中央空调系统噪声测评与控制对策

由于中央空调设计缺陷,安装时没有采取有效的减振措施引起机壳振动或管道风量调节不当,导致噪声超标,引发了许多经济纠纷。只有通过对空调系统噪声进行正确测试与合理评价,找出噪声超标的原因,才能化解这方面的矛盾。     

浙江省农业面源污染源头控制途径与对策

农业面源污染末端治理难度大、成本高,必须将其控制在农业生产源头.分析了浙江省农业面源污染的主要成因,提出根据不同区域的环境功能和农业区划调整农业产业结构.从农业投入品源头控制、耕作方式革新、循环农业技术推广、绿色补贴政策引导和完善农业服务体系等途径实现农业面源污染源头控制.     

城市铁路噪声环境影响及防治对策

以即将建设的某工程为例,分析了城市铁路噪声对环境的影响,并提出了相应的防治对策。     

建筑施工噪声的监管与控制

在城市化进程加快的过程中,建筑施工产生的噪声如果不加以监管和防治,势必污染环境,影响居民的正常生活、工作与学习。建筑施工单位自身应使用低噪声的设备,改进施工方法,采取隔声、减噪等行之有效的措施,防治噪声污染,环保部门也要对其加强监管与指导,对违法施工、噪声超标排放的行为进行查处,以维护居民的合法权益不受侵害。     

城市配电室噪声与振动控制分析

环境污染与治理一直是社会关注的热点问题,随着城市化进程快速发展,因城市规划与用地的限制,作为重要电力分配场所的配电室越来越多地安置于城市办公区或居民楼区内。配电室内变压器、风机等设备运行时会产生环境噪声污染。同时设备振动会通过地面以及建筑结构向外传播,不仅激发环境振动污染,而且还可能诱发二次结构噪声。面对日益增多的投诉与矛盾,对城市配电室所致噪声振动的产生机理、传播规律以及合理的降噪减振措施进行研究具有十分重要的意义。通过现场测试对配电室噪声振动及其传播特性进行分析,以一10 kV典型配电室为例,设计降噪减振的方案和措施,以期达到噪声振动达标排放,改善居民生活和居住环境的目的。     

铁路噪声预测模式的监测验证与误差分析

为了验证列车通过的等效声级、等效时间及预测模式的正确性,选择了一个开阔的场所,在距离铁路外轨中心线30 m处采用两种不同的方式记录列车通过时的源强及持续时间,然后利用监测值预测60 m处的1h等效连续A声级,并与60 m处的1h等效连续A声级监测值进行对比.结果表明,列车经过身边到离开时的持续时间作为等效时间,经过身边时的最大噪声级作为源强,所得到的预测值与监测值的误差范围在-0.3～0.9 dB(A),方差为0.229,离散度较小,预测值与监测值较吻合,可用于指导设计与规划工作.同时,在分析误差产生原因的基础上,提出了提高预测准确性的建议.     

建筑砌块成型机噪声评价与治理

利用工业废弃物粉煤灰生产建筑砌体，有明显环境效益，但其生产线噪声污染严重，砌块成型机是主要噪声源。在噪声环境影响评价基础上，采取为成型机加隔声罩和厂房内悬挂空间吸声体的方法，有效控制了成型机的噪声污染。     

建设项目竣工验收噪声监测中的问题与对策

简述了噪声的危害,讨论了建设项目竣工环境保护验收中的噪声不能直接测量、有敏感点存在、背景环境较复杂的典型项目案例。为广大环境监测部门顺利开展噪声验收监测,避免因监测质量产生纠纷而提供了应对方法。     

噪声、空气污染、传染病、缺氧等的健康损害防治对策

根据室外噪声污染和空气污染状况及危害,以新理念创新了空气净化杀菌与隔音降噪交融技术——人体舒适空间。它由卧室、办公室等通过一些隔音吸音材料及配套设施改造而成,通过多重隔音构建宁静空间,应用双向层叠全方位空气净化与高效消声一体化系统及智能换气、主动杀菌等措施,能同时降低噪声、空气污染、传染病、缺氧等对健康的损害,还能带来环保、经济和社会效益。     

九江市机动车尾气污染控制对策

机动车尾气已成为城市重要的空气污染源之一,对城市的环境影响越来越严重.根据《九江市环境保护“十一五”规划》,九江市机动车尾气污染的控制势在必行.因此,为了有利于城市机动车尾气污染的综合整治和科学管理,结合该市特征和机动车尾气污染现状,在分析机动车尾气污染形成原因的基础上,提出了控制城市机动车尾气污染的对策.     

燃煤工业锅炉大气污染物控制方案研究

基于中国燃煤工业锅炉大气污染物排放及治理现状,并结合国家相关产业政策和国内外技术发展趋势,以2008年为基准年,分析测算了2015、2020年燃煤工业锅炉大气污染物排放量,提出了适合中国国情的燃煤工业锅炉大气污染物控制技术路线.依据研究的控制方案,2015年,烟尘、二氧化硫及氮氧化物排放量分别为507万、458万、230万t;2020年,烟尘、二氧化硫及氮氧化物排放量分别为491万、423万、269万t.与2008年相比,大气污染物排放量变化不大,基本上做到了增容不增污.在此基础上,提出了燃煤工业锅炉大气污染物防治建议.     

