Pollution characteristics of 15 gas- and particle-phase phthalates in indoor and outdoor air in Hangzhou

Phthalate esters (PAEs), typical pollutants widely used as plasticizers, are ubiquitous in various indoor and outdoor environments. PAEs exist in both gas and particle phases, posing risks to human health. In the present study, we chose four typical kinds of indoor and outdoor environments with the longest average human residence times to assess the human exposure in Hangzhou, including newly decorated residences, ordinary residences, offices and outdoor air. In order to analyze the pollution levels and characteristics of 15 gas- and particle-phase PAEs in indoor and outdoor environments, air and particulate samples were collected simultaneously. The total PAEs concentrations in the four types of environments were 25,396, 25,466.8, 15,388.8 and 3616.2?ng/m³, respectively. DEHP and DEP were the most abundant, and DMPP was at the lowest level. Distinct variations in the distributions of indoor/outdoor, gas/particle-phase and different molecular weights of PAEs were observed, showing that indoor environments were the main sources of PAEs pollution. While most PAEs tended to exsit in indoor sites and gas-phase, the high-molecular-weight chemicals tended to exist in the particle-phase and were mainly found in PM_2.5. PAEs were more likely adsorbed by small particles, especially for the indoor environments. There existed a good correlation between the particle matter concentrations and the PAEs levels. In addition, neither temperature nor humidity had obvious effects on the distributions of the PAEs concentrations.     

大学校园室内环境PM2.5中PAEs污染特征及暴露风险

为揭示大学校园室内环境中PM_2.5及其中PAEs（phthalate esters,邻苯二甲酸酯）的污染特征和师生暴露风险,以陕西师范大学长安校区为例,采集了校园秋冬季6个采样点52个室内PM_2.5样品,利用气相色谱质谱联用仪检测了其中22种PAEs的浓度,分析了其构成和时空分布,评估了师生暴露健康风险.结果表明:①不同采样点PM_2.5中22种PAEs的总浓度范围为237~413 μg/m3,其中6种优控PAEs的总浓度范围为4.81~7.47 μg/m3;室内PM_2.5中的PAEs主要为邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二环己酯和邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯,均为非优控PAEs,且这3种单体的浓度远高于6种优控PAEs单体的浓度.②各采样点检出的6种优控PAEs单体不同,图书馆和教室中6种优控PAEs均被检出,宿舍中检出4种,家属区中检出3种.③季节变化对室内PM_2.5浓度及其中的PAEs浓度均会产生影响,冬季室内PM_2.5平均浓度（58.3 μg/m3）高于秋季（55.4 μg/m3）,12月6种优控PAEs单体浓度范围为0.250~3.86 μg/m3,明显高于其他月份.④来源解析表明,校园室内空气PM_2.5中的PAEs主要来自室内装饰材料的释放,学生油墨及化妆品和个人护肤品的使用,以及增塑剂的使用及涂层的释放.⑤6种优控PAEs对人体产生的非致癌风险均较低,邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯和邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯的致癌风险均低于标准限值（1×10-6）,二者的致癌风险均可忽略.研究显示,校园内不同室内环境中PM_2.5污染程度及其中的PAEs浓度和构成均存在一定差异,师生暴露于室内空气PM_2.5中6种优控PAEs的非致癌风险均较低,致癌风险可忽略,但环境中非优控PAEs的污染与风险应给予足够的关注.      

Pollution levels and characteristics of phthalate esters in indoor air of offices

The pollution status and characteristics of PAEs (phthalate esters) were investigated in indoor air of offices, and PAEs of both gas-phase and particulate-phase were detected in all the samples. The concentration (sum of the gas phase and the particulate phase) was 4748.24 ng/m³, ranging between 3070.09 and 6700.14 ng/m³. Diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were the most abundant compounds, together accounting for 70% of the ∑ 6PAEs. Dividing the particulate-phase PAEs into four size ranges (< 2.5, 2.5–5, 5–10, > 10 μm), the result indicated that PAEs in PM_2.5 were the most abundant, with the proportion of 72.64%. In addition, the PAE concentration in PM_2.5 correlated significantly with the total particulate-phase PAEs (R² = 0.85). Thus, the amount of PAEs in PM_2.5 can be estimated from the total amount of particulate-phase PAEs using this proportion. In a comparison between the offices and a newly decorated study room, it was found that pollution characteristics were similar between these two places. Thus, it is implied that the PAE concentration decreased by 50% 2 yr after decorating.     

