精细化工园区绿色发展研究：以杭州湾上虞经济技术开发区为例

近年来化工园区安全环保事故多发，园区生存发展面临极大挑战。深入推进绿色发展，是破解化工园区乃至整个行业发展瓶颈的唯一出路。本文以国内典型的精细化工园区——杭州湾上虞经济技术开发区为例，梳理该园区建设以来在产业发展、安全生产、污染整治方面的创新实践及成效，凝练出具有启示意义的管理与规划特点，以期为其他精细化工园区提供借鉴。实践显示，发展较成熟的化工园区向非化工园区转型难度大且代价高，而化工产业是国民经济的重要支柱，产业向园区集聚发展是趋势所在，科学地实施规划管理，是化工园区绿色发展的首要。化工园区推进绿色发展，宜在充分摸清园区"家底"基础上，强化顶层设计，即：以重点行业清洁生产、循环经济关键技术突破带动全产业链绿色发展；以大企业为核心，构建产品间、企业间协作的动-静脉耦合产业链接和共生网络；建设清洁化、多功能、集中与分散相结合的基础设施组团；构建全过程环境和安全管理体系，提高本质安全；资源环境要素约束倒逼产业结构调整及准入控制。2006-2015年，上虞园区整体实现了经济发展与资源能源消耗及污染物排放的相对脱钩，产生了积极的经济环境效益。其绿色发展实践对其他化工园区具有积极借鉴意义。     

微生物传感器的研究现状及在水环境监测中的应用

微生物传感器是一种迅速发展的环境监测手段。文章介绍了微生物传感器的构成及工作原理与研究现状,并对微生物传感器进行了分类。文章还讨论了微生物传感器在水环境监测中的应用,其中包括在BOD检测、有机物检测及生物毒性检测中的应用,并对其在实际监测应用中所遇问题进行了分析。     

绿色建筑在中国

回顾和梳理了中国的绿色建筑发展历程及现状;介绍了绿色建筑评价标识现行标准和修订后的新标准;展示了目前应用较为广泛且适合中国国情的绿色建筑技术。针对绿色建筑融资难的问题,提出将"绿色租赁"作为节能减排与金融创新的重要结合点,必将在助推我国绿色建筑发展中发挥越来越大的作用。     

用铬渣生产水泥消除铬渣毒性的研究

本文提出了一种通过以粉煤灰（或煤矸石）、石灰石、铬渣、Ａ渣为原料煅烧新型低温水泥的方法去除铬渣毒性；进行了去除铬渣毒性稳定性试验；讨论了去除铭渣毒性的机理和影响去除铬渣毒性的因素；试验结果表明，该法去除铬渣毒性彻底，社会效益及经济效益显著，是处理铬渣的一种有效方法。     

简析绿色产业在威海的振兴及其发展的启示

通过剖析绿色产业的概念及科学内涵,系统地阐述了国内外绿色产业体系构建的特点及进展,详细描述了威海市以绿色能源、节能减排、农村环保、循环经济和生态农业为主导的绿色产业体系,总结了威海市利用区位优势及地理条件,将发展绿色产业与环保模范城市、生态市创建等活动相结合,把绿色产业体系建设纳入国民经济与社会发展规划,采取加大关键技术研究推广力度,加速绿色产业工业园创建等一系列举措推进绿色产业发展,为利用绿色产业发展机遇振兴地区经济提供有益借鉴。     

高质量发展要求下黄河中上游煤化工产业环境管理建议

本文从资源环境超载、生态环境本底脆弱、水资源指标性短缺等方面对黄河流域煤化工产业发展的长期形势作出判断研究，系统梳理了煤化工产业发展的环境保护经验与教训，对煤化工产业发展中规模增长过快、布局不合理以及突出环保问题等经验和教训进行分析和评述。在此基础上，本文就黄河中上游煤化工产业高质量发展提出了若干建议，包括以生态环境安全格局稳定为原则，推动国家级煤化工相关专项规划编制及规划环评工作；转变传统发展模式，跨区域共建黄河中上游地区现代煤化工绿色技术创新平台；围绕再生水资源利用，推进煤化工“近零排放”和水权交易；按工业绿色发展理念和生态工业模式，促进煤化工产业优化升级等。     

马铃薯糖苷生物碱的生物学作用及开发利用

本文根据作者近年的研究成果及国外研究动态，简要介绍了马铃薯糖苷生物碱的种类，结构，含量及在植株中的分布；重点论述了糖苷生物碱的毒性，毒理及对块茎食用、饲用和加工品质的影响，糖苷生物碱与马铃薯植株自身的抗病，抗虫性及其抗病虫育种的关系，以及糖苷生物碱在医药学中的应用价值，为马铃薯的综合开发利用指出了新途径。     

系统动力学应用于中国区域绿色发展政策仿真的方法学综述

绿色发展是我国"十三五"时期五大发展理念之一,是解决我国发展与保护矛盾的根本途径。系统动力学是模拟宏观社会经济发展趋势和政策效力的常用分析工具,本文对系统动力学在中国区域绿色发展政策仿真中的应用进行了梳理。研究显示:系统动力学应用的区域范围方面,该方法全面应用于从国家直至县域等各个尺度的区域绿色发展研究,区域绿色发展通常被分解为经济、社会、资源、环境等子系统;应用的主要领域方面,水土资源、能源、水环境、固废治理、绿色产业等领域应用较多,大气环境、绿色消费等领域应用相对较少;方法的改进和完善方面,软系统分析法、各类优化方法和地理信息系统与系统动力学的集成应用日益普遍。文末根据文献梳理情况,提出未来应在决策变量设计、历史数据挖掘、环境系统对经济系统的反馈等方面进行方法改进。     

发展绿色经济建设生态强县

近几年来，江苏省铜山县围绕建设生态县目标，在发展县域经济过程中，认真遵循生态经济学原理，积极培育绿色产业，发展绿色经济，走出了一条经济建设与生态建设协调发展的成功之路。目前该县已形成“营造绿色环境、利用绿色资源、开发绿色产品、培育绿色产业、发展绿色经济”的氛围。１９９９年，全县实现国内生产总值８５亿元，增长 １２％ ；工农业总产值 ２２６亿元，增长２０％左右，其中的大农业、农副产品加工业为主的绿色产业占６０％以上。他们的具体做法是： 一、立足县情，确立绿色产业发展战略 铜山县是一个资源大县，也是江苏…     

中原城市群旅游产业绿色发展水平评价及影响因素研究

旅游产业绿色发展是推动区域高质量发展与生态文明建设的重要手段。从旅游绿色增长、绿色财富、绿色福利3个维度,综合构建兼顾质量、效率与协调的旅游产业绿色发展理论框架,并运用熵权法、空间相关性分析、耦合协调度及地理探测器对中原城市群2015—2020年旅游产业绿色发展水平进行实证研究。结果表明：(1)中原城市群旅游产业绿色发展水平稳步上升,且内部表现出一定的协同演进态势;(2)区域上呈现“西部>中部>东部”的空间分布,形成了西部高值集聚和东部低值集聚的两极分化格局;(3)旅游产业绿色发展内部耦合协调发展水平与其综合发展水平基本吻合;(4)中原城市群旅游产业绿色发展水平的空间分布是多因素共同作用的结果,旅游绿色生产、产业结构升级、旅游经济绩效、游客体验性福利对其产生显著影响,且作用程度依次递减。     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.