混凝-SBR法对污泥沼液脱氮回用的实验研究

采用混凝-SBR法处理污泥发酵产生的沼液,研究了混凝-SBR法对污泥沼液的脱氮效果和影响因素。结果表明:SBR在进水C/N为1.5,曝气时间8 h,反硝化补充C/N(COD与总氮的比值)为0.25时,其总氮去除率可达78.8%。沼液经过混凝-SBR法处理后,总氮去除率大于80%,其出水ρ(TN)小于100 mg/L,可用于发酵料液的配制,实现污泥沼液脱氮回用的目的。     

Are flocculants required in a flocculant process?

The effectiveness of solids abatement by pH increase was investigated using the jar test procedure with a bentonite tap water suspension and an urban wastewater and an oxidation pond effluent. The results indicated that, depending on the suspended particles and on the dissolved ions, pH values between 9.5 and 12 induced extensive solids elimination without adding any other chemical than a base, i.e. sodium hydroxide or lime. The major effective reactions are then the calcium carbonate precipitation and the magnesium hydroxide precipitation. Moreover, this process does not require a flocculation step but only a precipitation step where the particles are entrapped by sweep coagulation and adsorption-coagulation. A continuous reactor was operated with an oxidation pond effluent. A suspended solids concentration less than 30 mg/l was obtained by adjusting pH between 11 and 11.5 while the reactor was operated up to 20 m/h superficial upflow velocity corresponding to a residence time through the whole unit of only 5 minutes. The sludge settling velocity depends on pH and on the primary particles but a maximum settling velocity larger than 1 m/h is easily reached. The concentration factor is then about 100. Environmental policy implications of this technique are that it allows to significantly upgrade a stabilization pond effluent and can be used when a high pH situation is acceptable.     

嵌入式旁路污泥减量污水处理系统研究

为了减少活性污泥工艺中剩余污泥的产量以及解决目前污水处理厂无机物积累的问题,开发了一种集旁路污泥减量、污泥淤砂分离、侧流化学除磷、强化氮磷去除于一体的嵌入式旁路污泥减量污水处理系统,中试反应器规模10m3/d,并稳定运行超过90d.试验结果表明:出水ρ(NH4+-N)、ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)、ρ(COD)分别为(0.5±0.3),(8.6±1.6),(0.14±0.04),(26.8±8.8)mg/L,出水水质能够稳定的达到一级A标,并且远低于其限值.系统运行期间,活性污泥系统的MLVSS/MLSS值逐渐升高,其值从初始的0.33增加到了0.52;该工艺系统有效的防止了无机颗粒在活性污泥系统中的积累.在系统稳定运行过程期间,其表观产率系数Yobs为0.103gVSS/gCOD,该工艺系统展示了良好的污泥减量性能.     

平流式二沉池三维数值模拟分析

采用Fluent15.0软件对城市污水处理厂的平流式二沉池进行模拟分析。选取RNG k-ε模型和欧拉双流体模型,利用加拿大温莎大学Imam实验数据验证了该模型的准确性。基于该模型,以出水悬浮物浓度(ESS)和异重流比例为表征指标,对影响二沉池沉淀效率的3个因素——污泥颗粒粒径、表面溢流率和挡板比例进行分析。结果表明:污泥颗粒粒径影响泥水分离的效果,模拟实验得到的最佳颗粒粒径为300μm。表面溢流率对出水悬浮物浓度值影响较大,随表面溢流率增大出水悬浮物浓度值和异重流比例呈非线性急剧增加。同时,二沉池中最佳的挡板比例为60%,此结构不仅有利于能量的耗散和异重流比例的减小,而且能保证较低的出水悬浮物浓度值。     