Effect of short-term regional traffic restriction on urban submicron particulate pollution

During the 2013 and 2015 Lanzhou International Marathon Events(LIME1 and LIME2),the local government made a significant effort to improve traffic conditions and air quality by implementing traffic restriction measures. To fill the gap in information on the effect of short-period(several hours)traffic control on urban air quality,submicron particle size distributions and meteorological data were measured simultaneously during June 2013 and June 2015 in urban Lanzhou. The number and surface area concentrations of particles in the100–200 nm range declined by 67.2% and 65.0% for LIME1 due to traffic control,while they decreased by 39.2% and 37.1% for LIME2. The impact of traffic restriction on air pollution near the sampling site lagged behind the traffic control period for LIME2. In addition,the effect of traffic restriction on air pollution near the sampling site was dependent on the distance between the relative orientation of the sampling site and traffic-restricted zones,as well as meteorological conditions such as wind direction. The influence of traffic restrictions on the particle concentrations differed for different particle sizes. The size range most affected by traffic restriction was 60–200 and 60–300 nm for number and surface area concentrations in the urban environment,respectively,while for the particle volume concentration it was the 100–600 nm range. This study will provide a basis for implementation of future urban traffic-induced particulate pollution control measures.     

冬季天津家庭室内空气颗粒物中邻苯二甲酸酯污染研究

为了解我国家庭住宅室内空气颗粒物中邻苯二甲酸酯的污染程度,采集天津市13户家庭住宅冬季室内空气颗粒物PM10、PM2.5样品,采用GC/MS分析了DMP、DEP、DBP、BBP、DEHP、DOP等6种邻苯二甲酸酯.结果表明,室内空气颗粒物中DMP、DEP、DBP、BBP、DEHP这5种邻苯二甲酸酯在所有家庭均被检出,DOP在部分家庭检出.其中,DBP和DEHP为主要污染物.PM10和PM2.5中的6种物质占ΣPAEs颗粒相的比例规律相同,DBP和DEHP较大,分别为13.92%～91.50%、5.56%～85.08%和20.88%～93.95%、5.53%～75.90%;其次是DMP、DEP和BBP,DOP最小.不同粒径颗粒物上PAEs的分布显示,大多数PAEs易吸附在粒径较小的细粒子PM2.5上;结合调查问卷分析表明,冬季室内空气颗粒物上PAEs污染主要来源于室内,受房间的装修时间、装修特点、生活习惯、吸烟、烹饪、塑料制品使用量、室内清洁度和温度等因素的影响.     

室内空气中挥发性有机物污染研究现状

随着经济的发展和人们生活水平品质的提高,室内空气污染逐渐成为人们关心的环境问题之一。文章在查阅了大量文献及结合作者工作的基础上,介绍了室内空气中挥发性有机物污染水平研究现状,采样分析方法和治理技术的进展情况。     

夏季学生宿舍室内降尘中PAEs污染特征和暴露评价

利用CH2Cl2和超声对35个南开大学学生宿舍室内降尘样品中的DMP、DEP、DBP、BBP、DEHP 和DOP等6种PAES进行提取分离,采用GC-MS定量分析,研究了PAEs污染变化特征及暴露风险.结果表明,南开大学学生宿舍室内降尘中PAEs污染以DEHP和DBP为主,中位值浓度分别为126.916μg/g和123.591μg/g,两者之和占Σ6PAEs浓度的99%以上,室内降尘中PAEs污染程度和类型与室内含增塑剂产品的数量、室内清洁通风情况及成员性别有关;经口暴露水平大于皮肤,其中DBP、DEHP的暴露量高于美国,占人体总PAEs摄入量比例较高,故学生宿舍降尘中PAEs暴露应给予重视.     

住宅室内降尘中邻苯二甲酸酯污染特征及暴露评价

利用CH2Cl2和超声对天津市13户家庭住宅冬季和夏季26个室内降尘样品中6种邻苯二甲酸酯(DMP、DEP、DBP、BBP、DEHP、DOP)进行提取分离,并采用气相色谱-质谱定量分析,研究了邻苯二甲酸酯污染变化特征和暴露风险.结果表明,冬夏两季,室内降尘样品均以DEHP 浓度最大,DBP第二,且DBP 和DEHP之和占ΣPAEs 的比例达到80.0%以上;冬季,各采样点6种邻苯二甲酸酯总含量(∑PAEs)浓度在1.498~32.587μg/g之间,平均浓度为(6.772±8.154)μg/g;夏季,∑PAEs浓度在1.981~40.041μg/g之间,平均浓度为(13.406±12.911) μg/g;PAEs浓度季节变化差异显著,夏季降尘样品中PAEs浓度高于冬季.暴露评价显示儿童和成人的夏季邻苯二甲酸酯总暴露量均大于冬季;经口暴露水平大于皮肤;平均儿童的暴露水平是成人的10倍左右;成人和儿童对4种物质(DBP、DEHP、DEP、BBP)的总暴露量最大值均出现在夏季;天津室内降尘暴露量与我国6城市室内降尘总暴露水平相当(除DEHP外),与德国和美国的暴露水平相比,天津儿童和成人的暴露量偏小.但是,室内环境中PAEs污染对人体健康的影响仍要引起重视,尤其是对低龄儿童的健康危害.     

