缙云山土地利用方式对土壤轻组及颗粒态有机碳氮的影响

选取缙云山阳坡同一海拔处亚热带常绿阔叶林(以下简称林地)、果园、坡耕地和撂荒地这4种不同土地利用类型,在0~60 cm深度内每隔10 cm采集一个土样,测定土壤轻组有机碳氮(LFOC、LFON)和颗粒态有机碳氮(POC、PON)含量,并计算其分配比例和碳氮比.结果表明,在0~60 cm土壤深度范围内,林地转变为坡耕地后,LFOC及LFON含量分别降低了71.42%和38.46%(P0.05),转变为果园后变化不明显,坡耕地撂荒后其含量分别升高了3.77倍和1.38倍(P0.05);林地转变为坡耕地或果园后,POC及PON含量均无明显变化,而坡耕地撂荒后其含量分别增加了4.12和1.25倍(P0.05).林地转变为坡耕地后土壤LFOC及LFON分配比例显著降低,转变为果园后则明显升高,而POC及PON分配比例变化均不明显;坡耕地撂荒后,LFOC、LFON、POC、PON分配比例均显著增加.土壤SOC/TN为撂荒地(12.93)林地(8.53)果园(7.52)坡耕地(4.40),LFOC/LFON为撂荒地(16.32)林地(14.29)果园(11.32)坡耕地(7.60),POC/PON为撂荒地(23.41)坡耕地(13.85)林地(10.30)果园(9.64).以上研究结果表明林地开垦为果园或坡耕地后容易导致土壤轻组有机碳氮的损失,而坡耕地撂荒则有利于土壤活性有机碳氮的积累;林地转变为坡耕地减弱了土壤有机碳氮的活性,而林地转变为果园以及坡耕地撂荒均使土壤有机碳氮活性增强;林地转变为坡耕地和果园加剧了土壤有机质的矿化,相对而言,坡耕地撂荒后有利于土壤有机质的固定.     

种植花椒对喀斯特石漠化地区土壤有机碳矿化及活性有机碳的影响

以贵州西南部典型石漠化治理示范区内5年、17年、30年生花椒林和乔木林(约60年)土壤为对象,采用室内模拟培养方法研究了0~15、15~30、30~50 cm这3个剖面土壤有机碳的矿化特征及活性有机碳的含量变化.结果表明,30年生花椒林土壤有机碳累计矿化量在各层土壤中均高于对应的乔木林土壤,而5年、17年生花椒林地各层土壤则均低于对应的乔木林土壤,3种花椒林土壤有机碳累计矿化量分配比在各层均高于对应的乔木林土壤.长期种植花椒增加了土壤有机碳的矿化量,降低了土壤有机碳的稳定性.乔木林土壤易氧化有机碳和颗粒有机碳在各层均显著高于对应的3种花椒林土壤(P0.05).随花椒种植年限增加,土壤易氧化有机碳和颗粒有机碳含量在0~15 cm和15~30 cm土层先增加后减少,在30~50cm土层则为先减少后增加.短期花椒种植有利于土壤活性有机碳的增加,长期则降低了0~15 cm和15~30 cm层土壤活性有机碳含量,花椒种植有利于深层(30~50 cm)土壤活性有机碳的积累.     

Early succession arthropod community changes on experimental passion fruit plant patches along a land-use gradient in Ecuador

Many tropical landscapes are today characterized by small forest patches embedded in an agricultural mosaic matrix. In such highly fragmented landscapes, agroforests have already been recognized as refuges for biodiversity but few studies have investigated the potential of non-forested land-use types to contribute to overall biodiversity of functionally important taxa in the tropics. This study experimentally investigated species richness, abundance, and community similarity of arthropods on Yellow Passion fruit plants, planted in standardized patches in 30 sites along a land-use intensity gradient. The gradient comprised all major land-use types of the area: forest fragments, abandoned coffee agroforests, coffee agroforests managed under shade trees, pastures, and rice fields in Coastal Ecuador. We found a total of 2123 individuals belonging to 242 species. Overall arthropod species richness increased with light intensity and leaf-surface area and decreased with land-use intensity: forest fragments and abandoned coffee agroforests harboured significantly more species than rice or pastures. Overall diversity in managed coffee agroforests was intermediate between the intensively managed and more natural habitats. However, the three most abundant taxa of arthropods (ants, spiders, and beetles) had the highest number of species in managed coffee agroforests, while ant abundance was highest in abandoned coffee agroforests and spider abundance highest in managed coffee agroforests. Analyses of community similarity revealed that open (pasture, and rice) and shaded (forest, abandoned and managed coffee agroforests) land-use types had distinct arthropod communities. In conclusion, although open agricultural land-use types tend to have fewer species in lower numbers, all land-use types contribute to overall biodiversity of the agricultural matrix because of distinct communities in shaded vs. non-shaded land-use types.     

