天津市温室气体排放匡算

以2008年天津市主要领域碳排放情况为基数,采用IPCC指南中的计算方法,选取IPCC指南明确的五大领域中,对天津市而言具有代表性的部分内容,对2008年天津市全市碳排放量进行匡算.匡算结果表明,能源活动(化石燃料燃烧)为天津市主要温室气体排放源,且其比例占据了主导地位.在能源活动中工业和发电行业排放的温室气体较大,分...     

古田山国家自然保护区黄山松林主要种群生态位研究

采用样方法进行调查,每个样地面积为20m×20m。测度主要种群的生态位宽度、生态位相似比例、生态位重叠值。结果表明,黄山松、木荷、野漆树、甜槠等有较大的生态位宽度,其Levins生态位宽度(Bi值)和Hurlbert生态位宽度(Ba值)分别为0.7619、0.6517、0.5886、0.5384和0.9175、0.6278、0.5571、0.4377;野鸭椿的生态位宽度最小,其Bi值和Ba值分别为0.3655和0.2343。黄山松、木荷、野漆树、甜槠等生态位宽度较大的树种,生态位相似性比例高;而生态位宽度较小的物种,生态位相似性比例较小。黄山松、木荷、野漆树、甜槠等生态位宽度较大种群之间具有较大的生态位重叠。     

生态修复后九曲湾水库浮游动物优势种演替及生态位特征分析

探究生态修复后九曲湾水库浮游动物优势种生态位特征及主要影响因素,为九曲湾水库及相关饮用水源地水库生态系统的保护、修复提供理论和技术支撑.于生态修复前2014年4月(平稳期)、2014年7月(爆发期),2015—2016年生态修复后12月(枯水期)、4月(平水期)、7月(丰水期)进行数据采集,采用优势度、Levins生态...     

小陇山自然保护区华山松群落8个主要种群的生态位研究

小陇山国家级自然保护区是中国华山松的主要分布区之一。在野外大量调查基础上,运用Levins和Shan-non-Wiener生态位宽度、生态位重叠和生态位相似比例等指数,对林区华山松群落中8个主要种群生态位特征进行研究。结果表明,生态位宽度值大小依次为华山松、锐齿栎、披针叶忍冬、漆树、甘肃山楂、毛栗、辽东栎和少脉椴。华山松Shannon-Wiener生态位宽度值最大,为0.988 8,其次是锐齿栎,为0.877 6,少脉椴最小,为0.352 9。该群落种群间生态位重叠值普遍较低,表明多数种群间竞争较小。建群种华山松与其他种群间生态位重叠值较大,为0.079 1~0.101 3,而其他种群与华山松间生态位重叠值却较小,为0.015 4~0.069 0,华山松与毛栗的重叠值最大,为0.101 3,华山松与少脉椴的重叠值最小,为0.079 1。生态位相似比例在0.5以上的种群对有4对,占14.28%,分别是华山松-锐齿栎、华山松-披针叶忍冬、锐齿栎-披针叶忍冬和锐齿栎-漆树种群对,在0.5以下的有24对,占85.72%,表明群落中多数种群对资源利用的相似性程度较小。作为中国华山松的分布地之一,秦岭西段小陇山林区具有暖...     

Comparative performance of generalized additive models and multivariate adaptive regression splines for statistical modelling of species distributions

Two statistical modelling techniques, generalized additive models (GAM) and multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), were used to analyse relationships between the distributions of 15 freshwater fish species and their environment. GAM and MARS models were fitted individually for each species, and a MARS multiresponse model was fitted in which the distributions of all species were analysed simultaneously. Model performance was evaluated using changes in deviance in the fitted models and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), calculated using a bootstrap assessment procedure that simulates predictive performance for independent data. Results indicate little difference between the performance of GAM and MARS models, even when MARS models included interaction terms between predictor variables. Results from MARS models are much more easily incorporated into other analyses than those from GAM models. The strong performance of a MARS multiresponse model, particularly for species of low prevalence, suggests that it may have distinct advantages for the analysis of large datasets. Its identification of a parsimonious set of environmental correlates of community composition, coupled with its ability to robustly model species distributions in relation to those variables, can be seen as converging strongly with the purposes of traditional ordination techniques.     