养殖场沼液中雌激素排放特征及去除效果研究

为探究典型奶牛养殖场沼液中类固醇雌激素的排放特征,采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱串联质谱（SPE-HPLC-MS/MS）分析方法,对重庆市某奶牛养殖场厌氧池和好氧池出水中类固醇雌激素进行夏、秋、冬3季连续监测.结果表明：类固醇雌激素（含雌酮;17α-雌二醇;17β-雌二醇;雌三醇;硫酸雌酮）在厌氧池和好氧池出水中总浓度分别在347.28~2117.65ng/L和10.75~1070.00ng/L之间,其中厌氧池出水以雌酮（E1）、17α-雌二醇（17α-E2）和17β-雌二醇（17β-E2）为主,好氧池出水以E1和17β-E2为主.研究显示：好氧处理对E1、17β-E2、17α-E2的平均去除率达85.70%、56.82%、57.32%,厌氧处理可有效去除硫酸雌酮（E1-3S）.在微生物作用下,厌氧和好氧处理均存在E1、17α-E2和17β-E2的相互转化,但雌三醇（E3）的低检出率则显示体系中雌激素转化为E3的比例较低.对雌激素活性（EEQ_95th）的评估显示厌氧-好氧处理后雌激素活性平均降低70.34%,但沼液的雌激素生态环境风险仍不可忽视,需持续观察及研究.     

硝化液回流比对A2/O-BCO工艺反硝化除磷特性的影响

以低C/N城市生活污水为处理对象,重点考察了硝化液回流比对A2/O - BCO(生物接触氧化)工艺脱氮除磷特性的影响.在A2/O反应池水力停留时间(HRT)为8h,污泥回流比为100% 条件下,将硝化液回流比分别设定为100%、200%、300%和400%进行试验.结果表明, 系统在A2/O中实现了反硝化除磷,具有很好的同步氮磷的去除效果,出水COD浓度均在50mg/L以下.上述不同硝化液回流比下总氮(TN)去除率分别为48.8%、66.5%、75.6%和62.5%,总磷(TP)去除率分别为86.0%、90.3%、91.0%和95.0%.在硝化液回流比为300%时,系统平均出水TN和TP浓度分别为14.96mg/L和0.49mg/L.系统反硝化除磷量随着硝化液回流比的增大略有增加,在硝化液回流比为400%时,反硝化除磷量高达磷总去除量的98%.     

Aeration optimization through operation at low dissolved oxygen concentrations: Evaluation of oxygen mass transfer dynamics in different activated sludge systems

In wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)using the activated sludge process,two methods are widely used to improve aeration efficiency — use of high-efficiency aeration devices and optimizing the aeration control strategy. Aeration efficiency is closely linked to sludge characteristics(such as concentrations of mixed liquor suspended solids(MLSS)and microbial communities)and operating conditions(such as air flow rate and operational dissolved oxygen(DO)concentrations). Moreover,operational DO is closely linked to effluent quality. This study,which is in reference to WWTP discharge class A Chinese standard effluent criteria,determined the growth kinetics parameters of nitrifiers at different DO levels in small-scale tests. Results showed that the activated sludge system could meet effluent criteria when DO was as low as 0.3 mg/L,and that nitrifier communities cultivated under low DO conditions had higher oxygen affinity than those cultivated under high DO conditions,as indicated by the oxygen half-saturation constant and nitrification ability. Based on nitrifier growth kinetics and on the oxygen mass transfer dynamic model(determined using different air flow rate(Q′_(air))and mixed liquor volatile suspended solids(MLVSS)values),theoretical analysis indicated limited potential for energy saving by improving aeration diffuser performance when the activated sludge system had low oxygen consumption; however,operating at low DO and low MLVSS could significantly reduce energy consumption. Finally,a control strategy coupling sludge retention time and MLVSS to minimize the DO level was discussed,which is critical to appropriate setting of the oxygen point and to the operation of low DO treatment technology.     

Groundwater pollution due to discharge of tannery effluents in Upper Palar basin, Tamilnadu, India: an assessment through mass transport modeling