缙云山不同土地利用方式下土壤团聚体中活性有机碳分布特征

于缙云山阳坡同一海拔高度处选择了亚热带常绿阔叶林(简称林地)、荒地、坡耕地和果园4种土地利用方式,在0~60 cm的土壤深度内每隔10 cm采集一个土壤样品,测定大团聚体(2 mm)、中间团聚体(0.25~2 mm)、微团聚体(0.053~0.25 mm)以及粉+黏团聚体(0.053 mm)这4种粒径团聚体内的土壤活性有机碳(labile organic carbon,LOC)的含量,分析缙云山不同土地利用方式对团聚体LOC的影响.结果表明,各粒径团聚体中LOC含量均随土壤深度的增加而显著降低,呈现出明显的垂直递减性;在0~60 cm土壤深度的各土层上,基本上均表现为林地和撂荒地各粒径团聚体中LOC含量高于坡耕地和果园.采用土壤等质量方法计算LOC储量,显示大团聚体LOC储量为林地(3.68 Mg·hm-2)撂荒地(1.73 Mg·hm-2)果园(1.43 Mg·hm-2)坡耕地(0.54 Mg·hm-2);中间和微团聚体LOC储量为撂荒地(7.77 Mg·hm-2和5.01 Mg·hm-2)林地(4.96 Mg·hm-2和2.71 Mg·hm-2)果园(3.55 Mg·hm-2和2.10 Mg·hm-2)坡耕地(1.68 Mg·hm-2和1.35 Mg·hm-2);粉+黏团聚体LOC储量为撂荒地(4.32 Mg·hm-2)果园(4.00 Mg·hm-2)林地(3.22 Mg·hm-2)坡耕地(2.37Mg·hm-2).除粉+黏团聚体LOC储量略低于果园外,林地和撂荒地其他粒径团聚体LOC储量均高于果园和坡耕地,表明林地开垦为果园和坡耕地会导致LOC的降低,而坡耕地撂荒则会促进LOC的增加.林地和荒地LOC主要分布在中间团聚体,而果园和坡耕地则为粉+黏团聚体内LOC储量最高,表明在土地利用的转变过程中,粒径较大的团聚体更容易积累或损失LOC.4种土地方式下各粒径团聚体中LOC分配比例随土壤深度的增加而降低,果园和坡耕地各粒径团聚体内LOC分配比例略高于林地和撂荒地,表明林地和撂荒地土壤有机碳(soil organic carbon,SOC)性质更稳定,更有利于碳在土壤中的留存,从而减少SOC矿化分解向大气的释放.相关分析表明,土壤团聚体LOC含量与土壤团聚体总有机碳含量呈极显著正相关关系,表明团聚体LOC可以作为衡量西南地区山地土壤团聚体有机碳动态的一个敏感性指标.     

Ant-lepidopteran associations along African forest edges

Working along forest edges, we aimed to determine how some caterpillars can co-exist with territorially dominant arboreal ants (TDAAs) in tropical Africa. We recorded caterpillars from 22 lepidopteran species living in the presence of five TDAA species. Among the defoliator and/or nectarivorous caterpillars that live on tree foliage, the Pyralidae and Nymphalidae use their silk to protect themselves from ant attacks. The Notodontidae and lycaenid Polyommatinae and Theclinae live in direct contact with ants; the Theclinae even reward ants with abundant secretions from their Newcomer gland. Lichen feeders (lycaenid; Poritiinae), protected by long bristles, also live among ants. Some lycaenid Miletinae caterpillars feed on ant-attended membracids, including in the shelters where the ants attend them; Lachnocnema caterpillars use their forelegs to obtain trophallaxis from their host ants. Caterpillars from other species live inside weaver ant nests. Those of the genus Euliphyra (Miletinae) feed on ant prey and brood and can obtain trophallaxis, while those from an Eberidae species only prey on host ant eggs. Eublemma albifascia (Erebidae) caterpillars use their thoracic legs to obtain trophallaxis and trophic eggs from ants. Through transfer bioassays of last instars, we noted that herbivorous caterpillars living in contact with ants were always accepted by alien conspecific ants; this is likely due to an intrinsic appeasing odor. Yet, caterpillars living in ant shelters or ant nests probably acquire cues from their host colonies because they were considered aliens and killed. We conclude that co-evolution with ants occurred similarly in the Heterocera and Rhopalocera.     