控制稻田甲烷排放的农业技术选择

本文探讨了通过农业技术措施，控制稻田甲烷排放以及减少甲烷排放的潜力。试验结果表明：（１）用沼渣代替农家肥堆肥作基肥时，４种沼渣基肥处理中，有３种处理稻田甲烷排放通量比施农家肥的处理减少２４～６２％，比单纯施化肥处理减少１１～５６％；１种沼渣（马粪）由于腐熟度不够，其处理甲烷减排效果不明显；（２）改换氮肥的施用种类。以硝铵、硫铵代替尿素作追肥，甲烷排放通量分别减少２６％和４６％；（３）稻田的科学灌溉技术，从水用分蘖到抽穗期间，间歇落干，可以明显减少甲烷排放，而对产量无影响；（４）水稻半旱式栽培技术，也可明显抑制稻田甲烷排放。     

放牧对荒漠草原建群种和优势种生态位的影响

短花针茅荒漠草原建群种为短花针茅（Stipa breviflora）,优势种为无芒隐子草（Cleistogenes songorica）和碱韭（Allium polyrrhizum）,3个种群地上现存量之和可达群落现存量的60%~80%,其数量消长、时空变化及结构的位移均会引起群落的巨大波动。为明确3个植物种群占有空间资源的能力、相互关系及其受放牧影响的变化规律,以内蒙古苏尼特右旗赛汉塔拉镇1999年建立的荒漠草原教学科研基地建群种和优势种为研究对象,于2012年8月在围封区（CK）和自由放牧区（CG）按样带法和样地法进行取样,运用生态位宽度指数、生态位重叠指数及灰色关联度进行数据分析,结果如下。受放牧影响,短花针茅和碱韭主要通过大幅度调节生态位宽度来保证植物种群存活及其在群落中的地位和作用,变化幅度分别为0.429~0.813和0.235~0.828;而无芒隐子草生态位宽度变化不大（为0.556~0.761）,其对放牧影响的耐受性较强。在生态位重叠方面,短花针茅与无芒隐子草受放牧影响后分别与其他两植物种群重叠程度增加,而碱韭植物种群表现相反;生态位重叠程度变化与种对间的竞争能力有关,也与种对间的亲和能力有关,且存在不对称性。     

Predicting species distributions from samples collected along roadsides

Predictive models of species distributions are typically developed with data collected along roads. Roadside sampling may provide a biased (nonrandom) sample; however, it is currently unknown whether roadside sampling limits the accuracy of predictions generated by species distribution models. We tested whether roadside sampling affects the accuracy of predictions generated by species distribution models by using a prospective sampling strategy designed specifically to address this issue. We built models from roadside data and validated model predictions at paired locations on unpaved roads and 200 m away from roads (off road), spatially and temporally independent from the data used for model building. We predicted species distributions of 15 bird species on the basis of point-count data from a landbird monitoring program in Montana and Idaho (U.S.A.). We used hierarchical occupancy models to account for imperfect detection. We expected predictions of species distributions derived from roadside-sampling data would be less accurate when validated with data from off-road sampling than when it was validated with data from roadside sampling and that model accuracy would be differentially affected by whether species were generalists, associated with edges, or associated with interior forest. Model performance measures (kappa, area under the curve of a receiver operating characteristic plot, and true skill statistic) did not differ between model predictions of roadside and off-road distributions of species. Furthermore, performance measures did not differ among edge, generalist, and interior species, despite a difference in vegetation structure along roadsides and off road and that 2 of the 15 species were more likely to occur along roadsides. If the range of environmental gradients is surveyed in roadside-sampling efforts, our results suggest that surveys along unpaved roads can be a valuable, unbiased source of information for species distribution models.     

