transported. The
concentrations of major anions (e.g., Cl??, F??, NO3?? and SO4
2??) were lower during higher flow due to dilution. Due to both sedimentation
of particles and dilution from tributaries the concentration of THg decreased from 2100 ng/L to background levels (< 50 ng/L) within
10 km distance downstream. Sedimentation is the main reason for the fast decrease of the concentration, it accounts for 69% and 60%
for higher flow and lower flow regimes respectively in the upper part of the stream. Speciation calculation of the dissolved Hg fraction
(DHg) (using Visual MINTEQ) showed that Hg(OH)2 associated with dissolved organic matter is the main form of Hg in dissolved
phase in surface waters in Wanshan (over 95%). 相似文献
20.
中国燃煤汞排放量估算 总被引:118,自引:1,他引:118
研究了中国煤炭的汞含量及主要用煤行业燃煤汞排放因子.结合有关统计资料计算了我国各行业和各地区燃煤汞的排放量.全国煤炭的平均汞含量为0.22mg/kg ,主要燃煤行业中大气汞排放因子为64.0 % ~78.2 % .1995年全国燃煤共排放汞302.9t,其中向大气中排汞量为213.8t,排入灰渣及产品中的汞为89.07t.1978(1995 年全国燃煤大气汞排放量的年平均增长速度为4.8 % ,累积排汞量为2493.8t ;北京、上海、天津等超大城市排汞强度较高;燃煤汞排放是中国面临的重要环境问题. 相似文献