缙云山土地利用方式对土壤活性有机质及其碳库管理指数的影响

通过选取缙云山向阳坡同一海拔高度处的亚热带常绿阔叶林(简称林地)、坡耕地、果园和撂荒地,测定分析0~60 cm深度土壤样品有机质及3种活性有机质组分含量,从而揭示了西南地区缙云山不同土地利用方式对土壤有机质、3种活性有机质及其有效率(ER)以及碳库管理指数(CMI)的影响.结果表明,4种土地利用方式下,土壤有机质、活性有机质含量以及ER和CMI均随土壤深度的增加而降低,其中土壤有机质、活性有机质及其CMI的剖面分布趋势相似,林地土壤有机质、活性有机质及其CMI主要富集在0~10 cm土层,果园主要富集在0~20 cm土层,而坡耕地和撂荒地从上而下的降低则比较均匀.在0~60 cm土壤深度内的土壤有机质以及3种活性有机质平均含量均为撂荒地>林地>果园>坡耕地,将林地转变为果园和坡耕地后,有机质含量分别降低了21.56%(P>0.05)和55.90%(P<0.05),将坡耕地闲置撂荒后,有机质、低、中、高活性有机质含量分别升高了238.86%(P<0.05)、144.2%(P<0.05)、153.3%(P<0.05)和242.7%(P<0.05).方差分析发现3种土壤ER在不同土地利用方式之间并无明显差异,表明土壤ER对土地利用变化并不敏感.不同土地利用方式下3种活性有机质CMI均为撂荒地最高,林地次之,果园和坡耕地最低,表明林地开垦导致土壤碳截存降低,土壤向着质量退化的方向发展,而坡耕地撂荒则增强了土壤的碳汇功能,土壤质量向着良性方向发展.3种活性有机质与全氮、速效磷和速效钾呈极显著正相关关系,与土壤容重呈极显著负相关关系,表明活性有机质与土壤理化性质关系密切,是反映土壤养分和衡量土壤质量的重要指标.     

The role of tending ants in host plant selection and egg parasitism of two facultative myrmecophilous butterflies

Ovipositing adult females of myrmecophilous lycaenids are expected to select plants based on ant presence in order to maximize the survivorship of immature stages. Usually, larvae feed ants with honey-like solutions and, in turn, ants ward off parasitoids. Nonetheless, a rarely investigated approach is whether ant partners can also extend their protective behavior towards lycaenids eggs. Here, we investigated the ant-related oviposition pattern of Allosmaitia strophius and Rekoa marius; then, we compared egg parasitism according to the presence of ants. Lycaenid oviposition and egg parasitism (in percent) were experimentally compared in ant-present and ant-excluded treatments. The study plant, Heteropterys byrsonimifolia, is an extrafloral nectaried shrub which supports several ant species. We sampled 280 eggs, of which 39.65 % belonged to A. strophius and 60.35 % to R. marius. Both lycaenids eggs were significantly more abundant on branches with ants, especially those with Camponotus crassus and Camponotus blandus, two ant species known to attend to lycaenids. A. strophius and R. marius parasitism was 4.5- and 2.4-fold higher, respectively, in ant-present treatments, but the results were not statistically significant. Our study shows that ant-mediated host plant selection in lycaenids might be much more widespread than previously thought, and not restricted to obligate myrmecophilous species. Tending ants may be inefficient bodyguards of lycaenid eggs, because unlike larvae which release sugared liquids, eggs do not offer obvious rewards to ants. Ants can ward off parasitoids of larvae, as observed elsewhere, but our findings show that positive ant–lycaenid interactions are conditional and depend on immature ontogeny.     