室内空气环境质量的浅析

以往,人们总是把环境污染归咎于工业生产和交通汽车等,以为只要远离工厂和公路,就可以远离污染。其实随着建筑业的发展,由室内环境引起的环境污染的问题成为研究的热点。本文主要简述了室内空气污染的表现及来源分析,室内空气污染的致病因素分析,并提出了改善室内空气环境质量的综合措施。     

室内空气环境质量的浅析

以往,人们总是把环境污染归咎于工业生产和交通汽车等,以为只要远离工厂和公路,就可以远离污染。其实随着建筑业的发展,由室内环境引起的环境污染的问题成为研究的热点。本文主要简述了室内空气污染的表现及来源分析,室内空气污染的致病因素分析,并提出了改善室内空气环境质量的综合措施。     

Analysis of the influencing factors of PAEs volatilization from typical plastic products

The primary emphasis of this research was to investigate the foundations of phthalate(PAEs) pollutant source researches and then firstly confirmed the concept of the coefficient of volatile strength, namely phthalate total content in per unit mass and unit surface area of pollutant sources. Through surveying and evaluating the coefficient of volatile strength of PAEs from typical plastic products, this research carried out reasonable classification of PAEs pollutant sources into three categories and then investigated the relationship amongst the coefficient of volatile strength as well as other environmental factors and the concentration level of total PAEs in indoor air measured in environment chambers.Research obtained phthalate concentration results under different temperature, humidity,the coefficient of volatile strength and the closed time through the chamber experiment. In addition, this study further explored the correlation and ratio of influencing factors that affect the concentration level of total PAEs in environment chambers, including environmental factors, the coefficient of volatile strengths of PAEs and contents of total PAEs in plastic products. The research created an improved database system of phthalate the coefficient of volatile strengths of each type of plastic goods, and tentatively revealed that the volatile patterns of PAEs from different typical plastic goods, finally confirmed that the coefficient of volatile strengths of PAEs is a major factor that affects the indoor air total PAEs concentration, which laid a solid foundation for further establishing the volatile equation of PAEs from plastic products.     

甲醛等室内主要污染物分布特征与影响评价

现代人80%以上的时间是在室内度过的,室内实际上已成为越来越多的人最直接、最经常的生活环境。与此同时,室内空气质量的优劣也越来越受到人们的关注。本文在呼和浩特市选择不同时间装修的居室,对其室内空气中甲醛、氨、一氧化碳、氡的含量进行了实测,分析了居室装修后室内主要空气污染物的污染水平以及各污染物的分布特征。数据表明,目前新近装修的居室内存在严重的甲醛污染,其超标率达到55.81%,随装修后时间的推移室内甲醛含量逐渐减少,其超标率逐渐降低,说明室内甲醛含量与室内通风状况有明显的正相关性;在所测定的居室中,一氧化碳及氨均未超标,氡的超标率为20%。     

松花湖表层沉积物中PAHs及PAEs污染特征

松花湖是吉林省面积最大的湖泊和重要水源地,具有防洪排涝、灌溉供水、航运旅游等重要功能.为探究松花湖中PAHs（多环芳烃）和PAEs（邻苯二甲酸酯）的主要污染来源及生物毒性风险,于2017年7月采集松花湖21个表层沉积物样品,采用GC-MS测试16种US EPA（美国环境保护局）优先控制PAHs和6种PAEs的质量分数,并通过统计学方法对调查结果进行分析.结果表明:①松花湖沉积物中w（∑₁₆PAHs）范围为23.1~554.8 ng/g,平均值和中位值分别为172.9和123.2 ng/g,w（∑₁₆PAHs）高值分布在漂河镇和丰满乡附近湖区,主要来源于石油燃烧污染,贡献率为57.9%,其次为煤及生物质燃烧污染、石油泄露污染,贡献率分别为21.1%、21.0%.②松花湖沉积物中w（∑₆PAEs）范围为33.7~2 062.3 ng/g,平均值和中位值分别为240.4和72.7 ng/g,主要成分为DBP（邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯）和DEHP（邻酞酸二辛酯）,w（∑₆PAEs）高值分布在旺起镇附近湖区,其来源主要与城镇生活污染输入有关.③松花湖沉积物中PAHs、PAEs污染生态风险较低,只有部分采样点存在低度潜在生态风险,但旺起镇附近湖区沉积物中的w（DBP）已经临近ERL（效应区间低值）,需加以关注.研究显示,松花湖PAHs、PAEs污染程度较低,为加强松花湖饮用水源地保护,应着重加强交通燃油污染源的风险防控,同时在乡镇附近湖区应加强燃煤和生活污染源的监管力度.      

