垃圾焚烧炉渣种植试验初探

文章为解决矿山废弃地种植土稀缺和城市固废需消纳的问题,探索垃圾焚烧炉渣作为植被恢复用土的可行性,以取自北京市大兴、朝阳、海淀、门头沟、河南省焦作以及山东省威海的6个垃圾焚烧厂的垃圾焚烧炉渣为研究对象,北京地区的存量垃圾土为调配土,两者按不同体积比进行混合配制种植土。首先通过测定不同配比种植土的pH、土壤容重、田间持水量、非毛管孔隙度、水溶性盐、有机质等土壤理化性质,以及土壤淋溶液的BOD5、COD、重金属含量等污染指标,对照《绿化种植土壤》(CJ/T 340-2016)和《农田灌溉水质标准》(GB 5084-2005)等标准,判断其用作种植土的可能性;再以播种和移苗方式在不同配比种植土中进行种植试验,依据植物生长响应,确定满足不同植物生长的种植土配制比例。结果表明:(1)垃圾焚烧炉渣pH在10～11之间,水溶性盐含量0.530%,均超出《绿化种植土壤》标准值,不可直接用于种植。(2)存量垃圾土可用于炉渣改良。存量垃圾土添加量60%的种植土,试验所选植物存活率普遍较低且长势不佳;存量垃圾土添加量≥60%的种植土,种植条件得到较大改善,可以满足多数植物的种植要求。     

城市垃圾填埋场覆盖蚓粪土对作物生长的影响研究

试验研究了在城市垃圾填埋场上覆盖蚓粪土、紫色土、垃圾渣土对三种作物的主品质的影响，结果表明三种作物在三种覆盖物中均可生长，且生长状况好，而万以覆盖蚓粪 土中作物生长快、生物产量和蛋白质含量高，作物可食部分的重金属含量未超标，作物品质好，但覆盖紫色土和垃圾渣土中，作物可食部分的重金属含量部分或大部分超标，尤以覆盖垃圾渣土中超标最严重可见蚓粪土宜作垃圾埴埋复垦的覆盖材料。     

尾矿库植物生长与重金属含量的相互关系研究

为研究修复植物与重金属的相互关系,以歪头山尾矿库植物修复现场为例,采集植物及其根际尾矿土样品,检测植物生长指标和土壤重金属含量,分析植物生长指标与重金属含量的相互关系。结果表明:植物生长指标与土壤中重金属含量总体呈负相关性,但叶绿素含量与重金属正相关性比较明显;同龄植物的不同生长状况对重金属Cu、As、Cd的影响不大,Ni、Pb、Cr的含量变小;随着植物的生长,尾矿土中的重金属含量降低,生物量较小时重金属下降较快;随着重金属含量的增加,对植物生长的胁迫作用更为显著,对生物量和冠幅影响显著;尾矿库修复植物对重金属有修复作用,经过植物修复后的重金属含量(除Cd外)明显减小;植物能够对尾矿库中的重金属物质进行吸收和再分配,有效治理重金属,减少雨水对地表的冲刷,减少风蚀和扬尘污染,改善尾矿库土壤状况和能量循环。     

大厂矿区锡矿尾砂对银合欢生长的影响研究

大厂矿区锡矿尾砂含有多种有毒有害物质 ,尤其是重金属As、Cd、Zn ,严重限制了植物的自然定居与生长。筛选能适应如此恶劣的条件的植物种类和对尾砂进行适当的改良是锡矿尾砂库植被恢复与重建成功与否的关键。在温室内进行的银合欢栽培实验表明 ,城市垃圾肥能较好地改善尾砂的理化性质 ,可以起到替代土壤的作用 ;银合欢在尾砂含量和垃圾肥含量各为 50 %并添加适当磷肥的组合中生长良好 ,可以作为大厂矿区锡矿尾砂库植被恢复与重建的优选植物。     