Response of soil microorganisms to vegetational succession in Ziwuling Forest

This study investigates the changes in soil microbial populations as vegetational succession progress from abandoned farmland to climax forest in the Ziwuling Forest, which is located in the northern part of the Loess Plateau, China. Different organic C and total extractable N between the fumigated and non-fumigated soils were assumed to be released from soil microorganisms. Soil microbial C was calculated using Kec = 0.38 and microbial N was calculated using Ken = 0.45. The released P was converted to microbial biomass P using Kep = 0.40. Soil bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes increased as the vegetational succession progressed. Microbial C was of the highest amount in farmland. Microbial C, N, and P generally increased from abandoned land to climax community. The results indicated significant (P < 0.05) diversities of soil microbial biomass under different vegetation. There was a significant correlation between microbial biomass and soil nutrients. Knowledge about soil microbial populations is important for forecasting vegetational succession and determining the ecological condition of the environment.     

缙云山不同土地利用方式对土壤团聚体微生物量碳氮的影响

于缙云山阳坡同一海拔高度处选择亚热带常绿阔叶林(简称林地)、撂荒地、坡耕地和果园这4种土地利用方式,在0~60 cm的土壤深度内每隔10 cm采集一个土壤样品,测定大团聚体(2 mm)、中间团聚体(0.25~2 mm)、微团聚体(0.053~0.25 mm)以及粉+黏团聚体(0.053 mm)内的微生物生物量碳(MBC)和微生物生物量氮(MBN)含量,以分析缙云山不同土地利用方式对团聚体MBC及MBN的影响.结果表明4种土地利用方式下,各粒径团聚体MBC及MBN含量均随土壤深度的增加而降低.林地开垦为果园和坡耕地后除导致大团聚体MBC和MBN含量升高外,其它粒径团聚体MBC及MBN含量均降低;坡耕地撂荒后,除粉+黏团聚体MBN含量降低外,其它粒径团聚体MBC及MBN含量均增加.采用等质量方法计算了0~60 cm土壤深度内4种土地利用方式下各粒径土壤团聚体MBC和MBN的储量,发现除粉+黏团聚体外,其他粒径团聚体MBC储量均为林地高于果园和坡耕地,撂荒地各粒径团聚体内的MBC储量均高于坡耕地;MBN储量表现为中间团聚体和微团聚体林地高于果园和坡耕地,而撂荒地除粉+黏团聚体外,其他粒径团聚体均高于坡耕地.总体上,林地和撂荒地团聚体MBC储量高于果园和坡耕地,MBN储量高于坡耕地,果园与林地团聚体MBN储量接近,表明林地的垦殖虽然对果园团聚体MBN影响非常小,但却导致了团聚体MBC以及坡耕地MBN的损失,而坡耕地撂荒则有利于团聚体MBC及MBN的恢复和蓄积.在土地利用转变过程中,土壤团聚体MBC的变化方向和变化量与土壤有机碳并不一致,存在很大的差异,因此,土壤团聚体微生物熵并不适于来评价该地土地利用变化对土壤的影响,采用有机碳总量作为表达土地利用变化的敏感性指标可能更好.     

Gradient analysis and numerical classification of apple orchard weed vegetation

Importance values based on cover and frequency were determined for 36 weed species in understory samples from 47 apple orchards located in Henderson County, North Carolina. Orchard sub-groups identified by cluster analysis of the weed composition data included two major groupings dominated by grasses and woody perennials, respectively. Ordination by detrended correspondence analysis (DECORANA) was used to extract axes of compositional variation in orchard weed vegetation. Orchard sub-groups identified by cluster analysis could be recognized in the DECORANA ordinations. All grasses, most perennial forbs and all summer-annual forbs decreased in importance along a first ordination axis based upon data from 43 orchards. Two perennial forbs and all woody perennials increased in importance along the same axis, while species-richness of weeds declined. Results of multiple regression indicated that the annual frequency of paraquat application from 1976 to 1979 was the single factor accounting for the greatest compositional variation in the first two axes of the 43-orchard ordination. Tree canopy width and in-row spacing, total extractable soil cations, and percentage soil organic matter also accounted for significant amounts of variation in weed composition. Similar results were obtained from models developed for an ordination of the 35 grass-dominated orchards, suggesting the importance of management, structural and soil factors in determining weed composition in apple orchards.     