干旱区大型养殖场CDM项目开发与温室气体减排量估算

根据<联合国气候变化框架公约>的相关规定,运用联合国清洁发展机制(CDM)执行理事会批准的ACM0010方法学,对新疆某大型畜禽养殖场沼气工程项目中粪污处理所产生的温室气体减排量进行分析和计算得到,该养殖场年CO2减排当量为114274 t·a-1,通过在国际碳市场出售经核证的温室气体减排当量,使其能够获得约1100万元人民币的额外收益,从而提高企业内部收益率,增强企业参与CDM项目的积极性,也为我国干旱区大中型养殖场发展沼气工程、参与CDM项目合作提供参考.     

湖南省隆回县金银花产业现状及发展对策

介绍了隆回县金银花资源培育和加工利用现状,综合分析了金银花的综合价值和发展前景,针对当前金银花产业发展中存在的经营方式落后、加工粗放、销售不畅等问题,提出了金银花产业发展的对策.     

Prioritizing sites for conservation based on similarity to historical baselines and feasibility of protection

The concept of shifting baselines in conservation science implies advocacy for the use of historical knowledge to inform these baselines but does not address the feasibility of restoring sites to those baselines. In many regions, conservation feasibility varies among sites due to differences in resource availability, statutory power, and land‐owner participation. We used zooarchaeological records to identify a historical baseline of the freshwater mussel community's composition before Euro‐American influence at a river‐reach scale (i.e., a kilometer stretch of river that is abiotically similar) in the Leon River of central Texas (U.S.A.). We evaluated how the community reference position and the feasibility of conservation might enable identification of sites where conservation actions would preserve historically representative communities and be likely to succeed. We devised a conceptual model that incorporated community information and landscape factors to link the best conservation areas to potential cost and conservation benefits. Using fuzzy ordination, we identified modern mussel beds that were most like the historical baseline. We then quantified housing density and land use near each river reach identified to estimate feasibility of habitat restoration. Using our conceptual framework, we identified reaches of high conservation value (i.e., contain the best mussel beds) and where restoration actions would be most likely to succeed. Reaches above Lake Belton were most similar in species composition and relative abundance to zooarchaeological sites. A subset of these mussel beds occurred in locations where conservation actions appeared most feasible. Our results show how to use zooarchaeological data (biodiversity data often readily available) and estimates of conservation feasibility to inform conservation priorities at a local spatial scale.     

Use of heterospecific cues by the lizard Platysaurus broadleyi for food location

Flat lizards (Platysaurus broadleyi) at Augrabies Falls National Park, South Africa, are restricted to rocky terrain where the predominant tree is the Namaqua fig (Ficus cordata cordata). P. broadleyi readily feeds on Namaqua figs when they are available, and the lizards sometimes form large (maximum recorded=134) congregations under fruiting fig trees. The distance lizards travel to fruiting trees also exceed normal daily foraging distances. Location of fruiting fig trees by a lizard can have a high pay-off because figs are energetically rich and trees fruit irregularly and asynchronously, resulting in a resource that is available, but unpredictable in time and space. The prediction that bird activity in fig trees provides a cue to the presence of ripe figs was tested experimentally. By placing cages containing birds and empty control cages in trees devoid of fruit, we demonstrated that P. broadleyi are drawn to fig trees with high bird congregations. We also tested if the presence of a fig tree was necessary to draw lizards to bird congregations by placing cages containing birds and empty control cages in a matched-pairs design on rock away from trees. Namaqua fig trees were not necessary to draw lizards to bird congregations. Received: 12 May 1998 / Accepted after revision: 30 November 1998     

An island biogeography approach for understanding changes in compositional similarity at present scenario of biotic homogenization