民用建筑噪声防治与通风净化系统设计初探——以一种智能通风器为例

近年来,智能通风器作为一种民用建筑物通风换气、净化室内空气,同时又能降低噪声污染(尤其是交通噪声污染)的家用设备正逐步被广泛采用。尤其是最近几年,由于人们生活水平的提高,空气、噪声环境污染严重,人们对居住的建筑室内环境提出了更高的要求,智能通风器就是在该大背景下构思设计出来的。智能通风器是一种具有智能控制的通风换气、空气净化和降低室内噪声污染的家用设备。本文主要从智能通风器的设计理念、设计内容和设计效果三方面进行简要的介绍,为民用建筑噪声防治与通风净化系统提供探索性的探讨。     

气相色谱法测定气体中挥发性卤代烃的研究进展

简述了国内外监测分析方法中运用气相色谱法检测气体中挥发性卤代烃在采样方法、检测器、检测范围和目标化合物等方面的区别,给出高温高湿条件下污染源废气的样品采集方法。针对污染样品和车间空气样品应使用FID检测器,环境空气样品应使用ECD检测器,同时进一步提出应尽早制定污染源排气中挥发性卤代烃的检测标准方法。     

室内外PM2.5中金属元素的污染特征及来源

在南京市仙林地区住宅楼内和室外采集PM_2.5样品,分析PM_2.5中金属的污染特征及主要来源.结果显示,室内外PM_2.5平均浓度分别为80.56μg/m³和96.77μg/m³,室内外PM_2.5浓度比（I/O）平均值为0.87.除Mg外,室外其他金属平均值均高于室内.元素Pb室内外浓度相关性最高,R值为0.807.室内外PM_2.5中金属元素Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Co、Cr和Ni富集程度较高.主成分分析结果显示,室外PM_2.5中金属的主要来源为土壤尘、交通排放、金属冶炼、垃圾焚烧等;室内PM_2.5中金属可能的来源为室外颗粒物的渗透及室内烹饪和家具材料等.     

基于动态质量平衡的室内颗粒物沉降规律研究

目前室内颗粒物污染问题已经受到广泛关注.越来越多的流行病学研究表明,大气悬浮颗粒物浓度对人体健康存在显著的负影响.由于个人在室内滞留的时间可能超过全天时间的90％,因此剖析室外颗粒物向室内的传输渗透机理,对掌握室内微环境下的颗粒浓度水平至关重要.本实验以青岛一办公室为研究对象,使用具有4个尺寸间隔的光学计数器同时测量室内和室外的颗粒物浓度,粒径分布范围在0.3~2.5μm,采集时间为2016年4月~9月.根据实验数据,采用基于时间的动态质量平衡模型,估算了换气次数在0.03~0.25h^-1范围内的室内颗粒物渗透率和沉降速率分别为0.45~0.82h^-1和0.94~2.82m/h,并分析了这些参数随粒径大小的变化规律.其结论为进一步研究颗粒物在室内的传输机理和运动轨迹提供参数.     

哈尔滨主城区不同下垫面融雪径流污染特性

融雪径流是我国北方高纬度城市受纳水体在春季主要的面源污染源,为控制融雪径流对地表水体的污染,于2015年3月底至4月初对哈尔滨主城区6种下垫面、18个采样点的融雪径流进行污染特性分析.通过SPSS 22.0及其主成分分析法确定了BOD5、COD、氨氮、总磷(TP)、石油类和总氮(TN)为哈尔滨主城区融雪径流中影响最为显著的污染指标.应用单因素方差分析法(ANOVA)及其最小显著性差异(LSD)多重比较法对6种下垫面组间及两两下垫间的污染差异性进行了分析.ANOVA分析结果表明,TP在下垫面组间的差异性最大而BOD5最小,其显著性水平(Sig.)分别为0.342和0.631;多重比较的结果则表明不同污染物在两两下垫面之间的均值差异(MeanDiff)均不同,不同下垫面对不同污染指标的贡献率也不同.同时,受地理位置的影响,相同污染物在相同下垫面的不同采样点的分布也存在差别,城市道路和人行道最为明显.不同下垫面融雪径流污染特性分析结果表明,哈尔滨主城区融雪径流污染主要受交通流量、人类活动、冬季燃煤采暖及工业排放的影响.     

某地区室内挥发性有机物污染状况的调查研究

室内空气污染日益严重,它影响着居室人员的健康和工作效率。文章对所在地区10户典型住宅的室内空气污染状况进行调查研究。按夏冬两季分别连续检测了室内外常见的13类挥发性有机物(VOCs)和3种羟基化合物的浓度以及人员暴露浓度,通过不同住宅、不同污染物浓度测试结果的标准差S.D(.Standard Deviation)值,分析了其污染源特性,并结合问卷调查的方式了解了各污染物浓度的分布特性。     

广州大学城大气PM_(2.5)质量浓度与影响因素

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