Effect of lime application on microbial community in acidic tea orchard soils in comparison with those in wasteland and forest soils

Lime application is a conventional technology to control acidification in tea orchard soils. We investigated the e ect of lime application on soil microbial community diversity in the soils of three tea orchards, wasteland and forest. The BIOLOG data showed that both the average well color development of all carbon sources and the functional diversity index increased with the liming rate in the tea orchards and the forest, but decreased in the wasteland. The phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis showed that the structural diversity index of soil microbial community increased with the liming rate in all the tea orchards, the wasteland and the forest. Lime application also increased the soil-bacterial PLFA content in all the soils. Soil fungal and actinomycete PLFAs in the tea orchards showed an increasing trend from 0 to 3.2 g CaCO3/kg application and then a decreasing trend from 3.2 to 6.4 g CaCO3/kg application. The principal component analysis of BIOLOG and PLFA data suggested that lime application had a significant e ect on soil microbial community structure, and land use had a greater e ect on soil microbial community structure compared to lime application.     

Ant patchiness: a spatially quantitative test in coffee agroecosystems

Arboreal ants form patchy spatial patterns in tropical agroforest canopies. Such patchy distributions more likely occur in disturbed habitats associated with lower ant diversity and resource availability than in forests. Yet, few studies have quantitatively examined these patchy patterns to statistically test if ants are non-randomly distributed or at what scale. Coffee agroecosystems form a gradient of management intensification along which vegetative complexity and ant diversity decline. Using field studies and a spatially explicit randomization model, I investigated ant patchiness in coffee agroecosystems in Chiapas, Mexico varying in management intensity to examine if: (1) coffee intensification affects occurrence of numerically dominant ants, (2) numerical dominants form statistically distinguishable single-species patches in coffee plants, (3) shade trees play a role in patch location, and (4) patch formation or size varies with management intensity. Coffee intensification correlated with lower occurrence frequency of numerically dominant species generally and of one of four taxa examined. All dominant ant species formed patches but only Azteca instabilis was patchy around shade trees. Ant patchiness did vary somewhat with spatial scale and with strata (within the coffee layer vs around shade trees). Patchiness, however, did not vary with management intensity. These results provide quantitative evidence that numerically dominant ants are patchy within the coffee layer at different scales and that shade tree location, but not coffee management intensity, may play a role in the formation of patchy distributions.     

Biodiversity below ground: probing the subterranean ant fauna of Amazonia

Ants are abundant, diverse, and ecologically dominant in tropical forests. Subterranean ants in particular are thought to have a significant environmental impact, although difficulties associated with collecting ants underground and examining their ecology and behavior have limited research. In this paper, we present the results of a study of subterranean ant diversity in Amazonian Ecuador that employs a novel probe to facilitate the discovery of species inhabiting the soil horizon. Forty-seven species of ants in 19 genera, including new and apparently rare species, were collected in probes. Approximately 19% of the species collected at different depths in the soil were unique to probe samples. Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) results showed that the species composition of ants collected with the probe was significantly different from samples collected using other techniques. Additionally, ANOSIM computations indicated the species assemblage of ants collected 12.5 cm below the surface was significantly different from those found at 25, 37.5, and 50 cm. Ant diversity and species accumulation rates decreased with increasing depth. There were no species unique to the lowest depths, suggesting that subterranean ants may not be distributed deep in the soil in Amazonia due to the high water table. The technique we describe could be used to gain new insights into the distribution and biology of subterranean ant species and other members of the species-rich soil invertebrate macrofauna.     

渭北旱塬土地利用方式对土壤团聚体稳定性及其有机碳的影响

揭示果园、农耕地两种土地利用方式对土壤团聚体分布、稳定性及有机碳含量的影响,为渭北旱塬乃至黄土高原区土壤碳库的优化管理提供科学依据.通过同步采样及湿筛法将果园和农耕地这2种土地利用方式进行土壤粒径分组,得到大团聚体( 2 mm)、中间团聚体(0. 25～2 mm)、微团聚体(0. 053～0. 25 mm)及粉黏粒(0. 053 mm)组分质量分数,测定各组分团聚体有机碳含量,并计算出0～40 cm土层各组分有机碳储量.结果表明,在0～20 cm土层,农业土地利用方式对土壤团聚体含量分布、稳定性具有显著影响.果园不同粒级团聚体( 2、0. 25～2、0. 053～0. 25和0. 053 mm)含量均值分别为12. 9%、51. 3%、28. 8%和7. 0%,农耕地土壤各粒级团聚体含量分别为8. 3%、49. 7%、33. 6%和8. 4%, 0. 25 mm团聚体含量显著高于农耕地.在0～40 cm土层,农耕地土壤平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)均显著低于果园(P 0. 05).不同土地利用方式对土壤各团聚体内有机碳含量影响主要在0～10 cm土层,与农耕地相比,果园大团聚体、中间团聚体、微团聚体和粉黏粒内有机碳含量分别提高了56. 0%(P 0. 05)、57. 1%(P 0. 05)、40. 8%(P 0. 05)、13. 0%(P0. 05).各粒径团聚体内有机碳(粉黏粒除外)储量均为果园高于农耕地.果园增加了 0. 25 mm大团聚体及其有机碳含量,缓解了农耕地对土壤团聚体的破坏,并提高了有机碳的稳定性.因此,与农耕地相比,果园土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳含量较高,提高了团聚体对土壤有机碳的物理保护作用,有利于土壤有机碳积累,促进了土壤固碳.     