区域污染物总量控制动态化管理技术应用研究

在对近十年江苏省扬州市社会经济环境方面几十个指标上万个数据进行科学分析的基础上,揭示出区域污染物总量控制与社会、经济、环境建设和发展相关联性,总量控制具有宏观性.区域污染物总量可纳入各级政府和相关部门行政首长政绩考核中.首次建立区域污染物总量控制考核指标体系水平等级的评定模式和动态管理的应用技术.该成果不仅为城乡可持续发展奠定了基础,也为区域实现污染物总量控制动态化、规范化管理提供技术支撑和启示.     

Spatial inhomogeneity in pollutant concentrations, and their implications for air quality model evaluation

The Southern California Air Quality Study database provides a valuable resource with which to test urban-scale photochemical models and to achieve a better understanding of the atmospheric dynamics of pollutant formation. The CIT model was evaluated using the SCAQS database according to traditional model performance guidelines. A first application, reported previously, focused on model enhancement and application of the model to the 27–29 August 1987 episode. This study evaluates the CIT model using the 24–25 June SCAQS episode, providing further evaluation of the model. Results show that the CIT airshed model can follow the diurnal variations of reactive species and the transport for relatively unreactive species. The normalized gross error for ozone was 31 % in June compared to 38% in August. However, to fully judge model performance in proper perspective, a question arises: “How well do the measurements reflect the air quality surrounding the monitoring station, not just in that location?” This is an important but seldom quantitatively considered factor, not only in model evaluation but in the study of health effects as well. Analyses indicate that individual concentration measurements only approximately represent the true volume-averaged concentrations within a computational grid cell and that significant spatial variations exist. Thus any evaluation of models using these data sets should take these local variations into consideration. A series of tests found that the local inhomogeneities had a normalized gross error in the range of 25–45% depending on the pollutant. In this context, the performance of the CIT model is consistent with known modeling limitations such as emissions inventories and sub-grid scale variation of observations.     

湿法再生吸附剂制备及用于大气CO2的直接捕集

基于湿法再生吸附技术,利用强碱性季铵盐树脂材料制备了异相吸附剂薄膜,应用于大气中极低CO2的直接分离,以对抗全球变暖。通过滴定法分析吸附剂材料的电荷密度和吸附容量,利用SEM分析不同工况下制备出来的膜材料的表观结构,并对膜材料进行CO2吸附性能的测试。结果发现,热处理能够明显提高膜材料的吸附性能,还研究吸附剂制备对吸附速率,吸附量和机械强度等性能的影响,发现粒径小于43μm的树脂粉末,按60％质量分数制成的500μm厚膜材料具有较优的综合性能。     

Passive air monitoring of PCBs and PCNs across East Asia: a comprehensive congener evaluation for source characterization

A comprehensive congener specific evaluation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in the atmosphere was conducted across East Asia in spring 2008, applying polyurethane foam (PUF) disk passive air sampler (PAS) as monitoring device. Mean concentrations derived for Japan, China and Korea were 184 ± 24, 1100 ± 118, and 156 ± 20 pg m⁻³ for ∑₂₀₂ PCBs, and 9.5 ± 1.5, 61 ± 6, and 16 ± 2.4 pg m⁻³ for ∑₆₃ PCNs, respectively. Relative to reported data from 2004, the present results suggest that air PCBs concentrations have not changed much in Japan and Korea, while it has increased by one order of magnitude in China. From principal component analysis, combustion emerged highly culpable in contemporary emissions of both PCBs and PCNs across the East Asian sub-region. Another factor derived as important to air PCBs was re-emissions/volatilization. Signals from PCBs formulations were also picked, but their general importance was virtually consigned to the re-emissions/volatilization tendencies. On the contrary, counterpart PCNs formulations did not appear to contribute much to air PCNs.     

基于RS-485总线的污水处理集散控制系统

针对我国污水处理厂分散生产运行管理，污水处理厂自动化、信息化管理水平偏低，有待采用计算机技术、自动控制技术、通信等新技术改进提高，实现污水处理厂远程集中监测、监控问题，提出污水处理厂远程监测、监控系统开发参考模型。阐述了污水处理厂远程监控系统的结构体系、开发思路、污水处理厂现场控制对象及设计、监控中心设计、监控中心和各污水处理厂通信设计、开发工具及监控软件设计等技术及要求。     

Energy efficiency of engines and appliances for transport on land,water, and in air

The transport sector is fundamental for the economy but also for personal life. With a growing population and the globalization process, it is not surprising that the demand of transport is set to grow in the near future and certainly until 2050. This paper focuses on the huge potential of progress in the sector of technology for transport. As the principal sector for transport will remain on roads, the paper emphasizes the progress in the automotive sector. Since car manufacturers are investing massively into research and technology development to offer ever more efficient cars—not only energy efficient but also efficient in terms of safety and comfort—the car of tomorrow will be very different from the present one. The increasing role of electronics in cars will synergistically cooperate with that of so-called smart cities. The potential development of methane in the transport sector, mainly used for heavy transportation is discussed.     

浙江省生态环境可持续发展评价指标体系的建立

生态环境的可持续发展评价是生态安全与生态建设中的重要内容。本研究应用主成分分析法,收集浙江省1990～2000年的数据,对评价指标进行初步筛选．同时采用德尔斐法进行专家咨询,得到评价指标的分层排序。最后从初选的54个评价指标中,根据主成分分析法、专家咨询法的指标筛选结果,结合有关国家及地方生态环境建设规划,建立了由40个指标组成的浙江省生态环境可持续发展评价指标体系。