城市生活垃圾填埋场垃圾-土壤-植物中汞含量的分布特征

在贵阳和武汉市的4座城市生活垃圾填埋场,研究了其中的生活垃圾、土壤和植物中的汞含量分布特征。结果显示,城市生活垃圾的汞含量分布极不均匀,浓度为0.170~46.222 mg.kg-1,几何均值0.574 mg.kg-1,一半以上的样品汞含量低于0.5 mg.kg-1,个别含量异常偏高,可能是被混入的含汞废弃产品污染了,而各个填埋场的垃圾汞含量几何均值相差不大。不同垃圾填埋场覆盖土壤的汞含量差异显著,反映了填埋场所在区域的土壤背景值以及垃圾填埋活动对覆盖土壤的污染程度,有时覆盖土壤的汞含量超过区域土壤背景值的2~23倍。填埋场附近的农田土壤存在一定的汞污染迹象。填埋场生长的植物因生活习性的不同汞含量分布特征也不同,无喙齿冠草为叶>根>茎,狗牙根和硬质早熟禾为地下部分>地上部分。随着填埋场运行时间的增长,附近生长的苔藓汞含量不断升高,封闭填埋场种植的玉米果实有一部分汞含量超过了食用标准,这些都说明填埋场的运行会给周围的生态环境带来一定的汞污染风险。     

疏浚污泥的表征及其作为垃圾覆盖材料的可行性研究

比较系统地研究了疏浚污泥的各种参数 ,如渗透系数、浸出毒性、重金属含量等 ,以及作为垃圾覆盖土的可行性。研究结果表明 ,用该污泥作垃圾填埋场覆盖土的边坡稳定性能较好 ,基本上满足作为覆盖土的技术要求 ,使用后不会给垃圾渗滤液的处理增加负担。因此 ,以疏浚污泥作为生活垃圾填埋场覆盖土 ,可同时解决平原型填埋场缺土和疏浚污泥的最终出路问题。     

垃圾填埋场营造人工植被的研究

采用３种不同栽培方式,受试木本植物１６种、草本植物９种,在垃圾填埋场进行营造人工植被的试验。结果表明,填埋场甲烷气是影响植物成活的主要因素。在填埋１－２年的废弃地上,栽培短周期生长植物全部成活,获得了预期效果。在埋龄１年的垃圾废弃地上不易种植长周期生长的木本植物,在埋龄２年的废弃地上,仍需采取覆盖６０ｃｍ土层阻断沼气等措施才能生长。筛选出抗性较好的植物枸杞、苦楝、紫穗槐、刺槐、白蜡树、女贞、苜蓿、     

垃圾填埋场植被恢复技术的进展分析研究

伴随着全球各区域城市化进程的发展,垃圾填埋场的环境影响与植被恢复已经变为世界共同面对的一个较为凸显的环境问题。在叙述垃圾卫生填埋的相关概念、形式、构成与携带的生态环境问题的情况上,对于影响着垃圾填埋场上植物生长的各种具体性因素,将国内外领域的研究现状进行相应的分析,以提出垃圾填埋场植被恢复技术进展的研究思路。     

城市生活垃圾堆肥对水稻生长和土壤的影响

利用城市生活垃圾堆肥作为肥料,采用水培法和土培法对水稻生长和土壤的影响进行了试验研究。结果表明,施用城市生活垃圾堆肥明显提高了水稻的生长量,增加了水稻植株茎叶中硅的含量;降低了糙米中有毒元素镉的含量;改变了土壤的酸度,增强了土壤的肥力;水稻植株和土壤中某些有害元素的含量略有增加,但远低于环境的允许值。     

铁尾矿基质改良对典型乔灌草生长影响的实验研究

为分析铁尾矿基质改良措施对植物生长状态的影响,开展了草本紫花苜蓿、灌木紫穗槐和乔木刺槐的盆栽试验。结果表明:施肥处理对于紫花苜蓿株高的影响效果显著且优于掺土处理。对于紫穗槐与刺槐的叶绿素含量与植物蛋白含量,当掺土比例达到50%以上时才会有明显的促进作用。单因素掺土20%与施肥2%的处理方式对刺槐的生物量有明显影响,但继续增加施肥量与掺土比例对生物量的影响并不显著;无论是单因素施肥处理还是复合施肥与掺黄土处理,当施用有机肥达到5%时,3种植物的生长均受到抑制。     