The groundwater regime in Upper Palar basin, Tamilnadu has been highly contaminated in several locations due to discharge of effluents from a large number of tanneries. At some places total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration in groundwater was found as high as 8000 mg/l. Transmissivity and storativity of the regional aquifer were estimated at a few locations. The porosity and dispersivity values were not determined in the field. These parameters were assumed based on data available for similar geological formations elsewhere. The aquifer conceptualization thus arrived at formed the basis of a numerical groundwater flow model which was constructed using the finite difference method. The flow model was calibrated for steady state and then for transient condition for the period of 1984-92. The computed heads and calibrated parameters of the flow model were used to compute groundwater velocities. The migration of contaminants for a 20 year period was computed using the hydraulic heads and effective porosity value in a pathline model using FLOWPATH software. Mass transport model was constructed using Method of Characteristics (MOC) computer code in a separate model. The seepage rate of effluent is assumed at a rate of 30% of that discharged on the surface. The mass concentration of solute in the effluent reaching the water table was assumed as 40%, the same as in the surface effluent. The mass transport model was calibrated for a 20 year period. Prediction of contaminant migration from different clusters in the basin was analyzed. The prediction results indicated elevated TDS concentration of more than 4000 mg/l from most clusters. Also the area of the contaminated zone is likely to double in 20 years from contaminated zone of 1992.     

Suspended particle effects on ClO2/ultraviolet light combined disinfection of effluent

The concentration of suspended solids of effluent often varies in a wide range, therefore the dose of ultraviolet light （UV） in disinfection process needs to be adjusted to meet the disinfection criterion at a high frequency, and the desired disinfection effect is difficult to be ensured. The particles size and particle-associated fecal coliform （F.C.） contribution, and their influence on UV disinfection were investigated when ClO2 and UV combined disinfection process was used. The results showed that suspended solids content had a major impact on UV disinfection efficiency, especially the large particle size fraction. Particles （D〉10μm） associated F. C. were difficult to be disinfected and were the main part of the railings of F.C. inactivation curve. Pre-ClO2 oxidation could reduce the number of particles in effluent, and make large particles decrease to small ones. Therefore, the influence of particles on UV disinfection could be reduced after pre-ClO2 oxidation, and the resistance ability to particle loadings of combined process was enhanced. Moreover, the combined process has a lot of advantages, such as low toxicity, low operational/maintenance costs; it is also convenient to be established in the existing wastewater plant or the new planned one.     

絮凝-厌氧-好氧处理抗菌素废水的试验研究

血清瓶毒性实验表明,抗菌素废水对厌氧消化具有强烈的抑制作用,废水经过絮凝处理,可以降低废水的毒性．筛选到一种混凝剂（试剂Ｂ）,可以去除废水ＣＯＤ５０％．预处理后的废水经过厌氧污泥床（ＵＡＳＢ）的处理,可以去除６０％的ＣＯＤ,处理系统内形成了颗粒污泥．厌氧处理后的出水,再通过两级好氧处理,出水ＣＯＤ可降至３００ｍｇ／Ｌ以下,达到生物制药废水行业排放标准．     

An investigation of the fate and behaviour of a mixture of WO_3 and TiO_2 nanoparticles in a wastewater treatment plant

The fate and behaviour of WO_3 and TiO_2 mixture were investigated following the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 303 A guidelines. The nanoparticles were found not to influence the chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency which was maintained 80%hence the activated sludge process was on affected. The nanoparticles were eliminated from the wastewater with a greater percentage of 99.8% for TiO_2 and 95.5% for WO_3 found in the sludge.The activated sludge process also had no effect of the polymorphs of the nanoparticles as X-ray diffraction revealed presence of monoclinic WO_3 and anatase TiO_2 which were spiked into the influent. The nanoparticles were mainly removed by bio-adsorption on the activated sludge surface. The total plate count revealed that the bacterial colonies present in the control and the test units were comparable during the gradual introduction of nanoparticles in the chambers.The biomass was 0.75 MLVSS/MLSS(mixed liquor volatile suspended solids/mixed liquor suspended solids) in both the aeration vessels thus a greater proportion of the sludge were the microorganisms. A greater percentage of the Ti and W found in the effluent was mainly due to the nanoparticles adsorbed on the suspended solids with only 3.6% Ti and 28.6% W due to dissolution of nanoparticles.     