Local extinction of native species and colonization of non-native species are commonly invoked as responsible for changes in species similarity among biotas of different regions. In this study we used a model of species similarity between islands to assess the emergent, and unexplored, effects of changes in colonization by native species, extinction of non-native species, and propagule pressure on species similarity among insular communities. The model predicts that extinction probability of endemic species has a positive but asymptotic effect on species similarity, which is exacerbated by increasing colonization and reducing extinction of non-native species. Species similarity tends to increase with increasing colonization probability by non-native species, however this effect may be reduced, or even reverted, when the islands are exposed to an elevated number of non-native species that are prone to extinction, high levels of endemic species loss, and an initially large number of native species shared between islands. Species similarity was positively affected by the propagule pressure rate of non-native species only when their colonization and extinction probabilities were large and small enough, respectively. A negative effect of propagule pressure rate can be caused by an increase in the pool size of non-native species, which involves the introduction of different species into different islands, promoting biotic differentiation between islands. Our results indicate that the interactions between colonization, extinction and species pool lead to nonlinear responses and unexpected scenarios of biotic change. In order to validate model predictions, future research programs should focus on understanding the dynamics on such complex meta-communities where coexist native, non-native and endemic species.     

基于密切值法的节能减排评价研究

节能减排是我国应对资源紧缺、减轻环境压力、实现经济可持续发展的必然选择。关于节能减排考核体系的研究,目前多限于广泛的定性论述,定量研究成果尚不多见。为了实现节能减排这一根本目的,需要确立能反映环境、经济、社会发展协调程度的指标体系和评价方法,为我国的发展决策提供科学依据。在遵循构建原则和按照构建方法思路基础上,从资源、环境、管理和经济等4个控制层面构建节能减排的综合评价指标体系。密切值法是多目标决策的一种优选方法,作为一种新的尝试,利用该方法建立起节能减排评价模型。详细阐述了密切值法在节能减排评价中的原理、方法与步骤,并以我国2001—2008年的节能减排情况为例说明了模型的具体应用,评价结果较好地体现了我国节能减排的现状与不足,为今后节能减排工作提供了科学依据。实例应用表明,建立的评价指标体系是可行的和可操作的,该评价模型不需要确定各种主观参量或函数,评价结果客观、可靠,是开展节能减排综合评价的一种简单而有效的方法。     

Impact of the quality of climate models for modelling species occurrences in countries with poor climatic documentation: a case study from Bolivia

The quality of climate models has largely been overlooked as a possible source of uncertainty that may affect the outcomes of species distribution models, especially in the tropics, where comparatively few climatic stations are available. We compared the geographical discrepancies and potential conservation implications of using two different climate models (Saga and Worldclim) in combination with the species modelling approach Maxent in Bolivia. We estimated ranges of selected bird and fern species biogeographically restricted to either humid montane forest of the northern Bolivian Andes or seasonal dry tropical forests (in the Andes and southern lowlands). Saga and Worldclim predicted roughly similar climate patterns of temperature that were significantly correlated. Precipitation layers of both climate models were also roughly similar, but showed important differences. Species ranges estimated with Worldclim and Saga likewise produced different results. Ranges of species endemic to humid montane forests estimated with Saga had higher AUC (Area under the curve) values than those estimated with Worldclim, which for example predicted the occurrence of humid montane forest bird species near Lake Titicaca, an area that is clearly unsuitable for these species. Likewise, Worldclim overpredicted the occurrence of fern and bird species in the lowlands of the Chapare region and well south of the Andean Elbow, where more seasonal biomes occur. By contrast, Saga predictions were coherent with the known distribution of humid montane forests in the northern Bolivian Andes. Estimated ranges of species endemic to seasonal dry tropical forests predicted with Saga and Worldclim were not statistically different in most cases. However, detailed comparisons revealed that Saga was able to distinguish fragments of seasonal dry tropical forests in rain-shadow valleys of the northern Bolivian Andes, whereas Worldclim was not. These differences highlight the neglected influence of climate layers on modelling results and the importance of using the most accurate climate data available when modelling species distributions.     