Ozone distribution in central Italy and its effect on crop productivity

The focus of the present study was to assess the ozone levels in a typical area of the Mediterranean basin, viz. Tuscany (central Italy). Eighty-thousand hourly mean ozone concentrations were recorded by 10 automatic analysers in the districts of Florence, Pisa, Lucca and Prato, from May to September 1995 to 1997. The highest daily mean concentrations were reached in Florence, with a maximum hourly average of 197 ppb. In Lucca and Pisa, the peaks were close to 100 ppb. Data from Prato were much lower. Long-term critical levels for vegetation, as set by United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), were constantly exceeded in Florence and Pisa, occasionally in Lucca, never in Prato. The results were used to fit exposure/yield response relationships proposed by UNECE and US National Crop Loss Assessment Network for some important crops. The estimated yield losses varied in Florence from 8% for corn and alfalfa to 27% for soybean, in Pisa from 5% for corn to 24% for soybean, in Lucca from 3% for corn to 17% for soybean. A preliminary economic estimate for corn, wheat, barley, soybean, tomato and alfalfa, calculated annual damage to be 4.6 M Euro in Florence, 0.5 M Euro in Lucca and 3 M Euro in Pisa. The picture must be regarded as only partial, as exposure/yield response relationships for important Italian crops (such as grapevine and vegetables) are not available.     

多氯联苯复合污染农田土壤的植物协同修复效应

采用田间微域试验,初步研究了紫花苜蓿与海州香薷、伴矿景天在不同栽培模式下对多氯联苯(PCBs)复合污染农田土壤的协同修复作用.结果表明,紫花苜蓿与海州香薷、伴矿景天混作对PCBs复合污染土壤的修复效果明显高于紫花苜蓿单作,其中紫花苜蓿-海州香薷混作、紫花苜蓿-海州香薷-伴矿景天混作种植120d后,土壤中PCBs含量比紫花苜蓿单作时分别降低43.0%和47.8%,强化效果显著.与紫花苜蓿单作相比,紫花苜蓿与海州香薷、伴矿景天混作可有效提高植株总生物量,增强植物对土壤中PCBs的吸收富集能力.土壤PCBs同系物分析结果表明,种植植物可有效降低土壤中低氯代PCBs含量,植物混作栽培模式可以促进高氯代PCBs组分向低氯代PCBs组分的转变.可见,紫花苜蓿与海州香薷、伴矿景天混作对多氯联苯复合污染农田土壤具有较好的协同修复作用.     

Effects of alfalfa coverage on runoff, erosion and hydraulic characteristics of overland flow on loess slope plots

An evaluation of the interactions between vegetation, overland and soil erosion can provide valuable insight for the conservation of soil and water. An experiment was conducted to study water infiltration, runoff generation process, rate of sediment erosion, and hydrodynamic characteristics of overland flow from a sloping hillside with different draw-off discharges from alfalfa and control plots with 20° slope. The effect of alfalfa on runoff and sediment transport reduction was quantitatively analyzed. Alfalfa was discussed for its ability to reduce the overland flow scouring force or change the runoff movement. Compared to the bare-soil plots, alfalfa plots generated a 1.77 times increase in infiltration rate. Furthermore, the down-slope water infiltration rate for the bare soil plots was higher than in the up-slope, while the opposite was found in the alfalfa plots. In addition, alfalfa had a significant effect on runoff and sediment yield. In comparison to the control, the runoff coefficient and sediment transportation rate decreased by 28.3% and 78.4% in the grass slope, respectively. The runoff generated from the alfalfa and bare-soil plots had similar trends with an initial increase and subsequent leveling to a steady-state rate. The transport of sediment reduced with time as a consequence of the depletion of loose surface materials. The maximum sediment concentration was recorded within the first few minutes of each event. The alfalfa plots had subcritical flow while the baresoil plots had supercritical flow, which indicate that the capability of the alfalfa slope for resisting soil erosion and sediment movement was greater than for bare soil plots. Moreover, the flow resistance coefficient and roughness coefficient for the alfalfa plots were both higher than for the bare-soil plots, which indicate that overland flow in alfalfa plots had retarded and was blocked, and the flow energy along the runoff path had gradually dissipated. Finally, the ability to erode and transport sediment had decreased.     