微生物有机肥对樱桃园土壤细菌群落的影响

采用田间试验,探究微生物有机肥对樱桃园土壤细菌群落的影响.利用高通量测序和实时定量PCR技术,研究不施肥（CK）、常规施肥（CN）和施微生物有机肥（CB）处理土壤细菌数量、多样性和群落结构的变化.结果表明,施微生物有机肥显著提高了土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效磷含量.结合16S rRNA基因拷贝数和α^-多样性指数结果,发现施微生物有机肥能提高细菌数量,且提高细菌多样性和丰富度.不同施肥处理显著改变了细菌群落结构.门水平上,变形菌门、酸杆菌门、厚壁菌门、芽单胞菌门、放线菌门为优势类群,共占细菌总量的74.3%~85.1%.目水平上,CB处理中Acidobacteria_Gp4和Gp6相对丰度显著低于CK处理,而Acidobacteria_Gp7较CK处理增加了75.4%.冗余分析结果表明,环境因子解释了细菌群落变化的92.3%,土壤有机质、全氮含量和pH值是造成樱桃园土壤细菌群落结构差异的主要原因.因此,施用微生物有机肥能显著提高土壤养分含量、土壤细菌数量及群落多样性,对于培肥地力极为重要.     

Are linear habitats in agrarian landscapes source areas of beneficial or pest rodents?

This study tested the hypotheses that populations of the montane vole Microtus montanus (a potential pest species) and deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus (a potential beneficial species) in linear habitats will be (i) positively related to the type of vegetation (abundance and diversity of vascular plants) within and adjacent to those habitats; and (ii) correlated with population changes and productivity (reproductive performance, recruitment, and survival) in nearby apple (Malus domestica) orchards. Population dynamics of M. montanus and P. maniculatus were measured by intensive live-trapping from 2003 to 2006 in replicated hedgerows, riparian strips, and nearby orchards, in southern British Columbia, Canada. Hedgerows were borders between orchards, orchards and old fields, as well as orchards and natural forest. Contrary to hypothesis (i), M. montanus and P. maniculatus populations were not positively related to vegetation type within linear habitats and their adjacent crop and non-crop areas. Mean abundance and diversity of vegetation attributes were similar among linear habitats. Hypothesis (ii) was not supported for M. montanus populations in linear habitats since they did not correlate with population changes in nearby apple orchards, during a peak year in abundance. Populations of P. maniculatus were similar in abundance and other demographic variables among the linear habitats and apple orchards, and hence hypothesis (ii) was supported for this species.     

基于RS和GIS的陕西省洛川县土地利用类型和植被覆盖变化特征

明确土地利用类型转变和植被覆盖度变化的范围、幅度和归因是评估生态工程环境效应的前提。然而,在黄土高原塬区县域尺度类似的研究鲜有报道。基于长时间序列NDVI数据和Landsat系列卫星数据,探究了黄土高原洛川县土地利用和植被覆盖度的变化状况。结果表明：退耕还林（草）工程实施以来,洛川县植被覆盖度从0.6（2000年）增至0.9（2020年）,耕地面积减少了481.8 km²,其中212.8 km²为坡度＜15°的适耕区转为苹果园,耕地改种苹果后植被覆盖度从0.5增至0.8。由于坡耕地还林草的面积在洛川县土地变化总面积中仅占1.5%,远小于其他地类改种苹果的面积（占20.0%）,因此,洛川县植被覆盖度的提升主要是政府大力推广苹果树种植的结果。本研究可为黄土高原经济林建设提供基础数据和科学参考。     