A/O MBR处理生活污水效率与菌群多样性的关系

采用缺氧/好氧膜生物反应器（A/O MBR）工艺处理生活污水,试运行了5种不同的工况以确定最佳工艺参数,利用变性凝胶梯度电泳（DGGE）技术研究缺氧池和好氧池（MBR）中细菌群落结构,分析出水水质与细菌种群多样性的关系.结果表明A/O MBR在水力停留时间（HRT）为12 h,污泥停留时间（SRT）为10 d,硝化液回流比为300%,污泥回流比为100%的条件下,对COD、氨氮、总氮有稳定良好的去除,平均去除率分别为96.4%、99.1%、75.8%;系统运行过程中,缺氧池和好氧池中菌群结构发生较大变化,同一工况下两池菌群的相似性通常大于50%,但缺氧池菌群多样性随工况变换而波动较大,好氧池菌群多样性随运行时间而逐渐丰富;缺氧池菌群多样性指数与反硝化效率成正相关关系.     

好氧颗粒污泥降解氯苯胺类污染物的试验研究

以氯苯胺类混合物为唯一碳源和氮源、活性污泥为接种污泥,在SBR反应器中成功培养出能高效降解氯苯胺类物质的好氧颗粒污泥。成熟的好氧颗粒污泥平均粒径为321μm,SVI值为46mL/g,MLVSS为2700mg/L。当进水中氯苯胺总浓度为400mg/L,成熟好氧颗粒污泥对间氯苯胺、对氯苯胺和邻氯苯胺的去除率分别趋于100%、100%和85%,TOC去除率达80%以上,出水中Cl-浓度达126.9mg/L,Cl脱除率为89%,表明该体系对氯苯胺类混合物具有较高降解性能和矿化率。不同阶段序批实验结果表明,污泥颗粒化后氯苯胺的降解速率、降解效率及矿化率均明显提高。不同混合体系的降解模式表明,好氧颗粒污泥体系对氯苯胺类物质降解先后顺序为间氯苯胺、对氯苯胺、邻氯苯胺。PCR-DGGE指纹图表明,对氯苯胺类物质具有高降解性能的好氧颗粒污泥体系具有丰富、稳定的微生物种群结构。     

Nitrogen removal influence factors in A/O process and decision trees for nitrification/denitrification system

In order to improve nitrogen removal in anoxic/oxic(NO) process effectively for treating domestic wastewaters, the influence factors, DO( dissolved oxygen), nitrate recirculation, sludge recycle, SRT( solids residence time), influent COD/TN and HRT( hydraulic retention time) were studied. Results indicated that it was possible to increase nitrogen removal by using corresponding control strategies,such as, adjusting the DO set point according “to effluent ammonia concentration; manipulating nitrate recirculation flow according to nitrate concentration at the end of anoxic zone. Based on the experiments results, a knowledge-based approach for supervision of the nitrogen removal problems was considered, and decision trees for diagnosing nitrification and denitrification problems were built and successfully applied to NO process.     

Integration of biological method and membrane technology in treating palm oil mill effluent

Palm oil industry is the most important agro-industry in Malaysia, but its by-product-palm oil mill effluent (POME), posed a great threat to water environment. In the past decades, several treatment and disposal methods have been proposed and investigated to solve this problem. A two-stage pilot-scale plant was designed and constructed for POME treatment. Anaerobic digestion and aerobic biodegradation constituted the first biological stage, while ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane units were combined as the second membrane separation stage. In the anaerobic expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor, about 43% organic matter in POME was converted into biogas, and COD reduction efficiency reached 93% and 22% in EGSB and the following aerobic reactor, respectively. With the treatment in the first biological stage, suspended solids and oil also decreased to a low degree. All these alleviated the membrane fouling and prolonged the membrane life. In the membrane process unit, almost all the suspended solids were captured by UF membranes, while RO membrane excluded most of the dissolved solids or inorganic salts from RO permeate. After the whole treatment processes, organic matter in POME expressed by BOD and COD was removed almost thoroughly. Suspended solids and color were not detectable in RO permeate any more, and mineral elements only existed in trace amount (except for K and Na). The high-quality effluent was crystal clear and could be used as the boiler feed water.     