5种矿区土著植物对铅污染土壤的修复潜力研究

为评估我国西北某矿区茵陈蒿、蒲公英、苜蓿、大叶苦菜和车前草5种土著作物对含铅（Pb）土壤的修复潜力,采用盆栽实验,设置4种不同Pb含量水平（0、2‰、3‰和5‰,质量分数）,测定作物不同组织器官中和种植前后土壤中Pb含量,以及根际与非根际土壤微生物生物量碳含量、过氧化氢酶活性等指标。结果表明:茵陈蒿和车前草适合种植于铅含量为2‰、3‰、5‰的土壤中,可去除12%~32%的土壤Pb,车前草根系和茵陈蒿茎叶对Pb的累积量最高分别达到3617,720 mg/kg,显著高于其他植物,作为土壤铅污染修复植物的潜力较大。根际土壤微生物生物量碳含量比非根际土壤微生物生物量碳含量高2.37%~13.89%。土壤Pb抑制了根际与非根际土壤过氧化氢酶活性,使其活性低于对照组0.44%~22.3%,根际土壤过氧化氢酶活性比非根际过氧化氢酶活性高0.89%~8.09%。研究结果可为Pb污染矿区废弃地植物修复和土壤环境质量评价提供理论依据。     

Effect of rhizosphere on soil microbial community and in-situ pyrene biodegradation

To access the influence of a vegetation on soil microorganisms toward organic pollutant biogegration, this study examined the rhizospheric effects of four plant species (sudan grass, white clover, alfalfa, and fescue) on the soil microbial community and in-situ pyrene (PYR) biodegradation. The results indicated that the spiked PYR levels in soils decreased substantially compared to the control soil without planting. With equal planted densities, the efficiencies of PYR degradation in rhizosphere with sudan grass, white clover, alfalfa and fescue were 34.0%, 28.4%, 27.7%, and 9.9%, respectively. However, on the basis of equal root biomass the efficiencies were in order of white clover >> alfalfa > sudan > fescue. The increased PYR biodegradation was attributed to the enhanced bacterial population and activity induced by plant roots in the rhizosphere. Soil microbial species and biomasses were elucidated in terms of microbial phospholipid ester-linked fatty acid (PLFA) biomarkers. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed significant changes in PLFA pattern in planted and non-planted soils spiked with PYR. Total PLFAs in planted soils were all higher than those in non-planted soils. PLFA assemblages indicated that bacteria were the primary PYR degrading microorganisms, and that Gram-positive bacteria exhibited higher tolerance to PYR than Gram-negative bacteria did.     

不同作物对外源硒动态吸收、转运的差异及其机制

查明作物硒吸收、转运随生育期的动态变化,有助于更好地了解硒在土壤-植物系统中的迁移进而对其有效性进行调控.本文采用盆栽试验,研究了6种不同作物在8周生长期内对外源硒酸盐和亚硒酸盐的动态吸收和转运差异及可能机制.结果表明,作物对硒酸盐和亚硒酸盐的动态吸收规律显著不同.硒酸盐处理作物地上部和根部硒含量从种植3周后持续下降;而亚硒酸盐处理作物根部硒含量随生长逐步上升,地上部硒含量随生长呈先上升后平稳或下降的趋势.两种硒处理在整个作物生长期内都有硒的累积,但植物体内80%的硒源于前6周的吸收.6种作物相比,硒酸盐处理芥菜地上部和根部硒含量最高,小麦地上部次之,亚硒酸盐处理,胡萝卜地上部硒含量最高,地下硒含量最小,而相同硒处理菜薹、紫甘蓝和绿菜花地上部和根部硒含量相近.绿菜花、紫甘蓝、菜薹、芥菜和小麦对硒酸盐的转运明显高于亚硒酸盐,胡萝卜对两种硒的转运能力相当.生物稀释作用影响作物硒含量的动态变化,尤以硒酸盐处理最为明显,供试植物硒含量与其干重呈显著负相关,但生物量改变引起的稀释作用并不能解释其对两种价态硒截然相反的吸收规律.进一步分析发现,硒酸盐处理6种作物硒累积量与作物生长期土壤有效硒改变量呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,但亚硒酸盐处理却未发现此结果;6种作物硒累积量仅占亚硒酸盐处理土壤有效硒的0.5%~18.1%,而硒酸盐处理除胡萝卜外5种作物硒累积总量为土壤有效硒量的1.1~4.5倍,由此可见,作物对外源硒酸盐和亚硒酸盐动态吸收的差异是作物硒吸收和转运能力、土壤供硒能力及生物稀释综合作用的结果,在作物硒的强化中应该综合考虑.     