黄土塬区土地利用变化对硝态氮累积和淋溶的影响

为了分析黄土塬区土地利用变化对土壤中NO₃--N迁移规律的影响,在陕西长武黄土塬区沿东西方向设置6个样地,每个样地内均选择耕地、由耕地转变来的果龄10 a和20 a左右的苹果园(下称耕地、10 a果园和20 a果园)3种土地利用方式采集土壤样品,分析土地利用变化对NO₃--N迁移的影响,并初步评估其对地下水污染的潜在风险. 结果表明:不同土地利用方式下土壤中NO₃--N均出现累积现象,达到累积峰时的土层深度表现为果园＞耕地,NO₃--N最大累积量表现为20 a果园＞10 a果园＞耕地. 耕地、10 a果园和20 a果园土壤w(NO₃--N)平均稳定深度分别为300、400和500 cm,平均稳定值分别为2.4、2.5和2.6 mg/kg. 地下水中ρ(NO₃-)为15.3 mg/L,而3种土地利用方式下土壤中ρ(可移动态NO₃-)分别为14.2、26.2和26.3 mg/L,可见,与耕地相比,果园土壤中NO₃--N淋溶至地下水的风险更大. 但由于土地利用变化导致的土壤水分运动和地下水补给存在差异,各土地利用方式对地下水中NO₃--N的贡献率尚需进一步量化.      

苹果园土壤呼吸的变化及生物和非生物因素的影响

了解果园土壤呼吸变化及其影响因素,有利于深入理解退耕还果条件下黄土高原地区土壤碳源汇功能.在长武农田生态系统国家野外站,以盛产期果园(2000年建成)为对象,利用土壤碳通量测量系统(Li-COR,Lincoln,NE,USA)于2011、2012年监测了果树冠幅下距树干不同距离处土壤呼吸、土壤水分和温度变化,分析了土壤呼吸的时空变化及其影响因素.结果表明:①土壤呼吸速率随着距树干距离延长而降低.与2 m处相比,0.5 m处土壤累积呼吸量2011年提高20%,2012年提高31%;0.5 m和2 m处土壤呼吸的温度敏感性(Q10)2011年相应依次为1.79和1.56,2012年依次为1.79和1.38.②距树干2 m处温度和水分稍高于0.5 m处,但差异不显著(P>0.05).土壤呼吸与土壤温度均呈显著的指数关系,而与土壤水分的相关性不显著.温度变化可解释土壤呼吸的季节性变化,但并不能解释距离树干不同处的差异.③距离树干不同位置处的根系密度差异是影响果园土壤呼吸空间变化及其温度敏感性的重要生物因素;④冠幅下土壤呼吸的变异系数为23%~31%.估算果园土壤呼吸需考虑其距离树干的空间差异性.     

Ant colonization increased total mercury but reduced methylmercury contents in boreal mires, Northeast China

Soil macroinvertebrates as ecosystem engineers play significant, but largely ignored, roles in affecting mercury (Hg) cycle by altering soil physical-chemical properties. Ant is likely expanded into boreal mires with climate warming, however, its impacts on Hg cycle remained poorly understood. We compared total Hg (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) contents in soils from antmounds (Lasius flavus) and the nearby ambient in a boreal mire in Northeast China. The present work seeks to unravel factors that controlling MeHg levels in case of ant appearance or absence. The average THg was 179 µg/kg in the ant mound and was 106.1 µg/kg in nearby soils, respectively. The average MeHg was 10.9 µg/kg in the ant mound and was 12.9 µg/kg in nearby soils, respectively. The ratios of MeHg to THg (%MeHg) were 7.61% in ant mounds and 16.75% in nearby soils, respectively. Ant colonization caused THg enrichment and MeHg depletion, and this change was obvious in the 10-20 cm depth soil layer where ants mainly inhabited. Spectrometry characteristics of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) exert a stronger control than microorganisms on MeHg variation in soils. A structural equation model revealed that the molecular weight of DOM inhibited MeHg irrespective of ant presence or absence, while humification conducive to MeHg significantly in ant mound soils. Microorganisms mainly affected Hg methylation by altering the molecular weight and humification of DOM. We propose that the effects of ant colonization on MeHg rested on DOM feature variations caused by microorganisms in boreal mires.