Integration of biological method and membrane technology in treating palm oil mill e uent

Palm oil industry is the most important agro-industry in Malaysia, but its by-product–palm oil mill e uent (POME), posed a great threat to water environment. In the past decades, several treatment and disposal methods have been proposed and investigated to solve this problem. A two-stage pilot-scale plant was designed and constructed for POME treatment. Anaerobic digestion and aerobic biodegradation constituted the first biological stage, while ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane units were combined as the second membrane separation stage. In the anaerobic expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor, about 43% organic matter in POME was converted into biogas, and COD reduction e ciency reached 93% and 22% in EGSB and the following aerobic reactor, respectively.With the treatment in the first biological stage, suspended solids and oil also decreased to a low degree. All these alleviated the membrane fouling and prolonged the membrane life. In the membrane process unit, almost all the suspended solids were captured by UF membranes, while RO membrane excluded most of the dissolved solids or inorganic salts from RO permeate. After the whole treatment processes, organic matter in POME expressed by BOD and COD was removed almost thoroughly. Suspended solids and color were not detectable in RO permeate any more, and mineral elements only existed in trace amount (except for K and Na). The high-quality e uent was crystal clear and could be used as the boiler feed water.     

硫酸盐对医药化工废水厌氧系统运行稳定性的影响

以获得硫酸盐还原能力的厌氧装置为研究对象,研究进水中不同硫酸盐浓度对厌氧反应器的运行效果的影响。试验结果表明:硫酸盐添加量为300 mg/L时,厌氧反应器出水COD浓度最低,COD去除率为76.1%,同时厌氧反应器出水中VFA的浓度最低;在硫酸盐添加量为400 mg/L时,此条件下获得产甲烷量最高,达240~260 mL/g;出水硫化氢浓度则随着硫酸盐添加量的增加而增加。在500 m3的UASB反应器内进行连续厌氧处理试验,结果表明添加硫酸盐后厌氧反应器的运行情况稳定。     

利用嗜酸性硫杆菌的生物产酸作用处理洗毛废水

利用洗毛废水在低pH条件下,有机物絮凝沉降的特点,通过嗜酸性硫杆菌(Acidophilic thiobacillus)的产酸作用降低体系pH,破坏废水固有的稳定性,改变有机物的亲水性能,实现固液分离,达到去除COD的目的.试验结果表明,生物产酸作用能有效地去除废水COD,改善其脱水性能.当体系pH降至3.00, COD去除率达到最大值91.4%,处理后的废水有很好的机械脱水和沉降性能,比阻从大于9.81×10¹³　m·kg^-1降至5.60×10¹¹ m·kg^-1.而对照处理在整个培养期内,未发生明显的改变,仅有20%的COD被去除.本研究为油脂含量高、难被生物利用的有机废水提供了一条新的处理方法.     

催化电解法处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

对垃圾渗滤液的SBR处理出水进行了催化电解的正交实验研究。结果表明 ,其最佳工艺条件 :pH为 8,电极材料为RuO2 IrO2 TiO2 /Ti,电流密度为 1 0A/dm2 ,电极间距为 0 .5cm ,[Cl- 1 ]为 1 0 0 0 0mg/L ,SA /L为 50cm2 /L。在此条件下 ,电解 48min时 ,COD去除率达 82 .6 % ,电流效率为 31 .6 % ,耗电量为 32 .4kwh/t水。     

共沸-分馏连续操作处理醇酮装置酸性废水

为了降低环己醇、环己酮生产装置产生的含甲酸废水的COD,使其达到排放标准,降低废水排放量,减少环境污染的目的,根据共沸-分馏间歇操作处理醇酮装置酸性废水研究获得的工艺参数,采用共沸-分馏连续操作处理该酸性废水,并从中回收甲酸。介绍了共沸-分馏连续操作处理醇酮装置酸性废水的工艺过程、操作方法,给出了共沸-分馏连续操作处理该废水并回收甲酸的实验数据,完成了间歇操作改连续操作过程的工艺研究,研究结论为进一步工业化生产装置设计奠定了基础。通过研究得出,采用共沸-分馏连续操作处理该酸性废水,废水的COD由1.6×105mg/L降至3.0×102mg/L以下,达此标准水为80%以上,废水的COD去除率达到99%以上,甲酸回收率80%,连续操作实验结果优于间歇操作。