EDTA调控下灯心草和龙须草对铅锌尾矿污染土壤的修复潜力

采用盆栽试验,研究了不同质量摩尔浓度EDTA(b(EDTA))调控下灯心草和龙须草对铅锌尾矿污染土壤的修复潜力.结果表明:当b(EDTA)为0.125～2.000 mmol/kg时能显著促进生长在铅锌尾矿污染土壤中灯心草和龙须草地上部生物量的增产,分别在0.500和1.000 mmol/kg时达到最大值.EDTA对2种草地上部生物量的影响大于地下部,分别通过影响株高和分蘖数实现,且对灯心草的影响程度大于龙须草.添加EDTA可以显著提高2种草对各重金属的富集能力,尤其以Pb, Cu最为明显.同时发现,EDTA对植物积累重金属能力的促进作用存在植物种类和重金属元素种类之间的差异.灯心草和龙须草分别在重金属积累、转运和生物量上存在优势,在EDTA调控下将2种植物合理搭配种植在铅锌尾矿污染土壤中能取得良好的重金属去除效果.      

Structure and diversity of small mammal communities in agriculture landscape

Small mammal communities were snaptrapped for six years in agricultural landscapes to establish their relationship to various crop habitats in southern Moravia, Czech Republic. The presence of 14 small mammals was documented; 77% of the community found in crops consisted of three rodents, namely Microtus arvalis, Apodemus microps and A. sylvaticus, whereas in woody habitats, 89% of the community was represented by Clethrionomys glareolus, Apodemus flavicollis and A. sylvaticus. In permanent habitats (windbreaks, small woods and fallow land), the community was more abundant and diversified. Among the crop fields, the lowest abundance was found in cereal fields whereas the lowest diversity was observed in alfalfa. Soil-cultivating practices affected abundances especially in sugar beat and maize. Seasonal variation in numbers was lowest in forest and fallow land. Species richness decreased from spring and summer to autumn and winter in annual crops (cereal, maize, sugar beet and other crops), increased in alfalfa and fallow land, and remained relatively stable in windbreaks and forests. Based on similarity indices, two groups of small mammal communities were identified: one for field crops and another for permanent habitats. The fallow land assemblages in spring and summer were more similar to field crop species assemblages and in autumn and winter to permanent habitats one. Trophic requirements of small mammals and the food supply available in the various habitats are discussed.     

关中平原饲料作物生产的碳足迹及影响因素研究

畜牧业是主要的人为温室气体排放源,而饲料作物生产是畜牧业温室气体排放的主要来源之一.研究饲料作物生产的碳足迹及减排措施对于从日粮的角度减少畜牧业的温室气体排放至关重要.因此,本文应用生命周期评价理论和IPCC(2006)田间温室气体计算方法,建立了饲料作物碳足迹评估方法,分析了关中平原饲料作物的温室气体排放特点和减排措施及潜力.结果表明:关中平原主要饲料的碳足迹(以CO_2当量计)由大到小依次为玉米0.620、苜蓿0.382、小麦麸皮0.240、青饲玉米0.217、小麦秸秆0.083和玉米秸秆0.070 kg·kg~(-1);主要排放环节是化肥生产、氮肥田间排放和灌溉,对碳足迹的贡献率分别为26.0%~33.8%、27.8%~29.6%和24.5%~39.1%.由于关中平原存在过量施肥和大水漫灌的现象,通过化肥减施和节水灌溉措施减少饲料作物碳足迹的潜力很大,但不同措施带来的实际减排量仍需通过田间实践和具体技术的生命周期评价进行验证.