资源-环境双重约束下的区域生态效率的时序特征——以广西壮族自治区为例

为了探讨资源—环境双重约束下我国生态赤字地区资源环境绩效水平,利用生态脆弱指数和资源环境绩效指数（REPI）对地处珠江三角洲的广西资源环境绩效进行了系统分析和比较研究。结果表明：尽管资源环境绩效水平从2000年的72.4上升为2007年的116.1,但趋势并不明显,资源环境综合绩效水平在全国的第24—26位徘徊。综合绩效指数、SO2排放绩效指数、工业固体废弃物排放绩效指数和生物资源指数呈现＂N＂型变动,水污染指数下呈＂∧＂变动态势,大气污染指数呈现＂W＂型剧烈变动,生态承载力处于超载状态,生态脆弱性趋势没有明显改变。资源消耗和污染物排放的下降态势并不稳定。1995—2007年,广西区域环境水平呈下降趋势,区域环境水平和资源转化效率呈剧烈变动的下降趋势,抗逆水平和生态保护指数有所提高,土地资源指数呈现下降态势,排放强度指数下降明显,生态脆弱指数保持恒定,气候变异指数呈波浪状变动,环境治理指数呈剧烈变动。广西面临生态环境的整体不稳定性和对外力干预敏感性的双重压力。广西应发挥地处泛珠三角的地缘优势和辐射＂东盟＂的区位优势,加大结构调整和制度创新力度,缩短目前资源密集型的发展阶段,改善生态效率和承载力,提升广西在泛珠江三角洲地区的综合竞争力。     

高效产H_2O_2气体扩散电极的研究

采用C/PTFE气体扩散电极在无隔膜体系中进行H2O2发生工艺研究,探讨了石墨和Vulcan XC-72碳黑两种碳材料以及电解电压、p H值对该反应过程的影响.结果表明,在较低的空气流量(1.41 cm3·min-1·cm-2)下,以Vulcan XC-72碳黑为表面的气体扩散电极相比石墨电极有较高的H2O2产率和电流效率,碱性条件比酸性条件下H2O2产率和电流效率更好;在2.6 V恒定电压下,2 h后,H2O2浓度达到了250 mg·L-1,电流效率从69.8%降到44.7%,单位产量能耗从5.87 k Wh·kg-1升高到9.16 k Wh·kg-1.     

Ecological niche modeling of customary medicinal plant species used by Australian Aborigines to identify species-rich and culturally valuable areas for conservation

Customary medicinal plant species used by Australian Aborigines are disappearing rapidly with its associated knowledge, due to the loss of habitats. Conservation and protection of these species is important as they represent sources of novel therapeutic phytochemical compounds and are culturally valuable. Information on the spatial distribution and use of customary medicinal plants is often inadequate and fragmented, posing limitations on the identification and conservation of species-rich areas and culturally valuable habitats.In this study, the habitat suitability modeling program, MaxEnt, was used to predict the potential ecological niches of 431 customary medicinal plant species, based on bioclimatic variables. Specimen locality records were obtained from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) data portal and from Australia's Virtual Herbarium (AVH).Ecological niche models of 414 predicted species, which had 30 or more occurrence points, were used to produce maps indicating areas that were ecologically suitable for multiple species (concordance of high predicted ecological suitability) and having cultural values. For the concordance map, individual species niche models were thresholded and summed. To derive a map of culturally valuable areas, customary medicinal uses from Customary Medicinal Knowledgebase (CMKb) (www.biolinfo.org/cmkb) were used to weight individual species models, resulting in a value within each grid cell reflecting its cultural worth.Even though the available information is scarce and fragmented, our approach provides an opportunity to infer areas predicted to be suitable for multiple species (i.e. concordance hotspots) and to estimate the cultural value of a particular geographical area. Our results also indicate that to conserve bio-cultural diversity, comprehensive information and active participation of Aboriginal communities is indispensable.